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Masayuki Horio Professor, Emeritus, TU A&T
Professor, Dept. of Politics, Ryukoku University JST-RISTEX, R&D Area Director
Fluidization - Past and Future -
May 20, 2010 Fluidization XIII Gyeong-ju, Korea
JST-RISTEX: A Challenge in R&D
◆Call for R&D proposals(up to 0.3million $/year)
R&D Area: “Community Based Actions against Global Warming and
Environmentally Friendly Society”
(FY2008-2013)
From April 2008 we
Requested to aim at 60-80% GHG reduction
Requested Trans-disciplinary collaboration
1. among Natural/Engineering and
Social/Human Sciences
2. among Academia, Regional People,
Government and Industry
Requested to Bring Social Issues into
Quantitative GHG Reduction Calculation
Requested to Collaborate with Director
and Advisers for R&D Management
【Electricity】 Introducing
Renewables
(preferentially
replacing coal
first)
【Livelihood】 Promoting
Energy saving
woody building 4
GHG Minus 80% Scenario
【Transportation】 Changing All to EV
Financial &
Employment
Crises
Several Waves of Modernization after WWII (1950~; 1990~;---)
now brought all Crises on One Table
Fuel Price
Soaring
Anti-Global Warming Actions should be tightly linked to
protecting/rebuilding our life and Mind
Money Saving by
Res & Energy Saving
New
Industries
and Jobs
Actions for Climate Changes
If True Origin of Problems is Modernization of too much
Dependence on Fossil Fuels,
Remodeling the ‘Modernity’ should be the effective Solution !
① Vertical (bureaucratic) to
horizontal (trans-disciplinary)
② Real collaborative approach with
regional community
③ Appropriate technology adoption
④ Alter-modernization
The Program promotes Creative and Transformative R&D Challenges for
Our ‘Historical’ Encounter with Simultaneous Crises
Mass-Energy Scenario
for GHG reduction
○○t/yr
Social coefficient (0~1) Social system reform plan, human
resource raising, acceleration of
realization rate
×
= Real reduction
potential △△ t/yr
Breaking down GHG reduction issue into process & social factors
Social and temporal
scenario
•System inspection
•Policy development
•Consensus development
Human resource and
governance development
Technical scenario
development not
accommodating the
present social system
Present Projects
To establish Regional Community System that Exits from Inducing Global Warming through Introducing Micro Hydro power
Development of Techniques and Theories for the Integrated Restoration and Revitalization of Local Commons
From forests to houses : Co-realization of carbon abatement and comfortable life to 2050
“Sato-model” escaping from Global Warming in Mountainous Region – A Challenge of a Small Village to share Nature-based Community among Wide-Ranged People
Construction of the Town of Kiryu for the Future with Anti-Global-Warming through the Regional Power
Feasibility Study of the Eco-service Business Model using Eco-point system
Study on integrated policy to promote local renewable energy & its financial scheme for realization by strategic alliance with Metropolitan government and rural area government
Development of the Method of Evidence-based Analysis for Regional Sustainability in Economy and Environment
8
4
5
3
Proposing a Scenario and Road Map to realize a Nature Friendly Society Model for the Sustainable Shiga
1
9
10
Creating a Low-Carbon Production, Retail & Shopping System for Nagoya
6
7
2
Nature/Cultural heritage and city
government’s support
Sure leadership on the quantitative evaluation and dedication of
University
People’s and Children’s
commitment
Target
Developing a path for CO2 emission reduction more than
80% by 2050 through achieving regional revitalization for
City Kiryu
Kiryu-City – Gunma Univ. Project Proposing novel Eco-town Vision with Social Experiments
× ×
Turning lamps off
12
× Listening
Insects’ Song =
20t of CO2 Reduction
Kiryu Times 2009
Creating Vital Foresters, Lumberers and reeducated Builders are necessary for CO2 Capture and biomass
Utilization
Academic
proof!
