Culture Vultures: The plot thickens

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Lesson

Culture Vultures: The plot thickens

The plot thickens= (humorous) when a situation becomes more complicated or mysterious

Think for a minute of the books you have read in English, or even in your own language. How many of them have been written by Americanauthors? Compare with your partner. What are some of the most popular American novels of all times? Check your answers here.

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1. Reading matters

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1. Reading builds new in the brain. 2. A good book has the to change you.

3. The brain is so powerful that’s even starting to

4. Since the 90’s we have learned a great about the brain. 5. Reading and writing don’t come

6. The first clue about how our brains recognize the written wordcomes from the long history of our

7. Successful hunting depended on visual . 8. Early humans had to recognize fine differences between shapes,

for instance between a stick and a snake.

Submit

You are going to listen to an audio about the history of reading. Listen and complete the gaps in thesentences below:

00:00 04:12

Show Feedback

1. About 5,000 years ago.

2. Visual hunting skills were recycled into recognising words.

3. Moduling (different parts do different things) and it's plastic (it changes)

4. Lego- because you build it piece on piece.

5. Cab drivers (from London): The Knowledge is the learning of all the streets in London which all cab drivers needto know- it can take up to 2 years' training.

6. That they were bigger than other people's.

Listen to the second part of the audio and answer the following questions.

00:00 04:52

1. When was the alphabet invented?

2. What is the relation between reading and visual hunting skills?

3. What are the 2 aspects of the brain mentioned?

4. What toy is compared to the brain and why?

5. What profession provided useful information about the brain and what is "the Knowledge"?

6. What did scientists find when they examined these people's hippocampus?

7. What problem did Terry Jones have in the shower?

8. Did he understand words and letters?

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Reading Activity

7. He couldn't read the labels on the bath products.

8. Only letters but was unable to translate them into words.

You can watch the 2 audios as a video below:

1.1. The literary world

Read the text and answer the questions below.

MAIN AND SECONDARY IDEAS IN A TEXT

The main idea of a passage or reading is the central thought or message. In contrast to the term topic, which refers tothe subject under discussion, the term main idea refers to the point or thought beingexpressed. The difference between a topic and a main idea will become clearer to you ifyou imagine yourself overhearing a conversation in which your name is repeatedlymentioned. When you ask your friends what they were discussing, they say they weretalking about you. At that point, you have the topic but not the main idea. Undoubtedly,you wouldn’t be satisfied until you learned what your friends were saying about thisparticular topic. You would probably pester them until you knew the main idea, until youknew, that is, exactly what they were saying about your personality, appearance, orbehavior. The same principle applies to reading. The topic is seldom enough. You alsoneed to discover the main idea.

Reading Tips:

1. As soon as you can define the topic, ask yourself “What general point does the authorwant to make about this topic?” Once you can answer that question, you have morethan likely found the main idea.

2. Most main ideas are stated or suggested early on in a reading; pay special attention to the first third of any passage,article, or chapter. That’s where you are likely to get the best statement or clearest expression of the main idea.

3. Pay attention to any idea that is repeated in different ways. If an author returns to the same thought in severaldifferent sentences or paragraphs, that idea is the main or central thought under discussion.

4. Once you feel sure you have found the main idea, test it. Ask yourself if the examples, reasons, statistics, studies,and facts included in the reading lend themselves as evidence or explanation in support of the main idea you have inmind. If they do, your comprehension is right on target. If they don’t, you might want to revise your first notion aboutthe author’s main idea.

5. The main idea of a passage can be expressed in any number of ways. For example, you and your roommate mightcome up with the same main idea for a reading, but the language in which that idea is expressed would probably bedifferent. When, however, you are asked to find the topic sentence, you are being asked to find the statement thatexpresses the main idea in the author’s words. Any number of people can come up with the main idea for a passage,but only the author of the passage can create the topic sentence.

6. If you are taking a test that asks you to find the thesis or theme of a reading, don’t let the terms confuse you, youare still looking for the main idea.

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Source:http://englishlab1year-unanleon.wikispaces.com/Tips+for+identifying+Main+and+secondary+ideas+in+a+text

True False

False

True False

True

True False

False

"Most main ideas are stated or suggested early on in a reading; pay special attention to the first third of anypassage, article, or chapter"

True False

False

Let's see if you were paying attention to the text. Decide if these statements are true or false.

1. Topic and main idea are the same thing.

2. The writer explains the meaning of topic by using an analogy.

3. In general, the main idea could appear at any moment in the text.

4. Talking about the same thing several times in a text shows a lack of imagination by the writer.

Activity

True-False Question

"If an author returns to the same thought in several different sentences or paragraphs, that idea is the main orcentral thought under discussion."

True False

True

True False

True

5. Checking what you think is the main idea by comparing it with different examples is very effective.

6. Thesis and theme are synonyms.

Term Meaning

1alliteration

an expression, often found in literature, that describes a person or object by referring to somethingthat is considered to have similar characteristics to that person or object, e.g. My love is a red, red rose

2metaphor

a comparison between one thing and another, typically for the purpose of explanation orclarification

3 simile the time and the place in which the action of a book happens

4 genre A book, speech, or article that is in its original form and has not been made shorter

5 analogy the use, especially in poetry, of the same sound or sounds, especially consonants, at the beginningof several words that are close together, e.g. dozens of dozy donkeys

6unabridged

the type of book or story that is written about imaginary characters and events and not based onreal people and facts

7 setting a style, especially in the arts, that involves a particular set of characteristics

8 plot an expression comparing one thing with another, always including the words 'as' or 'like

9 fiction the story of a book

Submit

Here are some basic words about literature and books. Write the number of each word next to its meaning.

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What are your favourite books? Fiction or non-fiction? What genre are they? Who wrote them? Where are they set?What happens (remember to use present tenses to describe the action as fiction is timeless)?

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Objectives

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1.2. Are you a bookworm?

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Reflect upon the following questions related to literature and reading:

Do you think literature can help you become familiar with the culture of a country? What (if anything) haveyou learned about their cultures by reading British and American writers?

What factors are important to you when choosing a book to read (reviews, recommendations, the bookcover, the blurb, etc.)?

