American Revolution

CHAPTER 6 SECTION 1

The Revolution BeginsObjective:

1. Describe the actions taken by the First Continental Congress.

2. Evaluate how the fighting at Lexington and Concord affected the colonies with Great Britain.

3. Analyze the accomplishes of the Second Continental Congress.

4. Explain the ways that geography influenced the early battles of the war.

John Dickinson/ Patrick Henry

Declaration of Rights

I. The First Continental CongressA. A Meeting in Philadelphia

1. The First Continental Congress met in September1774.

2. Included 56 delegates, from every colony except Georgia.

B. Debates1. John Dickinson called for peace with Britain2. Patrick Henry argued that war was inevitable3. Delegates decided to continue to boycott British goods and warn

colonial militias to prepare.4. Sent Declaration of Rights to King George III listing freedoms they

demanded.5. Agreed to meet in May 1775 if king did not support their demands.

Important QuestionsWhat were the results of the First

Continental Congress?

-Continue the boycott -prepare the militias -send a list of demands to King George III

Minutemen/ Militia

Thomas Gage

Paul Revere’s Ride

Lexington and Concord

II. The “Shot Heard round the World”

A. High Tensions1. Boston militias called themselves minutemen

because they could fight on a minute’s notice.2. British general Thomas Gage decided to take the militia’s

weapons, which were stored in the town of Concord.3. On April 18, 1775, Paul Revere and another man raced on

horses to warn minutemen of the British troop movementsB. Bloodshed

1. Minutemen gathered at Lexington, near Concord.2. Shots were exchange, and the British continued march to

Concord.3. Colonists had hidden the weapons, so few were found.4. As the British returned to Boston, colonists killed many

Redcoats, the colonists’ name for the soldiers.

Important QuestionsWhat events led to the beginning of the

fighting between colonists and British soldiers?

-Gage wanted to seize militia weapons at Concord: Paul Revere warned minutemen who assembled in Lexington: Shot were exchanged.

Second Continental Congress

Continental Army

George Washington

Olive Branch Petition

III. The Second Continental CongressA. The Meeting

1. Delegates to the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in May 1775.

2. Decided not to break away from Britain.3. Created a Continental Army to defend the

colonies.4. Selected George Washington as

commander.

B. A Peace Offering1. Sent Olive Branch Petition, a peace offer to King

George III2. King George III rejected the proposal.

Important QuestionsWhy did the delegates send the Olive

Branch Petition to King George III?

-to make it clear that even though they were forming an army, they still desired peace.

Battle of Bunker Hill

IV. Early BattlesA. Minutemen held Boston under siege- a

situation in which soldiers surround a city or fort.

B. Colonial forces gathered on Breeds Hill and Bunker Hill to fend off the British.

C. Defeated by the British at Battle of Bunker Hill

Important QuestionsWhat effect do you think the victory at the

Battle of Bunker Hill had on colonials attitudes?

-it made colonists confident that they could win in their struggle against the British.

CHAPTER 6 SECTION 2Declaring

IndependenceObjective:1. Evaluate the influence of Thomas Paine’s

Common Sense.2. Identify the main ideas in the Declaration

of Independence.3. Explain Americans to the Independence.

I. Paine's Common SenseA. Biography

1. a self-educated British Quaker 2. Wrote Common Sense3. Paine wrote as a common person speaking to common

peopleB. His Ideas

1. He said that the people, not kings and queens, should make the laws

2. demand their independence 3. Influenced colonists’

Important Questions1) What did Common Sense become

popular with the colonists?-Written in a style that common people

could understand.

2) What arguments did Paine make in his pamphlet?

-The people, not Kings and Queens, should make laws; and the colonies should demand their independence from Great Britain.

II. Declaring IndependenceA. The Committee

1. Second Continental Congress created a committee to write a document declaring the colonies’ independence

2. The committee: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Robert R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman.

B. Three Main Idea’s of the Declaration of Independence.1.all men possess unalienable rights. 2. King George III had violated the colonists’ rights. 3. The right to break away from Britain

C. July 4, 1776 approved Declaration of Independence, creating USA

Important Questions1) Why do you think Loyalists fled the

colonies?-Their views were very unpopular with the

colonists who supported independence.

III. Choosing SidesA. Colonists who chose to fight for independence

became known as Patriots

B. Loyalists1. Those who remained loyal to Great Britain were

called Loyalists or Tories.2. More than 100,000 Loyalists fled the colonies

during the Revolution

IV. Other Reactions to the Independence

A. Women1. Many women were Patriots.2. The Declaration failed to mention women at all. 3. Abigail Adams, the wife of John Adams, asked her

husband to protect the rights of women.B. African Americans

1. The Declaration did not recognize the rights of enslaved African Americans.

2. The Revolution raised questions about whether slavery should exist in a land that valued liberty.

3. The conflict over slavery continued long after the Revolutionary War had ended.

4. The issue of slavery remained unsolved

Important Questions4. Why did the American Revolution raise

questions about slavery in the United States?

