Post on 04-Jan-2016
transcript
Age of Imperialism
1865-1913
US Expansion
Isolationism Having little to do with other nations Expansionism Extending national boundaries US looks to Pacific 1853 President Millard Fillmore sends
Matthew Perry to Japan Treaty of Kanagawa Agreeing to help shipwrecked sailors and
open up two ports to trade
US Expands to Pacific
Sec. of State William Seward Persuaded congress to annex Midway Island Also bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2
million Seward’s Folly
Age of Imperialism
1870-1914 Policy of countries seeking to control the
economic and political affairs of weaker countries
Reasons for Growth of Imperialism
Need for raw materials and new markets Those markets found in Africa and Asia Racism Many Europeans believe it was their duty to
spread their culture and religion to other parts of the world. They felt it was superior.
Competition between nations One country might take over a region just to
make sure another didn’t get it.
US Imperialism
Imperialism started in Europe Many believed that the US market would collapse if it
did not expand to other markets Some said we had a duty to spread western culture No new land to settle-so we must go overseas Alfred Mahan-Naval Captain The History of Sea
Power upon History-The US needs a bigger Navy to protect its ships
1900 new steam powered, steel hulled ships-Great White Fleet
Samoa
Germany, US and Great Britain competed for Samoa a chain of Islands in the Pacific
A military clash looked imminent Then a storm sank the ships of all countries Then Germany and the US divided Samoa G. Britain got other territories
Hawaii
1820- American Missionaries arrive-become advisors Mid 1800’s- Americans set up plantations import workers from
Asia 1887-Wealthy American planters force King Kalakua to sign a
new constitution that limited his power 1891- Kalakua died and Lilliluokalani becomes Queen and
rejects the constitution and planters power 1893- American planters rebel against Lilliluokalani. The
American Ambassador sent marines to stand by the Americans. The American planters set up a Republic and asked the US to annex it.
1898- Congress annexed Hawaii 1900- Hawaii becomes a US territory 1959- Hawaii becomes the 50th State
China
China was once most advanced empire in the world Britain, Germany, Japan and others were seeking to gain
colonies in Asia China had weakened by years of Civil War and a refusal to
industrialize Late 1800’s Britain, France, Russia, Germany and Japan carved
out spheres of influence in China A sphere of influence was an area usually near a seaport,
where a nation had special trading privileges. John Hay, US Secretary of State, fearing that US would be shut
out of China, wrote a letter to all the nations asking them to keep an Open Door in the spheres allowing any nation to trade in any sphere
The powers reluctantly accepted this Open Door Policy
China
Many Chinese rejected foreign influence Righteous Fists of Harmony “Boxers” They attacked all westerners Foreign Governments joined together to
combat the Boxer Rebellion Several Nations thought this rebellion meant
they could take more land, but Hay’s letter stopped them.
Rebellion in Cuba
1868 Cubans rebelled against Spain, it was crushed and some rebels fled to NYC
In New York, Puerto Rican-born Lola Rodríguez de Tió wrote poems, and José Martí raised funds, gave speeches, and published a newspaper in support of Cuban independence
1895 Martí returns to Cuba, new rebellion. Rebels take most of island. New governor sent in, strict, crushes revolt with reconcentration which takes 500,000 Cubans and keeps them together under close watch to make sure they can’t aide the rebels
Americans had a ton invested economically with Cuba
Should the US step in?
Businessmen say no, it might hurt trade. Americans feel sympathy The press whipped up American sympathies for the
people of Cuba. Joseph Pulitzer’s World and William Randolph
Hearst’s Journal competed to print the most grisly stories about Spanish atrocities
They used Yellow Journalism, which used sensationalism to make the stories sound better
Sometimes this might entail doctoring the truth or outright lying
“you supply the pictures, I’ll supply the war
Going to War
President Grover Cleveland and his successor William McKinley, tried to keep us out of war
In 1898 fighting broke out and McKinley sent in the Battleship USS Maine to protect American citizens and property
Feb. 15 as the Maine lay in harbor in Havana it exploded. 260 Americans lost their lives
The cause to this day is not known. Pulitzer and Hearst used this as an excuse to go to
war. They believed the Spanish did it. “Remember the Maine” In April McKinley gave in and declared war
War Begins
As soon as war was declared the assistant secretary of the navy Theodore Roosevelt, ordered the commander of the Pacific fleet, Commodore George Dewey to sail to Manila bay.
Once there Dewey caught the Spanish off guard They destroyed the Spanish fleet by noon the next
day By July American ground forces landed in the
Philippines, and helped by the support of Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo, they quickly took the city of Manila
War in Cuba
At first the campaign was very poorly organized Then Theodore Roosevelt rounded up a unit of
volunteers called the Rough Riders and went to join in the fighting in Cuba
They helped to take control of the Battle of San Juan Heights above the city of Santiago
They were also helped by the Buffalo Soldiers, who were African-American soldiers.