Do you agree with the following quotation by the Irish author Richard Steele? Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body

LITERATURE ANDREADING VOCABULARY LETTER DEFINITION

1. bookworm a. The act of appropriating ideas from another work or author.

2. excerpt b. short description of a book, usually found on the back cover.

3. plagiarism c. A person devoted to reading and studying.

4. playwright d. A book with covers made of flexible card, sold relatively cheaply.

5. blurb e. A book with covers of cloth, cardboard, or leather, usually more expensive.

6. bookmark f. An extract from a book.

7. paperback g. a ribbon or piece of card placed in a book to mark a place. Nowadays, it canalso refer to places marked by a user on their internet browser

8. hardback h. A person who writes a play.

9. to flick/flip through i. A sudden, completely unexpected event or discovery in a story.

10. twist j. It is a false or fictional name that a writer uses instead of his/her real name.

11. moral k. a main division of a book, typically with a number or title.

12. chapter l. To have a look at a book, magazine, newspaper quickly or idly.

13. pen name m. It is a story which is passed down from one generation to the next.

14. turning point n. It is an experience or event that changes a character's life in a significant way.

15. folk tale o. The important message of a story that readers are supposed to receive andunderstand.

Submit

The following words are related to literature and reading. Match the words and the definitions in the tablebelow. Write the letter in the space provided:

LITERATURE ANDREADING VOCABULARY LETTER DEFINITION

1. bookworm c A person devoted to reading and studying.

2. excerpt f An extract from a book. short description of a book, usually found on the backcover.

3. plagiarism a The act of appropriating ideas from another work or author. 4. playwright h a person who writes plays5. blurb b short description of a book, usually found on the back cover.

6. bookmark g a ribbon or piece of card placed in a book to mark a place. Nowadays, it can

also refer to places marked by a user on their internet browser 7. paperback d A book with covers made of flexible card, sold relatively cheaply. 8. hardback e A book with covers of cloth, cardboard, or leather, usually more expensive.9. to flick/flip through l To have a look at a book, magazine, newspaper quickly or idly. 10. twist i A sudden, completely unexpected event or discovery in a story.

11. moral o The important message of a story that readers are supposed to receive andunderstand.

12. chapter k a main division of a book, typically with a number or title.

13. pen name j It is a false or fictional name that a writer uses instead of his/her real name.

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14. turning point n n. It is an experience or event that changes a character's life in a significantway.

15. folk tale m m. It is a story which is passed down from one generation to the next.

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Being a bookworm boosts your brainpower into old age

Lifelong bookworms, if you would please lift your noses from your books forone minute. A new study has found that engaging in brain-stimulatingactivities – especially reading or writing, but also brain-taxing pursuits likechess – helps to off cognitive decline.

Even reading this article, right now, will help thebrainpower of your future, elderly self. (You're welcome!)

A new study, just published in the journal Neurology, tested 294 people ontheir cognitive abilities – things like memory, or clear thinking – every year forsix years before their deaths at the age of 89. They werealso asked to remember how frequently over the course of their lives, sincechildhood, they took part in brain-boosting activities such as reading anewspaper or a book, writing a letter to a friend, playing games like chess orgoing to a museum or the theater.

“We’re looking to out how much of your routine, day-to-day activities are involved in things we think are basically designed to acquire

new information, or to information you already had,” explains Robert Wilson, lead author of thestudy and senior neuropsychologist at the Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center.

The study participants were part of the Rush Memory and Aging Process. They'd to donate theirbrains after they died to be used in studies like this one. After their deaths, researchers examined their brains for thephysical evidence of dementia.

They found that the people who reported doing reading, writing and other mentally stimulating activities throughouttheir lives also did better on the memory tests. But what’s interesting is that some of the people who regularly readbooks, or did other brain-stretching activities, did not show outward symptoms of Alzheimer's, even if their brainsshowed physical signs of the . (Some of them did show symptoms of dementia, but the rate ofcognitive decline was slower in people who did more of these mentally stimulating activities.)

In other , the more you read and write, the better off your mind will be as you get older, even ifyour brain itself shows signs of dementia

“The general feeling is that the pathology is largely driven by genetic factors that we don’t fully understand,” Wilsonsays. “But a lot of old people dying with these pathologies don’t show the memory and thinking problems. So we dothink that lifestyle in general, and cognitive activity in particular, sort of determines how you are tothe effects of these pathologies.”

Even if you didn't have a childhood, it's not too late to start. The research found that in people whoreported frequently stretching their brain power later in life, the rate of cognitive was lowered by 32percent when compared with people who reported only average amounts of mental activity. But for people who rarelyread or wrote or did anything mentally ,the rate of cognitive decline was 48 percent faster thanaverage.

Other studies have shown similar , but this research's comprehensive study design helps add towhat we know about dementia, says Rachelle Doody, the director of the Alzheimer’s Disease and Memory DisordersCenter at Baylor College of Medicine.

“It’s a topic of great interest -- that is, whether we have the capacity as humans to build our cognitive reserve in orderto resist pathological processes,” says Doody, who wasn't involved in this research.

“The way we stimulate the brains of our children and continue to stimulate our brains over our makes a difference,” she adds as a sort of "bottom line" message here for non-researchers. “And the difference that itmakes is that we may still get diseases of the brain, but that our ability to maintain our cognitive willbe better if we had the benefit of the brain stimulation.”

More info in this article: https://www.aan.com/PressRoom/Home/PressRelease/1195

Check Show Feedback

Read the text and choose the correct word for each space.

Vocabulary: stave off= keep something away (usually intangible)

(brain-)taxing= demanding

pursuits= interests, pastimes

boost= help to improve or increase

findings= results of a study or research

DropDown Activity

findings= results of a study or research

2. A world of literature

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Ireland has made a huge contribution to world literature. Which of these popular Irish books have you read?

NUMBER WRITERS' FACTSHis first book, Dubliners, was rejected 22 times and sold fewer than 400 copies in its first year.Although he lived most of his life in Paris, Trieste, Rome and Zurich, it was in his native Dublin that hischaracters and stories found life.