- Colonists accusing Britain of violating their rights had to face the reality that African Americans in the United States were denied their unalienable rights.

CH 6 SECTION 3 Dark Hours For the

RevolutionObjectives:Objectives:1. What were the Patriots' advantages and disadvantages at the beginning of the Revolutionary War?

2. How did different groups contribute to the war effort?

3. What problems did the Patriots face in Canada and New York?

I. Comparing Strengths and Weaknesses

A. .1. . 2. .

B. . 1. .2. .3. .

I. Comparing Strengths and Weaknesses

A. Great Britain’s Advantages.1. More Money and resources than the colonies. 2. Well-trained army and largest navy in the world:

colonies had poorly-trained militias and no navy at all.

B. Colonies Advantages. 1. Many Americans supported the revolutionary

cause.2. Fighting on home ground: Britain had to ship

supplies across the Atlantic.3. Fighting for a cause in which they believed :

Britain’s army included some mercenaries, or hired soldiers, not dedicated to the British cause.

Important QuestionsWhat military advantages did the British

have over the colonists?Well trained army, largest navy in the world

What advantages did the colonists have over the British?

Many Americans strongly supported the revolution, and they were fighting on home ground for a cause in which they believed.

II. Call to Arms A. .

1. .2. .

B. .1. .2. . 3. .

II. Call to Arms A. American Soldiers

1. More than 230,000 soldiers served in the Continental Army.

2. 145,000 Americans joined local militias. B. African Americans at War.

1. southerners did not want the American forces to include black soldiers. Washington soon banned African Americans from serving in the army.

2. 1775 Lord Dunmore's Proclamation promised freedom to any slave who fought for the British.

3. Continental Army began allowing free African Americans to enlist, and eventually some 5,000 joined

Important QuestionsWhy did the Continental Army decide to

allow free African Americans to enlist?- In response to Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation,

which offered freedom to any African American who fought for the British.

III. Other Sources of HelpA. .

1. . 2. .

B. .1. .2. .3. .4. .

III. Other Sources of HelpA. A. American Indian.

1. Mohawk leader Thayendanegea (Joseph Brant) persuaded many of the Iroquois to support the British.

2. Patriots worked hard just to keep American Indians neutral.

B. Women1. Ran farms and businesses while men served as soldiers.2. Raised money for supplies or joining sewing groups to

make uniforms3. served as messengers, nurses, or spies .4. Mary Ludwig Hays earned the nickname Molly Pitcher by

bringing water to thirsty Patriot troops. Took husband place loading cannons.

Important QuestionsIn what ways did women serve the patriot

cause?- Running farms and business- Raising money for supplies- Sewing uniforms- Working as messengers, nurses, or spies- Serving in battle

IV. British VictoriesA. Canada

1. Patriot troops took St. John’s, Canada and Montreal.

2. British won a major victory when the Patriots attacked Quebec.

B. New York1. British General William Howe drove the

Continental Army off of Long Island.2. After several months they pushed Washington

out of New York.

IV. British VictoriesA. .

1. .2. .

B. .1. .2. .

Important QuestionsWhat victories did the British enjoy in the

early years of the war?- They defeated the Patriots at Quebec- Drove the Continental Army out of New York

SECTION 4THE PATRIOTS GAIN NEW HOPE

Objectives:1. What were Washington’s strategies at Trenton

and Princeton?2. Why was the Battle of Saratoga a turning point

in the war?3. How did foreign nations and individuals aid the

Patriots?4. How did the Patriots carry out the naval war?.

Battle of Trenton

I. Victory in New JerseyA. Trenton

1. Howe sent Hessians to New Jersey2. On Christmas night in 1776, Washington and 2,400

soldiers silently crossed the icy Delaware River. 3. Washington led a surprise attack the next morning.4. Patriots won the Battle of Trenton in less than an hour.

B. Princeton1. Washington marched northeast to Princeton, New Jersey.2. The hard-fought Battle of Princeton ended in another

victory for the Patriots.

John Burgoyne/ St Leger/ William Howe

Horatio Gates/Benedict Arnold

II. Turning Point at SaratogaA. British Strategy for New England

1. General John Buroyne was to attack Fort Ticonderoga and then march south.

2. A second force was to march east from Lake Ontario.3. General Howe’s troops were to march north from New York City.4. All three forces were to meet at Albany, New York.

B. Howe defeated the Continental Army At the Battle of Brandywine Creek.

C. Saratoga1. Burgoyne’s troops reached Albany before other forces did2. As a result, Patriot forces outnumbered Burgonye’s and the Patriots

won the Battle of Saratoga.3. Victory raised colonial morale and increased foreign support for the

Revolution.