Academic
proof!
14
Logs at lumbermill
Forest Lumber waiting for drying
Law temperature dryer(45℃)
Carrying-in to
building sites
Young/skilled
worker
Builder Woody “Eco”-houses
Training
Lu
mb
eri
ng
Forest management
Pa
inti
ng
Pre
cu
ttin
g
& p
an
el
pro
du
cti
on
Wo
od
en
fitt
ing
s,
Fu
rnit
ure
,
etc
.
Academic
proof!
Scientific proof and certification system design for financial and institutional supports
Forest-to-Town Direct-linkage creation PJ
for direct cash flow back to mountainside
Forest-to-Town Project
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
1940
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
u
%
Primary Industry Secondary Tertiary
Primary Sectors
Tertiary Sectors (Service Industry)
Secondary Sectors (Manufacturing Industry)
Depopulation of Primary Sectors
Japan 1940-90
%
Real reduction
t-CO2/yr
Effect of population transfer
+
CO2 adsorption activity
including forest
management and
nature restoration
Countryside
population
increase
Urban-
countryside
difference in per
capita GHG
emission
On site reduction effort +
= ×
City-to-Village Project
Distributed Power-Gen TF
Regional Transportation with Electric Storage TF
Task Forces
To Introduce EVs into Countryside and Shopping Towns a new 9-Seater Low
Speed Electric Community Bus is developed, which is to be promoted by a
new Supporting Organization
Manufacturer: Zero Sports Inc.
Collaborative Development with JST-RISTEX Projects 18
2. In energy and resource conversion issues the
indices of efficiency and economy can never be
deceived. Chem Engrs can calculate them sure.
In this changing world Chem Engrs can have high ‘legitimacy’ because:
1. Since Energy/Environment issues are controlled
basically and substantially by natural laws, policies
that do not satisfy them enough have to fail. Chem
Engrs can judge at least these issues.
3. Communication is necessary for organizing
transformative actions for sustainability. Chem Engrs
have languages to communicate among different
disciplines as well as science and industries.
Overall Efficiency
Check Appropriateness of Bio-Fuels
Ethanol +
Gasoline V
Bio- mass
Gas
Fermentation
& Distillation
Process
Electr-
icity
H2
FCVs
Charcoal
Gas V
Diesel V
Non-
volatile
fuel
Gas
Expressing & Reforming
Gas
Reformer
×0.5 ×0.8
×0.7×0.8
×0.45
×0.7
×0.7 ×0.5
×0.15
×0.2
×0.2
=0.25
=0.11
=0.08
=0.11
=0.28
EtOH
MeOH
DME
300~気圧の水素ステーション
を町中に作るのは危険
Run
=1.0 The
heating value after
harvest-ing
Residues issues Scale affects
the conversion
Methanol +
Gasoline V
×0.2
=0.10
No residues except for ash
GTL
EVs
Gasification Process
×0.7
BDF
Horio, Modern Chemistry, 2007.9
Large Scale
Power Stns
Run
Run
Run
Run
Run
×0.9 Conv. Efficiency
Gas Low P
Tank Trucks
Low P
Gas Stn. Gas
FCEV or FCHV
Check if Urban Hydrogen Fueling is
Appropriate
Gas High P
H2 Reformer
700bar
Hydrogen
Tank Trucks
700bar
Hydrogen
Stations
Hydrogen FCV Hydrogen Supply Infrastructure
High-Pressure Supply System Concept and FCV
With Battery no High-P H2 distribution necessary
Fuel Cell
Motor
E
300bar
H2 Tank FCV
Reformer
FC
Motor
E
Battery
Gas Tank FCHV
21
High P
H2
Existing Supply Infrastructure
Development of Socio-Technical Systems
Technical Seed Innovation
Technical System development
Institutional system development --- legal, financial, administrative, educational ---
Technical System Realization in
Social Scale
Once realized in society, technology is protected by institutional systems.