With the assistance of the poet and critic Ezra Pound, he set the Modernist novel in motion with his ownlibrary of work— Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses and Finnegans Wake.Praised as a Modernist masterpiece, Ulysses follows Leopold Bloom through an ordinary Dublin day,using inventive storytelling techniques including stream of consciousness and prose richly layered withpuns, parodies, allusions and humor. In 1999, the Modern Library ranked Ulysses first on its list of the100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.

It is the fantastic adventures in Gulliver's Travels, a brilliant combination of humor and philosophy, forwhich this author is best remembered. Considered a classic almost as soon as it was published, LemuelGulliver takes us traveling to distant lands such as Lilliput, where people are 6 inches tall, and has neverbeen out of print since it first hit the shelves in 1726. Gulliver's Travels remains one of literature's mostdurable masterpieces.

With his typical humour, he once said, "Anyone who lives within their means suffers from a lack ofimagination." Known equally for his lavish lifestyle, flamboyant dress and biting wit. He was bornin Dublin and became one of the best-known personalities of his day. He gained fame as one of themost successful playwrights of the late Victorian era in London and is especially remembered for AnIdeal Husband and his final masterpiece, The Importance of Being Earnest. His only novel, The Picture ofDorian Gray, is as much a classic work of Gothic fiction as it is a timeless morality story about a manwhose eternal beauty cannot mask his inner ugliness.

Married with two children, he was put to trial and imprisoned for "gross indecency" with other men. Thenight of his release from prison, he set sail for France by the night ferry, never to return. He dieddestitute in Paris at the age of 46.

An Irish poet, dramatist and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature, he was born inDublin, yet it was County Sligo that he called his "country of the heart." His works draw heavily onIrish mythology, history, mysticism and spiritualism. In 1892, he wrote, "The mystical life is the centre ofall that I do and all that I think and all that I write."A master of traditional forms in a land of Modernist poets, he reigned as a pillar of both the Irish andBritish literary establishments and was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival and a foundingmember of the Abbey Theatre. He was awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Literature for "inspired poetry,which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation " He was the first Irishman

In the grid below you will find information about 8 great Irish writers. Who are we talking about? Read thefacts and write the number of the writer in the space provided:

GREAT IRISH WRITERS1. Oscar Wilde 5. W.B. Yeats2. James Joyce 6. Bram Stoker3. George Bernard Shaw 7. Seamus Heiney4. Jonathan Swift 8. Samuel Beckett

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which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation. He was the first Irishmanso honored, notably in the year following Irish independence. With more than 60 plays to his name, he was an expert at using a little comedy to lighten up a socialmessage. A reformist socialist, he once said: "My way of joking is to tell the truth. It's the funniest jokein the world."

He is the only person to have been awarded both a Nobel Prize for Literature (1925) and an Oscar(1938), the latter for his work on the film Pygmalion, which became the basis for the popular AudreyHepburn film My Fair Lady. He wanted to refuse his Nobel Prize, saying he had no desire for publichonours, but he accepted it as a tribute to Ireland instead. He did however reject the monetary award.About the refusal, he famously said, "I can forgive Alfred Nobel for having invented dynamite, but onlya fiend in human form could have invented the Nobel Prize."

A man whose name is synonymous with vampires. He is well known for his 1897 Gothic novel Dracula,an epistolary novel told through diary entries, telegrams, letters, ship's logs and newspaperclippings. He spent several years researching European folklore and mythological stories of vampires.

For years, the original 541-page Dracula manuscript was believed to have been lost. It was found in abarn in northwestern Pennsylvania during the early 1980s and included many corrections and thehandwritten title THE UN-DEAD. Sold by Christie's, it is now owned by Paul Allen, co-founder ofMicrosoft.

After earning a degree from Trinity College in Dublin, he took a teaching post in Paris and became astudent, assistant and close friend of James Joyce. His career began by helping Joyce research his finalnovel, Finnegans Wake. Under Joyce's influence, he became a Modernist/postmodernist novelist,essayist, poet and playwright who seemed well-suited to comment on the human condition.

His most famous work, the play Waiting for Godot, was his first long work to be written directly inFrench. One of the premier examples of the theater of the absurd movement, Waiting for Godot is astripped down, existential, two-act tragic comedy in which nothing and everything happens and whichremains very popular today.In 1969, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.

While studying in university, he found a copy of Ted Hughes' Lupercal, and he later said, "Suddenly, thematter of contemporary poetry was the material of my own life."

Beginning with a Somerset Maugham Award for his 1966 poetry collection, Death of a Naturalist, hewent on to win many awards, including the 1995 Nobel Prize for Literature. Since then, he has continuedto garner praise for his works including two Whitbread (now Costa) Book of the Year awards and the2006 T. S. Eliot Prize for District and Circle.

He relied heavily on his Northern Ireland upbringing for inspiration. Rarely overtly political, on thesurface his poems observe the small details of the everyday, of history and of family. However, in 1982,he politely objected to his inclusion in the Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry by writing, "Beadvised, my passport's green / No glass of ours was ever raised / To toast the Queen."

Adapted from: http://www.oprah.com/oprahsbookclub/Irish-Writers-101

Submit

Correct order of numbers: 2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6, 8, 7.

True False

False

Ulysses follows Leopold Bloom through an ordinary day in Dublin.

True False

True

Lemuel Gulliver takes us travelling to distant lands such as Lilliput.

True False

False

Oscar Wilde was a successful playwright who only wrote one novel.

True False

False

W.B. Yeats was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival and a founding member of the Abbey Theatre.

Read the writers' facts in the grid above again and say if the following statements are true or false.

1. Leopold Bloom's ordinary life in London is presented in James Joyce's Ulysses.

2. Lilliput is one of the places where Jonathan Swift sets his novel.

3. Oscar Wilde gained fame for his successful novels written in the late Victorian period.

4. Oscar Wilde was a founding member of the Abbey Theatre.

5. W.B.Yeats was the first Irishman who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Pregunta Verdadero-Falso

True False

True

W.B.Yeats was the first Irishman so honoured.

True False

True

His work Pygmalion became the basis for the popular Audrey Hepburn film My Fair Lady.

