CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:

Process, Economic & Raw Materials

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References:

1. Weissermel, K. & Arpe, H.J., 1998, Industrial Organic Chemistry, VCH Pub., New York.

2. Witcoff, H.A. & Reuben, B.G., 1996, Industrial Organic Chemicals, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

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Course content:

1. Raw materials

2. Production of ethene, propene and butadiene

3. Production of ethyl benzene and styrene

4. Production of acrylic acid

5. Chemicals based on light alkenes

6. Student presentation

Products Intermediates

Pharmaceuticals Textiles

Detergent Fuels

Emissions Waste

Energy Labor

Raw Materials

Process Conversion Purification Formulation

Structure of Processes

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Understanding a chemical process

All level need to be considered

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MESO Reactor, condensor, cooler etc

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Process structure

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Questions for conceptual process design

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What do we need to understand

• Scale independent

– Chemistry, thermodynamics

– Physical transport phenomena

• Micro level

– Catalysis – Interface Chemistry

– Microbiology

– Particle technology

• Meso level – Reactor technology

– Scale up

– Process technology and development

– Process integration and design

– Process control and operation

• Macro level

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30 Top chemical companies in the world

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World chemicals sales

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Structure of raw materials and products

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Oil, natural gas, coal, biomass, rock, salt, sulfur, air, water

LPG, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, wax

Ethene, propene, butene, benzene, synthesis gas, ammonia, methanol, sulfuric acid, chlorine

Acetic acid, formaldehyde, ehylene oxide, acrylonitrile, acetaldehyde, terephtalic acid

Plastics, textiles, fertilizers, perfumes, detergents, insecticides, pharmaceuticals

Fuels (ca. 10)

Base chemicals (ca. 20)

Intermediates (ca. 300)

Consumer products (ca. 30,000)

Raw materials (ca. 10)

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Jenis Hidrokarbon Rumus

Parafin

Normal (n)

Iso-

Naftena

Alkil siklopentana

Alkil sikloheksana

Bisiklonaftena

Aromatik

Aromatik naftena

Fluorena

Bi-aromatik

H3CHC R

CH3

H3CH2C

HC R

CH3

H3CH2C R

R

R

R

R

H2C

CH2

R

R

Minyak Bumi

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Fraksi Jumlah Atom Titik Didih (oC) Kegunaan

Gas C1 – C4 < 30 LNG (C1 & C2) LPG (C3 & C4)

Petroleum Eter C5 – C6 30 - 60 Pelarut non-polar

Ligroin / Nafta C6 – C7 60 – 100 Pelarut non-polar

Bensin (gasoline/

premium)

C6 – C10; terutama C8

40 - 200 Bahan bakar kendaraan

bermotor

Kerosin (minyak tanah)

C10 – C14; terutama C12

175 – 325 Bahan bakar rumah tangga

& penerbangan (avtur/avigas)

Solar C14-C18; terutama

C16 250 – 400 Mesin diesel

Oli C20 – C30 350 – 500 Pelumas

Residu > C30 > 500 Lilin, aspal

FRAKSI MINYAK BUMI

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NO ENERGI TERBARUKAN/ SUMBER DAYA

(SD)

KAPASITAS

TERPASANG (KT)

RASIO KT/SD (%)

1 2 3 4 5 = 4/3

1 Tenaga Air 75,670 MW 5,705.29 MW 7.54

2 Panas Bumi 29,038 MW 1,189 MW 4.10

3 Mini/Mikro Hydro 1013.5 MW 462.0 MW 46.0

4 Biomass 49,810 MW 1,618.40 MW 3.25

5 Tenaga Surya 4.80 kWh/m2/day 13.5 MW -

6 Tenaga Angin 3 – 6 m/s 1.87 MW -

7 Uranium 24,112 ton (Uranium)

1,500 ton (Thorium) 30 MW 1.00

CADANGAN DAN PRODUKSI ENERGI NASIONAL

No ENERGI TAK TERBARUKAN

SUMBER

DAYA

(SD)

CADANGAN

(CAD)

RASIO SD/CAD

(%)

PRODUKSI

(PROD)

RASIO CAD/PROD (TAHUN)*)

1 2 3 4 5 = 4/3 6 7 = 4/6

1 Minyak Bumi (miliar barel) 56.6 7.99 **) 14 0.346 23

2 Gas Bumi (TSCF) 334.5 159.64 51 2.9 55

3 Batubara (miliar ton) 104.8 20.98 18 0.254 83

4 Coal Bed Methane/CBM (TSCF) 453 - - - -

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THE END

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