Social system
developments delay
To develop green technologies we need to
think how to change institutional systems
Technical innovation premised on lavish oil
consumption
Lavish oil consumption based
Technical systems
Lavish oil consumption based
Social systems
Lavish oil consumption based
Socio-technical systems
Global warming causing Society
Innovation for appropriate & sustainable technology
Technical systems with
sustainable energy sources
Social system inspection,
reform & detour
development
Socio-technical systems against global warming
Society overcoming global warming
Chem Engrs have to develop more tie and language to collaborate with a variety of
actors in the society
Chem Engrs will have to have more responsibility in urgent social needs.
Chem Engrs will have to be more careful and to think more deeply.
Chem Engrs will have to think more about the ‘appropriateness’ of technology.
Fluidization Research - Past and Future -
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FCC
Enos, J.L.,(1964)
The first dramatic success of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). See how desruptive the FCC technology that time was to all other options.
FCC really opened the era of petroleum
Major post WWII Fluid Bed Process Developments was a Historical Set of
Achievements
NIES & BRICs
development
Climate Change
& Oil Peak
?
FINEX
Now we are close to the historical turning point.
We need a good historical perspective.
But ‘History’ is still a way of understanding.
Can be good and can be bad.
Paradigm Shifts and Tketani 3-Stage Law
The Past of Fluidization Research
The Future of Fluidization Research
Is Progress of Knowledge Linear?
Paradigm
Progress in Paradigm should then be analysed
Taketani’s Three Step Law for the Progress of Sciences
Phenomenology
Substantialism/ Structurism
Essentialism
Ptoremaios
Johannes Kepler /Nicolaus Copernicus
Newton
Taketani’s Three Step Law and the Structure of Nature
Phenomena
Structure
First Principle
Solution
Structure and Boundary Conditions
Differential Equation
Paradigm Shifts and Tketani 3-Stage Law
The Past of Fluidization Research
The Future of Fluidization Research
Three Step Chronology of Fluidization Research
1879 Pyrite Roaster 1922 Winkler Gasifier 1929 FCC 1st Patent 1938 Lewis-Gilliland (MIT) joined FCC dev. 1942 1st FCC plant erection 1944 FBC 1st patent ~1952 umf, bed expansion, heat transfer, viscosity, elutriation, slugging
1952 Two Phase Theory Toomey-Johnstone 1955 Two phase reaction model 1958~ Bubble measurements
1961 Davidson’s Bubble
Phenomenology ~1952
Structuralism 1952~1961
Essentialism 1961~1973
Three Step Chronology of Fluidization Research
1973 Geldart’s classification Werther scale effect on bubble distribution Yerushalmi-Squires’ Fast Fluidization 1970s many FB gasifire tests 1977 1st US FBC boiler 1978 First direct Numerical Simulation 1980 Yubari 40t/d gasifier
1984 Scaling law Horio,Glicksman Cluster measurements CFB study booming
1993 Tsuji DEM 1996 Mikami, Kamiya, Horio 1997 Full phase diagram
Phenomenology 1970~1980 5
Structuralism 1980~1990 5
Essentialism 1990~20005
Fast Fluidization
Cohesive Powders & Agglomeration
Particle Properties and Fluidization
Direct Numerical Simulation --Description from Particle Level--
Mode of Fluidization
Issues of the 2nd 30 years
(dp, p, Ar) for iron concentrate, almina, FCC and pyrite cinder, respectively, were (105, 4510, 386.3), (54/81, 3160/3090, 17.8/50.6), (58, 1780, 12.4),
(56, 3050, 19,1).