True False

False

He wanted to refuse his Nobel Prize, saying he had no desire for public honors, but he accepted it as a tribute toIreland instead. He did, however, reject the monetary award.

True False

True

Dracula is an epistolary novel i.e. constructed in the form of a series of letters.

True False

False

It is considered to be one of the premier examples of the theatre of the absurd movement, which even remains verypopular today.

True False

True

Topics like these can be observed in his poems.

6. George Bernard Shaw wrote a play which was later adapted to a film.

7. George Bernard Shaw was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, but he rejected it since he had no desire for publichonors.

8. Dracula is a novel written in the form of a series of letters.

9. Samuel Becket's Waiting for Godot was described as a 'catastrophe'.

10. In Seamus Heaney's poems topics like small details of the everyday, of history and of family can be found.

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praised = admired, commended layered = with different levels of understanding

out of print = no longer published durable= long-lasting lavish lifestyle= expensive, prodigal way of living

biting wit = sharp intelligent humour draw heavily on = greatly influenced

founding member = one of the people who set up a club driving force= impetus or power behind something

fiend = devil, demon log= official record kept by a ship's captain clippings= extracts cut from a newspaper

upbringing = someone's care and training when they are children overtly= openly

Look at the words in bold in the text. Guess the meaning from the context. Then click and check your answers.

praised layered out of print durable lavish lifestyle biting wit draw heavily on founding member drivingforce

fiend log clippings upbringing overtly

2.1 Toni Morrison

Correct Option

Wrong

Wrong

Solution

1. Correct Option2. Wrong3. Wrong

Wrong

Wrong

Correct Option

Solution

1. Wrong2. Wrong3. Correct Option

Correct Option

Wrong

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Solution

1. Correct Option2. Wrong3. Wrong

Toni Morrison is an American writer noted for her examination of black experience (particularly black female experience)within the African American community. She received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993. Have you ever heard of heror read one of her novels?

Listen to the following podcast about Toni Morrison, then choose the best answer, A, B or C.

Source of audio: http://www.npr.org/2011/02/18/133870720/BLACKHISTORY-EVSTATIEVA

1. This programme pays tribute to...

00:00 02:12

A. Black History MonthB. Hispanic History MonthC. Women's History Month

2. Which of the tributes in the Black History Month series is it?

A. FirstB. SecondC. She doesn't say

3. Does Toni Morrison believe racism will disappear?

A. Only under certain circumstances.B. In a few years time.C. She doesn't say.

3. Toni Morrison believes some people ... if racism disappeared

A. would be in painB. would be healedC She doesn't say

Pregunta de Elección Múltiple

Correct Option

Wrong

Wrong

Solution

1. Correct Option2. Wrong3. Wrong

Wrong

Correct Option

Wrong

Solution

1. Wrong2. Correct Option3. Wrong

C. She doesn t say

4. How many times has the assistant producer of Tell me more read Beloved?

A. OnceB. More than onceC. She doesn't say.

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SCANNING

Scanning is a useful tool for speeding up your reading. When scanning, you look only for a specific fact or piece ofinformation without reading everything. You scan when you look for your favorite show listed in the cable guide, thetime of the next train in a timetable and for the sports scores in the newspaper.

Activity

STATEMENT BOOK

1. This novel is about the impact a person's life can have on others even after death

2. This novel deals with the roaring 20's

3. This novel is about life in a small town in the Great Plains

4. In this novel a tragic event takes place

5. This is a story of abandonment

6. This novel tells a story of a friendship

Submit

Scanning practice

Each of the following statements refer to a book by Toni Morrison. Read the text below as quickly as you can and writeS for Sula, SS for Song of Solomon, B for Beloved, J for Jazz, P for Paradise, L for Love, and A for A Mercy.

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Sula (1973), set in Ohio, follows the intertwined lives of two black women --close friends -- from young adulthood until their death. Thisnovel was nominated for the National Book Award.

Song of Solomon (1977) is the novel that brought Toni Morrison to national attention. It is the saga of one black family's strugglesthroughout many generations. Song of Solomon won the National Book Critic's Circle Award.

Made into a movie by Oprah Winfrey, Beloved (1987) is loosely based on a true story about an 18th century slave woman who kills her ownchild rather than have her grow up to a life of slavery. It's a powerful book, told largely through "personal narratives." Ms. Morrison won thePulitzer Prize for Fiction for this novel.

Jazz (1992) is a lively novel, set in 1920s Harlem. It tells of life during the urban and cultural renaissance there and the people who livedthe "Jazz Age."

Paradise (1998) is set in Ruby, Oklahoma -- a small, all-black farming community in the 1940s. At first, the reader is led to believe that lifeis good in Ruby, but gradually they learn of the anger, cruelty, and divisions that lie just below the town's placid surface.

Love (2003) is the story of a hotel owner, now dead, and the power he still holds -- both good and bad -- on the people whose lives hetouched. It is told in a split narrative, similar to The Bluest Eye.

A Mercy (2009) ,Ms. Morrison's first novel in five years was published in late 2009. This book returns to the subject of slavery that she hasexplored in previous works. A Mercy reveals what lies beneath the surface of slavery. But at its heart it is the ambivalent, disturbing story ofa mother who casts off her daughter in order to save her.

Adapted from: http://cleveland.about.com/od/booksandliterature/tp/morrisonbooks.htm

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2.2 Prefixes in literary terms

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Look at the following list of words which are all related to literature:

anti-hero, counterplot, interactive novel, monologue, multicultural novel, non-fiction

postmodernism, prologue, unreliable narrator, subplot, triplet, pseudonym

As you can see all of them contain a prefix. Understanding the meanings of the common prefixes canhelp us deduce the meanings of new words that we encounter. Do you remember the meanings of theprefixes in the examples above? Have a look at this table to check the meaning.

PREFIXES AND WORD STRESS

In general, prefixes in English bear a secondary stress, i.e. the primary stress falls on the word to which they are attached. disLIKE, ex-PREsident, misunderSTAND, overTAke, unLOCK

There is a regular exception to this stress pattern. It is when the prefix is added to a monosyllabic noun. In that casethe primary stress in on the prefix.

