Post on 08-Dec-2021
transcript
Adolescence
The transition period from childhood to adulthood.
Adolescence
Many psychologists once believed that our traits
were set during childhood. Today
psychologists believe that development is a
lifelong process. Adolescence is defined
as a life between childhood and adulthood.
AP Photo/ Jeff C
hiu
Puberty
• The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
Click above to see all you ever need to know about puberty.
Is adolescence getting longer or shorter?
Physical Development
Adolescence begins with puberty (sexual
maturation). Puberty occurs earlier in females (11 years) than males
(13 years). Thus height in females increases before
males.
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Brain Development Un&l puberty, neurons increase their connec&ons. However, at adolescence, selec&ve pruning of the neurons begins. Unused neuronal connec&ons are lost to make other pathways more efficient.
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Frontal Cortex During adolescence, neurons in the frontal cortex grow myelin, which speeds up nerve conduc&on. The frontal cortex lags behind the limbic system’s development. Hormonal surges and the limbic system may explain occasional teen impulsiveness.
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Cognitive Development Adolescents’ ability to reason gives them a new level of social awareness. In par&cular, they may think about the following:
1. Their own thinking. 2. What others are thinking. 3. What others are thinking about them. 4. How ideals can be reached. They cri&cize society, parents, and even
themselves.
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Developing Reasoning Power According to Piaget, adolescents can handle abstract problems, i.e., they can perform formal opera*ons. Adolescents can judge good from evil, truth and jus&ce, and think about God in deeper terms.
William
Thomas C
ain/ GeMy Im
ages
AP/W
ide World Photos
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Cognitive Development
• Have the ability to reason but…….
• The reasoning is self-focused. Assume that their experiences are unique. • Experience formal operational thought
Maturation
• Physical growth, regardless of the environment.
• Although the timing of our growth may be different, the sequence is almost always the same.
Click to see movie of Captain Marvel and his matura&on.
Puberty Sequence is way more
predictable than the timing.
How might timing differences effect an adolescent socially?
When does puberty start? The Landmarks
• First ejaculation for boys
• Menarche for girls
Do we remember these things?
Primary Sexual Characteristics • Body
structures that make reproduction possible.
Penis
Testes
Ovaries Vagina
Secondary Sexual Characteristics • Non-
reproductive sexual characteristics.
Widening of the Hips
Deeper Voice Breast Development
Body Hair
Identity • One’s sense of self. • The idea that an
adolescent’s job is to find oneself by testing various roles.
• Comes from Erik Erikson’s stages of Psychosocial development.
Forming an Identity
In Western cultures, many adolescents try out different selves before seMling into a consistent
and comfortable identity. Having such an identity leads to forming close relationships.
Leland Bobble/ GeMy Im
ages
MaMhias C
lamer/ G
eMy Images
Parent and Peer Influence
Although teens become independent of their parents as they grow
older, they nevertheless relate to their parents on
a number of things, including religiosity and
career choices. Peer approval and
relationships are also very important.
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Developing Morality Kohlberg (1981, 1984) sought to describe the development of moral reasoning by posing moral dilemmas to children and adolescents, such as “Should a person steal medicine to save a loved one’s life?” He found stages of moral development.
AP Photo/ D
ave Martin
Moral Development
Three Stage Theory by Lawrence Kohlberg!!!
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Lawrence Kohlberg and his stages of Morality
• Preconventional Morality • Conventional Morality • Postconventional Morality
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Moral Thinking 1. Preconven&onal Morality: Before
age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward.
2. Conven&onal Morality: By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake.
3. Postconven&onal Morality: Affirms people’s agreed-‐upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles.
Pre-conventional Morality • Morality based on
rewards and punishments.
• If you are rewarded then it is OK.
• If you are punished, the act must be wrong.
Conventional Morality • Look at morality
based on how others see you.
• If your peers , or society, thinks it is wrong, then so do you.
Post-Conventional Morality • Based on self-
defined ethical principles.
• Your own personal set of ethics.
Criticisms of Kohlberg • Carol Gilligan pointed
out that Kohlberg only tested boys.
• Boys tend to have more absolute value of morality.
• Girls tend top look at situational factors.
Heinz Example of Morality
Erik Erikson • Thought our personality
was influenced by our experiences with others.
• Stages of Psychosocial Development.
• Each stage centers on a social conflict.
Trust v. Mistrust • Can a baby trust the
world to fulfill its needs?
• The trust or mistrust they develop can carry on with the child for the rest of their lives.
Autonomy V. Shame & Doubt • Toddlers begin to
control their bodies (toilet training).
• Control Temper Tantrums
• Big word is “NO” • Can they learn
control or will they doubt themselves?
Initiative V. Guilt • Word turns from “NO” to “WHY?”
• Want to understand the world and ask questions.
• Is there curiosity encouraged or scolded?
Industry v. Inferiority • School begins • We are for the first
time evaluated by a formal system and our peers.
• Do we feel good or bad about our accomplishments?
• Can lead to us feeling bad about ourselves for the rest of our lives…inferiority complex.
Identity v. Role Confusion • In our teenage years
we try out different roles.
• Who am I? • What group do I fit
in with? • If I do not find
myself I may develop an identity crisis.
Intimacy v. Isolation • Have to balance
work and relationships.
• What are my priorities?
• I’m looking to spend the rest of my life with a person.
Generativity v. Stagnation • Is everything going
as planned? • Am I happy with
what I created? • Mid –life crisis!!!
Integrity v. Despair • Look back on life. • Was my life
meaningful or do I have regret?