Voidage distribution data by Li and Kwauk (1980) Demonstrated clearly the uniqueness of ‘Fast Fluidization’
Macro-scale and Meso-scale Structure Concepts Proposed by Li and Kwauk
(1980)
the Well-Developed
lower Dense Region
Phase Diagram by Li and Kwauk (1980)
(Horio-Ito [1997])
A General Phase Diagram can be Drawn for the Well-Developed lower
Dense Region
Gs-u0-pd phase diagram drawn from Hirama et al. [8] data
Liq. like
Super-Critical Fluid like P←
→T
pd→
Turbulent & Fast Fluidizations Horio, Ishii & Nishimuro, On the nature of turbulent and
fast fluidized beds, Powder Technology, 70, 229-236 (1992)
1. In ‘turbulent fluidization’
the emulsion phase is always rent into lumps
due to the high bubble fraction and to the
vigorous gas flow through bubbles.
☆The lumps are, however, still too large to be
suspended as ‘clusters’.
2. In ‘fast fluidization’
all lumps of particles are ‘clusters’ being
suspended by lightly particle laden fluid flow.
A short remark
‘Clusters’ Horio & Clift, A note on terminology: ‘Clusters’ and
‘Agglomerates’, Editorial, Powder Technology, 70, 196, 1992
3. Clusters,
are dense parts in a suspension
being lumped together
by fluid dynamic mechanism
not by surface forces.
Or we should call them ‘fluid-dynamic clusters’.
For more arguments: Please visit
Ch.2 Hydrodynamics (by Horio)
Grace, Avidan & Knowlton (eds.),
Circulating Fluidized Beds,
Blackie Academic & Professional, 1997
Some Attempts to Identify the Structure of Clustering Suspensions
External viewing with laser sheets Horio & Kuroki, Three Dimensional Flow Visualization of
Dilutely Sispersed Solids in Bubbling and Circulating Fluidized Beds, Chem. Eng. Sci., 49, 2413-2421, 1994
External viewing with laser sheets Horio & Kuroki, Three Dimensional Flow Visualization of
Dilutely Sispersed Solids in Bubbling and Circulating Fluidized Beds, Chem. Eng. Sci., 49, 2413-2421, 1994
Cluster Paraboloids and Interconnecting Channels
Ve
rtic
al
sh
ee
t im
ag
e
Horizontal sheet image
3D Image Construction With Scanning Laser Sheet Method
Horio & Ito, Prediction of Cluster Size in Circulating
Fluidized Beds, J. Chem. Eng. Jp., 30, pp.691-697, 1997
U0=1.1m/s, Gs=0.092 kg/m2s
Internal viewing Horio & Kuroki, Three Dimensional Flow Visualization of
Dilutely Sispersed Solids in Bubbling and Circulating Fluidized Beds, Chem. Eng. Sci., 49, 2413-2421, 1994
Comparison of External and Internal Picturing, Gs as parameter
Clustering suspensions’ Meso-scale structure
remained rather ‘similar’ irrespective of particle load.
More work needed.
A short remark
Virtual Reconstruction of Macro-Behavior from
Individual Particle Motion By DEM/DPM
Normal and tangential component of F collision
and F wall
Surface/bridge force
Rupture joint h c
Attractive force F c
No tension joint
Normal elasticity k n
Normal dumping h n
Tangential dumping h t
k t Tangential elasticity
Friction slider m SAFIRE is an extended Tsuji-Tanaka model
developed by TUAT Horio group
SAFIRE (Horio et al.,1998~)
(Non-linear spring)
t
t n t x
x F F m = n t F F m >
dt dx
x k F n n n n n h - D =
dt dx
x k F t t t t t h - D = n t F F m
km g = h 2 ( )
( ) 2 2
2
ln ln
p + = g
e e
w/wo Tangential Lubrication
w/wo Normal Lubrication
Soft Sphere Model with Cohesive Interactions
I-H
1998
Ash
Melting
Olefine
Polymerization
PP, PE
Kaneko et al.