OUTbreak, UNDERground, REfill, PREview, EX-wife

Note that some words can function as both verbs and nouns. Look at the pairs of words below and you will realize how the stressshifts depending on the part of speech the words belong to:

REfill (Noun) - reFILL (Verb)

PREview (Noun) - preVIEW (Verb)

OUTgrowth (Noun)- outGROW (Verb)

OVERflow (Noun) - overFLOW (Verb)

OVERload (Noun) - overLOAD (Verb)

REfund (Noun) - reFUND (Verb)

As you can see from the examples above, the main stress falls on the prefix when it is a noun while, if it is a verb, the main stress is on theword to which the prefix has been attached.

WORDS WITH PREFIXES STRESSED PREFIX?

Cohabit

Indirect

Antibiotic

Autograph

Extract (noun)

Extract (verb)

Monologue

Amoral

S b i

Look at the words in the table below. Check their pronunciation in the dictionary and write Y (for yes) if theprefix receives the strong stress. On the contrary, if the prefix does not receive it, write N (for no).

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Submarine

Submit

WORDS WITH PREFIXES STRESSED PREFIX?Cohabit NIndirect N

Antibiotic NAutograph Y

Extract (noun) YExtract (verb) N

Monologue YAmoral N

Submarine N

If you want to have fun for a while, just watch the video below and rap with prefixes!

3. Book or film?

Answer the following questions:

Which is better, the book or the film? Why do youthink that is?

Have you read a book and seen the film of it? Whatdifferences did you find?

What's your favourite film based on a book? Imagen de Insomnia cured here

en Flickr bajo CC Imagen de TRF_Mr Hyde enFlickr bajo CC

Imagen de unknown en wikipedia bajo dominio público

Oscar Wilde's spectacular fall from is one of the best-known and most tragic stories in the history of

. Born in Dublin in 1854, the son of an eye and a well-known poet, Wilde graduated from

Oxford in 1878 and moved to London where he rapidly becamea and the most figure inthe Aesthetic movement.

A lecture tour to the United States and Gilbert and Sullivan's of him in their comic operetta Patience only

increased his fame. He published poetry, tales anda scandalously successful novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray,about a golden who retained his beauty while themarks of his sins showed only on his painted

In 1884 Wilde married Constance Lloyd and moved into thehouse in Tite Street, Chelsea which is now marked by a blue

. By the mid-1890s he was the feted of epigrammatic like Lady Windermere's Fanand The of Being Earnest.

But in 1895, the Marquess of Queensberry, disapproving ofWilde's with his son Lord Alfred Douglas,sent a note addressed to Wilde, "posing as a Sodomite."Unwisely, Wilde decided to for libel and set in motion asequence of events that ended with him and imprisoned for homosexuality. After his from prison Wilde was a broken man and he died in in Paris in 1900.

Stories of his last words emphasise that he retained his to the end. Seriously ill in a cheap Paris hotel room he isreputed to have said, "This wall-paper will be the death of me -one of us will have to go".

SOURCE: http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/radio/specials/1758_blue_plaque/page3.shtml

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Getting to know Oscar Wilde -

Listen to Oscar Wilde's biography and fill in the gaps with just one word according to what you hear.

00:00 01:40

Oscar Wilde's spectacular fall from grace is one of the best-known and most tragic stories in the history of literature. Born in Dublin in 1854, the son of an eye surgeon and a well-known poet, Wilde graduated from Oxford in 1878and moved to London where he rapidly became a celebrity and the most prominent figure in the Aesthetic

Objetivos

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and moved to London where he rapidly became a celebrity and the most prominent figure in the Aestheticmovement.

A lecture tour to the United States and Gilbert and Sullivan's mockery (= making fun of) of him in their comicoperetta Patience only increased his fame. He published poetry, fairy tales and a scandalously successful novel, ThePicture of Dorian Gray, about a golden youth who retained his beauty while the marks of his sins showed only onhis painted portrait

In 1884 Wilde married Constance Lloyd and moved into the house in Tite Street, Chelsea which is now marked by ablue plaque. By the mid-1890s he was the feted author of epigrammatic comedies like Lady Windermere's Fan andThe Importance of Being Earnest.

But in 1895, the Marquess of Queensberry, disapproving of Wilde's friendship with his son Lord Alfred Douglas, senta note addressed to Wilde, "posing as a Sodomite." Unwisely, Wilde decided to sue (= take to civil court) for libeland set in motion a sequence of events that ended with him prosecuted and imprisoned for homosexuality. Afterhis release from prison Wilde was a broken man and he died in exile in Paris in 1900.

Stories of his last words emphasise that he retained his wit (=quick intelligence, especially for being humorous) tothe end. Seriously ill in a cheap Paris hotel room he is reputed to have said, "This wall-paper will be the death of me- one of us will have to go".

The Picture of Dorian Gray

I'm quite sure many are familiar with Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray. The book has been made into severalfilm adaptions, the most recent being in September 2009, featuring Ben Barnes. The follows the life of ayoung gentleman named Dorian Gray (Ben Barnes). He soon becomes the source of inspiration for the painter BasilHallward (Ben Chaplin), and Basil manages to paint his best picture yet: a of Dorian. However, due tothe philosophical teachings of Lord Henry Wotton (Colin Firth), Dorian soon falls into a state of .He trades his soul so that he will never age and all his sins and aging will be transferred onto the painting.

In general the plot follows the book. However, there are several differences between the film and the book. Forexample, in the novel, Lord Henry has no daughter, but, in the film, he has a daughter named Emily Wootton (RebeccaHall), who Dorian later falls in love with. Also, in the novel, Dorian loses faith in Sibyl Vane because of her failure inacting. In the film, Dorian rejects Sibyl because he loves whoring too much. The film also mystifies Dorian's portrait bymaking it come alive and gasp continuously. I read the book along with the movie so it was rather interesting to seewords become pictures and the various differences between the two . The novel can be bland at timesdue to Wilde's paragraphs and narration that span for several pages, but the descriptions are rather

. I give the movie three of five stars. Barnes makes a very handsome Dorian. His is rather

spectacular; his expressions reflect the transition from an innocent and Dorian to a cruel and Dorian. his having black hair rather than blond as described in the book, Barnes makes a

successful Dorian full of emotion. However, the acting of the other actors is rather simple, as they appear more likebystanders in the movie. Also, I the movie spent more time on the love relationship between Dorian andEmily. The went by so fast that their love almost seems meaningless. The plot itself also moves somewhatslowly, but that is typical of a plot line similar to this. Meanwhile, the is epic and the lightingexemplifies the dark mood of the film. There are several scenes of erotic sex, but few for more than a coupleof seconds. There are also several gruesome murders, but no profanity due to the time era.