Two days after this battle the US Navy came in and destroyed the Spanish Fleet in Santiago Bay
In Separate action the US took Puerto Rico Fighting ended in August
Treaty of Paris
Spain agreed to give the US Guam and Puerto Rico
Spain sold the Philippines to the US for $20 million
Cuba was given it’s freedom
Cuba
The US let Cuba create it’s own constitution. However they needed to have the Platt
Amendment added to it The Platt amendment gave the US the ability
to intervene in the affairs of Cuba Also it gave them a permanent naval base at
Guantanamo Bay This established Cuba as a protectorate of
the US, a country whose power is limited by that of a more powerful one
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico had a government set up under the Foraker Act of 1900
Under this act Puerto Ricans were given a limited say in their affairs
In 1917 Puerto Ricans were made US Citizens
Philippines
The people felt betrayed They thought they would get independence, but
instead they just had a new colonial power Emilio Aguinaldo now led a rebellion against the US Finally in 1901 he was captured and in 1902 The
Philippines was given a government with a very limited say
In 1946 Filipinos were given control of their own affairs
A Canal Across Panama
When T. Roosevelt became President, he was determined to build a canal through the isthmus of Panama
This would improve American Commerce by shortening the trip from NYC to San Francisco by 8,000 miles
The French had tried to build a canal but had failed We had to deal with Columbia though because
Panama was in Columbia at the time He sent John Hay to offer Columbia $10 million up
front and $250,000 a year after to lease the strip of land to build the canal.
Problems with Columbia
Columbia refused the offer Roosevelt knew that the Panamanians wanted to
break away He sent the USS Nashville to the port of Colon in
1903 The next day the Panamanians rebelled with the US
stopping the Columbians from crushing it. Panama declared itself an independent republic The US recognized their statehood and Panama
agreed to the terms to build the canal Canal building was tough, especially battling
mosquitoes
Presidents Intervening in Latin America 1902 when several European nations sent warships
to Venezuela to make them repay a debt, Roosevelt announced a corollary or addition to the Monroe Doctrine
Big Stick – Speak softly, but carry a big stick To keep Europe out of Latin America he claimed that
the US had a right to intervene using “International Police Power” to preserve law and order
For the next 20 years Presidents would use the Roosevelt Corollary to intervene
Presidents intervening in Latin America William Howard Taft wanted to substitute
dollars for bullets This was called dollar diplomacy He invested a ton of US money into Latin
America to build up their infrastructure He helped railroads, highways, bridges, dams
etc. to be built But American investors often meddled in the
affairs of the foreign nations causing military support to be used.
Presidents intervening in Latin America Woodrow Wilson wanted to spread the moral
principle In his moral diplomacy, he wanted to
condemn imperialism, spread democracy and promote peace
Still, he often had to send troops to Latin America to settle affairs
Struggle with Mexico
Americans had huge investments in Mexico 1910 Mexicans rebelled against their
President Porfirio Diaz, Francisco Madero the new leader promised democratic reform
1913 General Victor Huerta overthrew and killed Madero, Wilson refused to recognize Huerta’s government and gave weapons and money to Huerta’s rival Venustiano Carranza
Struggle with Mexico 1914 Huerta’s troops arrested some American sailors, they
were quickly released but Wilson ordered the Navy to occupy the port of Veracruz. Carranza’s forces drove Huerta from power and the US withdrew
General Fransisco “Pancho” Villa hoped to overthrow Carranza He pulled 17American citizens from a train in Mexico and killed
them, he also raided a town in New Mexico killing 18 He hoped that these actions would somehow be linked to
Carranza Wilson sent General John J. Pershing “Blackjack” to Mexico to
try to catch Villa Carranza did not like that he wasn’t consulted and ordered the
troops out, Wilson refused 1917 After 11 months Pershing’s troops returned to the US
without Villa, they now turned their attention to the European War that had been raging in Europe
The US becomes a world powerC
ause
s
• Western frontier closes
• Businesses seek raw materials and new markets
• European nations compete for resources and markets
Ove
rsea
s E
xpan
sio
n
Eff
ects
• United States develops strong navy
• Open Door Policy protects trade with China
• United States governs lands in Caribbean and Pacific
• United States builds Panama Canal
• United States sends troops to Latin American nations to protect its interests
Eff
ects
To
day
• United States is global superpower
• Alaska and Hawaii are 49th and 50th states
• Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, and U.S. Virgin Islands remain United States territories
• United States has close economic ties with Latin America and nations along the Pacific Ocean.