Important Questions1. What effects did the America victory at

Saratoga have?- Improved colonial morale- Increased foreign support for Patriots- Ended threat in New England- 1st Major victory and turning point

III. Foreign AlliesA. France and Spain

1. Victory at Saratoga convinced France that the American could win the war.

2. In 1778 the Continental Congress approve an alliance with France.

3. Spain joined the war against Britain in 1779.4. Bernardo de Galvez, governor of Spanish Louisiana, was

a key Patriot ally.

B. Individuals1. Marquis de Lafayette of France fought with the Patriots

and gave them money.2. Officers from Poland provided military training and skill.

IV. Winter at Valley ForgeA. Continental army spent the winter of

1777-78 at Valley Forge, Pa.

B. Hardships1. More them one fifth of the Continental Army

died of disease and malnutrition.2. Some soldiers became angry and frustrated

with the lack of supplies and pay. 3. Veteran Prussian officer Baron Friedrich von

Steubon drilled the Continental soldiers and helped turn them into well-trained group.

V. The War at SeaA. Continental Navy.

A. Created by Continental Congress in 1775B. Because of the navy’s small size, Patriot ships

attacked individuals British vessels instead of fighting large battles.

B. A successful Captain1. John Paul Jones, originally from Scotland,

captured many British supply ships..2. Won a major victory against the British

warship Serapis in 1779

Important QuestionsHow did Baron Fredrich Von Steubon aid the

Continental Army- drilled soldiers into a well-trained fighting unit

What strategy did commanders in the Continental Navy use against the British - because navy was small, attached individual ships rather than fighting large battles.

SECTION 5INDEPENDENCE

Objectives:1. Explain the ways that geography affected the

Patriot strategy in the west?2. Describe how the war took place in the

southern colonies?3. Examine the events that finally ended the war?

I. The War in the WestA. Biography

1. George Rogers Clark was a Virginian who had explored the frontier.

2. Gathered soldiers from small towns, built an army, and attacked forts and towns.

B. Kaskasia1. British trading village located along the Mississippi River.2. Trading post enabled the British to maintain relations with

American Indians, control the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, and supply British soldiers in Detroit.

3. Clark’s troops took Kaskaskia in a surprise attack.

C. More Success1. Clark convinced some American Indians to remain neutral2. Won the Battle of Vincennes in February 1779.3. Never captured Fort Detroit but weakened the British war

effort in the west.

Important QuestionsWhy was Kaskasia an important location in

the war in the west?- Trading posts location enabled the British to maintain relations with American Indians, control the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, and supply troops in Detroit

II. The War in the SouthA. British Strategy

1. Focused on the southern colonies after defeat in the Battle of Saratoga.

2. Freed slaves, who then assisted the British war effort.

B. British Victories1. Captured port cities of Savannah, Georgia, and Charleston,

South Carolina.2. Defeated Patriot forces led by Horatio Gates at Camden,

South Carolina.3. British victory at Camden destroyed the Patriots’ southern

army.

C. Patriots Fight Back1. Patriots switch to guerrilla warfare- swift hit and run attacks.2. Francis Marion, know as the Swamp Fox and a master of

guerrilla warfare, led a group of soldiers that attached British communications and supply lines.

Important QuestionsHow did the Patriots respond to the

destruction of their southern army?- They turned to guerrilla warfare.

III. Victory at YorktownA. Difficult Times

1. By 1781 the Patriots had run low on money to pay soldiers and buy supplies.2. Entry of foreign allies had not ended the war quickly, as the Patriots had

hoped.3. Patriots lost morale when Benedict Arnold, a gifted officer, turned traitor.4. British controlled most of the south.

B. Yorktown1. Lies on a peninsula in Virginia.2. British general Charles Cornwallis moved to Yorktown to attack a patriot force.3. In New York, General George Washington and French general Comte de

Rochambeau planned a strategy to trap Cornwallis.

C. The Battle1. French fleet took control of the Chesapeake Bay, which prevented Cornwallis

from receiving reinforcements by sea.2. Combined American-French force, which was more than twice the size of

Cornwallis’s forces, surrounded Cornwallis and put his forces under siege.3. After several weeks, Battle of Yorktown ended with Cornwallis’s surrender.4. British defeated at Yorktown on October 20, 1781, marked the war’s end.

IV. Treaty of ParisA. Peace negotiations, which began

in June 1781, lasted more than two years.

B. Treaty of Paris of 1783 recognized the independence of the United States, set borders for the new nation, and resolves some trade and settlement issues.

Important QuestionsHow did the French assist the Americans at

Yorktown?- They helped plan strategy, provided troops and fleet to help trap Cornwallis’s forces.