Other than that, if you want to watch a dark movie, Dorian Grayis a rather splendid movie to watch. It's disturbing attimes, but it only better reflects Dorian's descent into a sinful world. It may not be a film, but those whocan should watch, especially if you like movies like Donnie Darko. Dorian Gray is a dark andenchanting movie that will leave down one's spine.

Adapted from: http://silverbells-dreamsonata.blogspot.com.es/2010/05/picture-of-dorian-gray.html

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Read the review below which establishes the differences between the book The Picture of Dorian Gray andthe film Dorian Gray released in September 2009. Fill in the gaps using the following words:

portrait out mediumslengthy plot hesitantsinful soundtrack corruptionscene family ornatelast shivers Despitedefinitely wish acting

The Picture of Dorian Gray

I'm quite sure many are familiar with Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray. The book has been made into severalfilm adaptions, the most recent being in September 2009, featuring Ben Barnes. The plot follows the life of a younggentleman named Dorian Gray (Ben Barnes). He soon becomes the source of inspiration for the painter BasilHallward (Ben Chaplin), and Basil manages to paint his best picture yet: a portrait of Dorian. However, due to thephilosophical teachings of Lord Henry Wotton (Colin Firth), Dorian soon falls into a state of corruption . He tradeshis soul so that he will never age and all his sins and aging will be transferred onto the painting.

In general the plot follows the book. However, there are several differences between the film and the book. Forexample, in the novel, Lord Henry has no daughter, but, in the film, he has a daughter named Emily Wootton(Rebecca Hall), who Dorian later falls in love with. Also, in the novel, Dorian loses faith in Sibyl Vane because of herfailure in acting In the film Dorian rejects Sibyl because he loves whoring too much The film also mystifies Dorian's

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failure in acting. In the film, Dorian rejects Sibyl because he loves whoring too much. The film also mystifies Dorian sportrait by making it come alive and gasp continuously. I read the book along with the movie so it was ratherinteresting to see words become pictures and the various differences between the two mediums . The novel can bebland at times due to Wilde's lengthy paragraphs and narration that span for several pages, but the descriptionsare rather ornate .

I give the movie three out of five stars. Barnes makes a very handsome Dorian. His acting is rather spectacular; hisexpressions reflect the transition from an innocent and hesitant Dorian to a cruel and sinful Dorian. Despite hishaving black hair rather than blond as described in the book, Barnes makes a successful Dorian full of emotion.However, the acting of the other actors is rather simple, as they appear more like bystanders in the movie. Also, I wish the movie spent more time on the love relationship between Dorian and Emily. The scene went by so fast thattheir love almost seems meaningless. The plot itself also moves somewhat slowly, but that is typical of a plot linesimilar to this. Meanwhile, the soundtrack is epic and the lighting exemplifies the dark mood of the film. There areseveral scenes of erotic sex, but few last for more than a couple of seconds. There are also several gruesomemurders, but no profanity due to the time era.

Other than that, if you want to watch a dark movie, Dorian Grayis a rather splendid movie to watch. It's disturbingat times, but it only better reflects Dorian's descent into a sinful world. It may not be a family film, but those whocan should definitely watch, especially if you like movies like Donnie Darko. Dorian Gray is a dark and enchantingmovie that will leave shivers down one's spine.

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Suggested answers:

1. The plot follows the life of a young gentleman called Dorian Gray played by Ben Barnes.

2. The painter Basil Hallward paints a portrait of Dorian.

3. Due to the philosophical teachings of Lord Henry Wotton, Dorian soon falls into a state of corruption. He trades hissoul so that he will never age and all his sins and aging will be transferred onto the painting.

4. Barnes plays a character who is dark rather than blond as described in the book.

5. We can see the transition from an innocent and hesitant Dorian to a cruel and sinful Dorian.

6. There are several scenes of erotic sex.

Watch the video below where you will see some scenes of the film Dorian Gray and you will listen to theactor Ben Barnes talking about his part in the film. Which of the characteristics described in the review canyou recognise in the video?

3.1. Grammar through literature

Imagen de grace_kat en Flickr bajo licenciaCC

In this part of the unit, we are going to study two grammar points through examples taken fromliterature:

EllipsisGradable and Non-gradable adjectives

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As you can see from the examples, words that repeat information are usually dropped.

“The truth is rarely pure and the truth is never simple.”“You can never be overdressed or you can never be overeducated.”“Most people are other people. Their thoughts are someone else's opinions, their lives are a mimicry, their

passions are a quotation.”

Ellipsis: Cases where words can be left out

Read the following quotations by Oscar Wilde and decide which words have been left out to avoidrepetition.

“The truth is rarely pure and never simple.”“You can never be overdressed or overeducated.”“Most people are other people. Their thoughts are someone else's opinions, their lives a mimicry, their passions a

quotation.”

Look at the different cases where words can be left out because the meaning can be understood without them:

Replies: Ellipsis is common in replies in which we usually avoid repeating information that has just been given.

- ‘Who did this?’ ‘John.' (More natural than John did this.) - ‘How many players were there?’ ‘Five.’ (More natural than There were five players.)

- ‘What time are you coming?’ ‘About nine’. (More natural than I am coming about nine.)

Coordinate structures: Words that repeat information are usually dropped in coordinate structures.

- He is poor but honest. (= He is poor but he is honest.) - You can have tea or coffee. (= You can have tea or you can have coffee.)

Informal speech: In informal speech, words at the beginning of a sentence are usually dropped if the meaning is clear.

- ‘Had dinner?’ (= ‘Have you had dinner?’) - ‘Seen Mary?’ (= Have you seen Mary?)