1999
Scaling Law
for DEM
Computation
Kajikawa-Horio
2000~
Natural Phenomena
Catalytic Reactions
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Structure of
Emulsion Phase
Kajikawa-Horio
2001
FUNDAMENTAL LARGE SCALE SIMULATION
OTHER
AGGLOMERATION COMBUSTION
Coal/Waste
Combustion
in FBC
Spray
Granulation/Coating
Agglomerating
Fluidization
FB of
Solid Bridging
Kuwagi-Horio
1999
Tangential
Lubrication
Effect
Kuwagi-Horio
2000
Particles w/
van der Waals
Interaction
Iwadate-Horio
1998
Single Char
Combustion
in FBC
Rong-Horio
1999
Parmanently
Wet FB
Mikami,Kamiya,
Horio
1998
FB w/
Immersed
Tubes
Rong-Horio
1999
FB
w/ Immersed
Tubes :
Pressure Effect
Rong-Horio
2000
Particle-Particle
Heat Transfer
Rong-Horio
1999
How we Extended DEM from Tsuji et.al.(1973)’s
Cold, Dry & Noncohesive Cases
Scaling Law
for DEM
Computation
Kuwagi-Horio
2002~
Lubrication
Force Effect
Noda-Horio
2002
SAFIRE
Achievements
Effect of non-uniform Gas Supply on
Temperature Distribution in PE Reactor
Kaneko, Shiojima, Horio, DEM Simulation of Fluidized Beds for Gas-Phase Olephin
Polimerization, Chem. Eng. Sci., 54, 5809-5821(1999)
(Number of
particles=14000,
Ethylene
polymerization,
u=3umf)
Numerical
1273K, u = 0.26 m/s, Dt=0.313s
Snapshots of Solid Bridging
Particles without Surface
Roughness
Kuwagi, Mikami, Horio, Numerical Simulation of Metallic Solid Bridging
Particles in a Fluidized Bed at High Temperature, Powder Technol., 109, 27-
40(1999)
Agglomerates grown on the
wall (t=1.21s)
Effect of Metallic Sintering
Numerical
DEM was proven to become a powerful tool to analyze the phenomena, to reach solutions for practical problems including
reaction, temperature nonuniformity, sintering, agglomeration, deposition, heat transfer, erosion, attrition, etc.
Need more study on individual particle behavior and characteristics.
Measurement techniques of single particle scale need to be developed.
A short remark
Industrial Technology also made significant Progress.
Coal
Biomass
wastes
Gasificat-
Ion
FCC
catalytic
cracking Catalytic
and bio
reactions
Olefin
polymeri
zation
Iron ore
reduction,
Powd. M
Si chlorina
tion &
CVD
Drying,
agglom-
eration,
coatin’
Waste
manage-
ment
OTHER: Powder
handling
amusement,
healthcare
FBC
power
gen.
mixing,
de-SOx,H2S,HCl
hardening,
annealing,
patenting,
Portland Cement,
Ferrite, Ceramics,
Nanoparticles
food, drug design, fine materials
coal, wastes,
biomass
PP, PE
Applications of
Fluidization
What Era we are in now?
Phenomena
Structure
First Principle
Over?
Table 1 Trend of Japanese contributions to Engineering Foundation Conference Year 83 92 98 04 07 10 Fluidization III VII IX XI XII XIII Contribution of Japan 17 11 10 5 3 9
Shrinkage of Japanese contribution to international FB
conference
SCCSCC
Bow tie structure of information flow
SCC: strongly connected components
‘Fluidization’ area has been such a ‘topos’ where a wide
variety of engineers and scientists gather.
Geldart classification, or elutriation and freeboard
issue, or scaling issue were all the leftovers from the preceding
30years !