At the end of noun phrases: Nouns are often dropped after adjectives or determiners.

- ‘Do you want large eggs?’ ‘No, I will have small.’ (= ‘I will have small eggs.’)

At the end of a verb phrase: At the end of a verb phrase, auxiliary verbs are often used alone instead of full verbs.

- ‘I haven’t got the letter.’ ‘I haven’t either.’ (= I haven’t got the letter either.’) The same structures are possible with non-auxiliary be and have.

- I thought that she would be interested, but she wasn’t. (= She wasn’t interested.)

Infinitives: Instead of repeating a whole infinitive, we sometimes use only to.

- ‘Are you and John getting married?’ ‘We hope to.’ (= We hope to get married.) Sometimes a whole infinitive is left out.

- Come when you want to. (= …when you want to)

SOURCE: http://www.englishpractice.com/improve/cases-words-left/

The following presentation will help you understand how to use substitution and ellipsis in English:

1 of 16 View on SlideShare

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. We're also keen to have a meeting with all parties and find out what's gone wrong, because it's obvious somethinghas gone wrong.

2. I saw Mr Clark stand up, throw a punch at Mr McAlpine, kick the table over, jump at him on the ground, and startchoking him, before two chefs came out of the kitchen and pulled them apart…We have an open-plan kitchen, and somy staff jumped in and separated them; I wouldn't like to think what would have happened if they hadn't pulledthem apart.

3. It's not like being related to Andy Warhol made us any wealthier. It didn't make us any wealthier.

4. Under government policy, Cubans who make it to shore are generally allowed to stay, while those who donot make it to shore are sent back to their homeland.

5. We had to look outside it. When we looked outside, we found plenty of people we could ask in to share all thisempty space.

6. Sometimes I feel like I would like to crawl away and hide. But I will not crawl away.

Read the following sentences and identify the string of words which have been ellipted. Elliptical particlesare represented by (-).

1. We're also keen to have a meeting with all parties and find out what's gone wrong, because it's obvious somethinghas (-).

2. I saw Mr Clark stand up, throw a punch at Mr McAlpine, kick the table over, jump at him on the ground, and startchoking him, before two chefs came out of the kitchen and pulled them apart…We have an open-plan kitchen, and somy staff jumped in and separated them; I wouldn't like to think what would have happened if they hadn't (-).

3. It's not like being related to Andy Warhol made us any wealthier. It didn't (-).

4. Under government policy, Cubans who make it to shore are generally allowed to stay, while those who do not (-) aresent back to their homeland.

5. We had to look outside it. When we did (-), we found plenty of people we could ask in to share all this empty space.

6. Sometimes I feel like I would like to crawl away and hide. But I will not (-).

Adapted from: http://angellier.biblio.univ-lille3.fr/etudes_recherches/haegeman_grammar1.pdf

Wrong

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Solution

1. Wrong2. Correct Option

Correct Option

Solution

1. Correct Option2. Wrong

Correct Option

Wrong

Wrong

Solution

1. Correct Option2. Wrong3. Wrong

Wrong

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Solution

1. Wrong2. Correct Option

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Practice

Choose the best ellipsis.

1. He said he was good at drawing but he clearly _________

a. wasn't good.b. wasn't.

2. John ordered ice cream and I ____________.

a. cakeb. ordered cake

This is repetitive with the verb ordered.

3. I broke my dad's bike but I ______________.

a. didn't mean tob. didn't meandidn't mean to do it

4. Although I could have got angry with her, _______________

a. I wasn't so.b. I didn't

5. Whenever he started smoking, I asked him ________________________

a. not to do it.b. not to.

Multi-choice

p

Solution

1. Wrong2. Correct Option

Wrong

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1. Wrong2. Correct Option

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Solution

1. Wrong2. Correct Option

6. I was worried I might have already seen the film but _____________

a. I didn'tb. I hadn't

7. He should get the job but _________________.

a. he doesn'tb. he won't

3.2 Gradable or non-gradable?

Imagen de

tiseb enFlickr

bajo licenciaCC

Read the following sentences taken from the first chapter of the novel The Canterville Ghost by Oscar Wilde and focus your attention on those adjectives in bold.

Are they gradable or non-gradable?

'We have not cared to live in the place ourselves' said Lord Canterville, 'since my grand-aunt, the Dowager Duchess ofBolton, was frightened into a fit, from which she never really recovered, by two skeleton hands being placed on hershoulders as she was dressing for dinner ...

'My Lord,' answered the Minister, 'I will take the furniture and the ghost at a valuation. I come from a modern country,

where we have everything that money can buy; and with all our spry young fellows painting the Old World red, and carryingoff your best actors and prima-donnas, I reckon that if there were such a thing as a ghost in Europe, we'd have it at home ina very short time in one of our public museums, or on the road as a show.'

Mrs. Otis, who, as Miss Lucretia R. Tappan, of West 53rd Street, had been a celebrated New York belle, was now a very

handsome, middle-aged woman, with fine eyes, and a superb profile. Many American ladies on leaving their native landadopt an appearance of chronic ill-health, under the impression that it is a form of European refinement, but Mrs. Otis hadnever fallen into this error. She had a magnificent constitution, and a really wonderful amount of animal spirits.

Their eldest son, christened Washington by his parents in a moment of patriotism, which he never ceased to regret, was a

fair-haired, rather good-looking young man, who had qualified himself for American diplomacy by leading the German atthe Newport Casino for three successive seasons, and even in London was well known as an excellent dancer. Gardeniasand the peerage were his only weaknesses. Otherwise he was extremely sensible.

Adjectives describe qualities (characteristics) of nouns. Some qualities can vary in intensity or "grade", for example:

rather cold, cold, very cold

The adjective cold is gradable.

Other qualities cannot vary in intensity or grade because they are:

extremes (for example: boiling) absolutes (for example: dead)

classifying (for example: nuclear)

The adjectives boiling, dead and nuclear are non-gradable.

Other non-gradable adjectives include:

unique terrified/terrifying freezing appalled amazed/amazing excellent impossible awful terrible

Non-gradable adjectives cannot be used with the grading adverbs such as very, really, a little, extremely, fairly: fairly boiling

To modify them, use non-grading adverbs such as:

totally absolutely quite truly utterly

absolutely impossible; quite impossible ; truly amazing ;

Note: totally is often used with negative adjectives: That's totally ridiculous.

Now answer the following questions:

1. In the first sentence above, the adjective frightened has been used. Can we say absolutely frightened? Or veryterrified?

2. Which adverbs could be used with the adjective frightened ? What about terrified ?

3. In the second sentence, the superlative adjective best has been used. Is the use of comparative and superlativeforms a characteristic of gradable or non-gradable adjectives?

4. Is it correct if, in the third sentence above, the phrase very handsome is replaced with absolutely handsome?

5. Can you name more non-gradable adjectives with the same meaning as superb ?

6. In the third and fourth sentences above, the adverbs really, rather and extremely have been used. Do we use themwith gradable or with non-gradable adjectives?

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1. Frightened is a gradable adjective and absolutely a non-grading adverb so no. With very terrified, it's the otherway round:terrified is a non-gradable adjective.

2. With frightened , as a gradable adjective, adverbs like very, extremely, fairly ... can be used. On the contrary,with a non-gradable adjective like terrified adverbs like absolutely, completely, totally... have to be used. Adverbslike really and pretty can be used with both.

3. It is a characterisitic of non-gradable adjectives.

4. No, it isn't. Handsome is gradable and, consequently, it cannot be modified by the non-grading adverb absolutely.

5. Amazing, brilliant, excellent, fabulous, fantastic, incredible, marvellous, terrific, wonderful.

6. Extremely and rather with gradable adjectives. Really can be used with both.

Wrong

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Solution

1. Wrong2. Correct Option3. Wrong

Correct Option

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Solution

1. Correct Option2. Wrong3. Wrong

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Practice

Choose the best word in each case.

1. John's book is truly _________

a. goodb. brilliantc. interesting

2. Jonathan Frantzen's latest novel is very _________

enjoyableb. remarkablec. exhilarating.

3. Can we turn on the air-conditioning? It's ________ boiling in here.

a. veryb. rather

c. quite

Multi-choice

g

Wrong

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Solution

1. Wrong2. Wrong3. Correct Option

Wrong

Wrong

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Solution

1. Wrong2. Wrong3. Correct Option

Correct Option

Wrong

Wrong

Solution

1. Correct Option2. Wrong3. Wrong

4. I'm afraid that you can't talk to him. He's ______ dead.

a. completelyb. veryc. quite

5. I think Big Bang Theory is ________ hilarious.

a. absolutelyb. ratherc. very

Imagen de HA! Designs enFlickr bajo licencia CC

To practise the difference between gradable and non-gradable adjectives, do these activities. First, playthe game to guess the synonym and then do the multiple choice activity.

Need more practice? Try these exercises.

4. Sequencing ideas

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i) At the beginning means at the start and is often followed by of + the thing starting (at the start of therace/week/course); at first indicates an initial situation that is going to change later: At first I was nervous but then Icalmed down.

ii) eventually and finally can both mean especially after a long delay, dispute, or series of problems:Eventually, aftermidnight, I arrived at the hotel. However, for normal sequencing use finally : First I got up, then I got dressed. Afterthat I had breakfast. Finally, at 9 o'clock I was ready.

iii) At the end is similar to at the beginning as it is often followed by of + the thing finishing: At the end of thecourse/game/play,...; In the end indicates eventually or on reflection: I didn't want to believe her but in the end Ihad no choice.

iv) After is a conjunction and preposition so we can say After he left, I went outside (conjunction) or After lunch, hewent out (preposition). We cannot use it as an adverb: After, I went out. For that, we use afterwards (adverb) orafter that: John went to school: Afterwards/After that, he went to the gym.

Other sequencers include then, next, to begin with, etc.

Imagen de R.Siegel en

Flickr . Dominio público.

In order to sequence ideas in a text we should use sequencers. Have a look at some of them:

At the beginningInitiallyAfter a whileLater onBefore longAfterwardsSubsequentlyEventuallyIn the end

i) What's the difference between at first and at the beginning?

ii) What's the difference between finally and eventually ?

iii) What's the difference between at the end and in the end?

iv) What's the difference between after and afterwards?

Do you know any others? Brainstorm some more with a partner.

Imagen de College Prep Harkness en wikipedia. Dominio público.

Do you remember how you felt in your first English classes (or maybe in your first classes back after not studyingEnglish for a while)? How did you feel at the start? And at the end?

Now read this text about someone's class and choose the correct sequencer. There is one word that you do not need.

Reading Activity

DropDown Activity

First day back

of my first class, I felt really nervous. I felt sure that everyone would know moreEnglish than me, could speak it better, hadn’t forgotten so much over the holiday. In fact I almost didn’tgo into the classroom.

I kept quiet and didn’t say a word, even when I thought I knew the answer-Ididn’t want to get things wrong and make a fool of myself . But , I realised thatother people were making mistakes and it was no big deal. The teacher helped them out and they laughedand carried on. So I stopped worrying. we did some writing and I found that Icould remember quite a lot. we read out some descriptions we had written andsomeone said mine was really good! of the class, I felt really pleased with myself.

, all you need is confidence

Do you agree with the writer's conclusion?

Check

Now it's your turn. Think of an occasion when you felt initially nervous doing something new and then became moreconfident (or vice versa). Make notes then tell your partner, using appropriate connectors and tenses (past simple,continuous and perfect).

Objectives

Bite size

Imagen de Shane McGraw en Flickr bajo licencia CC

In this lesson you have learned about literature . As you have been able to appreciate, literature inEnglish is diverse and ethnic.

Firstly, you have listened for specific information and for gist, and have listened to interviewsabout famous writers and reading.

Secondly, you have learned new vocabulary, including prefixes and more specifically some literaryterms. You have had the opportunity to practise speaking through various activities.

In addition, you have read literary texts, as well as newspaper articles, and have been able topractise finding main ideas and looking for specific details. You have worked on temporalsequencers in writing and how to prepare a summary. In grammar you have looked at gradableand non-gradable adjectives and ellipsis.

Generally speaking, you have expanded your knowledge on literature.

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