A short remark
Three Step Chronology of Fluidization Research
1879 Pyrite Roaster 1922 Winkler Gasifier 1929 FCC 1st Patent 1938 Lewis-Gilliland (MIT) joined FCC dev. 1942 1st FCC plant erection 1944 FBC 1st patent ~1952 umf, bed expansion, heat transfer, viscosity, elutriation, slugging
1952 Two Phase Theory Toomey-Johnstone 1955 Two phase reaction model 1958~ Bubble measurements
1961 Davidson’s Bubble
Phenomenology ~1952
Structuralism 1952~1961
Essentialism 1961~1973
Byproducts
Byproducts
Byproducts
Three Step Chronology of Fluidization Research
1973 Geldart’s classification Werther scale effect on bubble distribution Yerushalmi-Squires’ Fast Fluidization 1970s many FB gasifire tests 1977 1st US FBC boiler 1978 First direct Numerical Simulation 1980 Yubari 40t/d gasifier
1984 Scaling law Horio,Glicksman Cluster measurements CFB study booming
1993 Tsuji DEM 1996 Mikami, Kamiya, Horio 1997 Full phase diagram
Phenomenology 1970~1980 5
Structuralism 1980~1990 5
Essentialism 1990~20005
Byproducts
Byproducts
Byproducts
What Era we are in now?
Phenomenology
Structurism
First Principle
Byproducts
Byproducts
Byproducts
Phenomenology
?
New Un-knowns
Paradigm Shifts and Tketani 3-Stage Law
The Past of Fluidization Research
The Future of Fluidization Research
Meso-scale suspension structure issue Structure, Gas-solid contact, Mixing, Drag Expression
Multi-solids and PSD issue Flow behavior, Gas-solid contact, Mixing, Drag expression
Solid attrition, breakage and erosion
Charging and discharging issue
Particle-particle interaction issue
Gas-phase mixing and reaction issue
DEM-CFD and particle scale measurements
Science: Front of
knowledge world
wide
Technology Dev.:
Full Mobilization of
all Knowledge
Technology
Development Science Unknowns
Frontier research and Technology development
Technology Technology
Science B
Develop-
ment Science A
Dynamics of the Research Front
Develop-
ment
Develop-
ment
Science A
Science B
Un- knownCV
Un- known
Un- knownCV
Joining the Development Researchers should independently identify ‘Unknowns’ and solve the Problem for the Success. Researchers need to develop concentrated research skill in the professional fields but also trans-disciplinary views.
A short remark
More widely Researchers should independently have Historical View and
Narrative to define coming issue
NIES & BRICs
development
Climate Change
& Oil Peak
?
FINEX
SCCSCC
We have to keep strong research activity.
We need self activities to make our SCC robust
SCC:strongly connected components
cumulonimbus cloud
hail
Natural Science and Engineering Science Exchange would help
AIChE Fluor Daniel Lectureship Award Lecture (2001)
volcanic plateau
Pyroclastic flow
Avalanche
They are related to
crises.
The presence of column wall makes
research much easier
artificial plant
Why Engineering Science Has Advantages ?
Social & Human Science and Engineering Science
Exchange would also help
AAAS 2010 Annual Meeting, San Diego
Traffic, Crowds and Society Symposium
Prof Andrea Bertozzi, Traffic, Crowds and
Society, organizer
Crowd Modeling and Criminality Crowding
From Cloud to Crowd !
(a) Collapsed eruption column (b) Hail storm cloud (c) Columbia November 5, 2007
and pyroclastic flow formation
Stephen A. Nelson
http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0212082/hailfore.htm
News with De La Cruz
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol212/intro&textures.htm
http://veronicadelacruz.wordpress.com/category/weird-weather/
Phenomena we should include should now be wider
Kyushu Electric Power’s PFBC
Aug.11, 2002
Phenomena we should include into Fluidization should now be
made wider
Meisner Effect can suspend/fluidize superconductive
particles
Natural phenomena or human practices in which particulate solids including bodies of any sizes, are made free from internal friction caused either by external or intraparticle forces
‘Fluidization’ in the wider sense could be defined as:
Thank you very much
Join Session14 from15:00 for Smart Particle Fluidization