AQUIFERS OF PAKISTAN & THE WORLD

Presented By

Syeda Mahgul Babar Sidra Shakoor Sidra Liaqat

Anam Talat Mirza Ambreen Parvaiz

What Is This Presentation All About??

Ҩ IntroductionҨ AquifersҨ Types Of AquifersҨ Artesian WellsҨ World’s Largest AquifersҨ Aquifers Of The WorldҨ Aquifers Of PakistanҨ Conclusion

Aquifer

Introduction

Types Of Aquifers According To Their

Properties

Confined Aquifer

Ҩ Confined aquifer is also called artesian aquifer

Ҩ They are bounded by two layers mostly by clay

Ҩ The pressure in confined aquifer is greater than atmospheric pressure

Confined Aquifers

Semiconfined Aquifers Ҩ Semi-confined are

intermediate between confined and unconfined aquifers

Ҩ It is confined by layers of lower permeability material through which recharge and discharge may occur

Ҩ South Africa have semi-confined aquifer

Unconfined Aquifers

Ҩ Also called Water Table Aquifers or Phreatic Aquifers

Ҩ Are exposed to the surface without any confining layer

Ҩ Partially saturated with water

Ҩ The Indus basin in Pakistan

Unconfined Aquifers

Fractured Aquifer

Ҩ They are found in rocks such as basalt and granite which contain usable amounts of groundwater in cracks, fissures and joints

Fractured Aquifer

Ҩ This how a fractured

aquifer looks like

Perched Aquifer

Ҩ Perched aquifer is often found in formation of glacial outwash where clay layers form impermeable layers above a primary aquifer

Types Of Aquifers Due To Different

Rock Types

Surficial AquifersҨ These aquifers are found in river valleys, deltas

and basinsҨ They are essentially unconsolidated clay, silt,

sand, gravel, and limestone formationsҨ The width of the surficial aquifer system is usually

less than 50 feet

Sedimentary Aquifers

Ҩ Sedimentary aquifers occur in consolidated sediments

Ҩ These aquifers are generally located in large, continuous sedimentary basins that may be tens or hundreds of meters thick

Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks

Ҩ The igneous and metamorphic rocks are permeable only where they are fractured

Fractured Rock Aquifers

Ҩ In fractured rock aquifers, groundwater is stored in the fractures, joints, bedding planes and cavities of the rock mass.

Ҩ About 40 per cent of groundwater in Australia is stored in fractured rock aquifers

Aquifers of the World

Aquifers Of The World

Ҩ Distribution of aquifers all around the world depends upon their topology and climate

Ҩ There are many aquifers in the world (In Africa, Asia, Europe and most of them are concentrated in Australia and the Americas)

Ҩ Aquifers are the main source of water extraction for the people and are facing a high level of depletion

Aquifers Of CanadaҨ A brief overview of topology of Canada

The Oak Ridges Moraine: One of the main aquifer systems

• Located in the South Ontario, Canada

• The moraine covers a geographical area of 1900 sq. km amidst Caledon and Rice Lake, near Peterborough

• It was formed due to glacial movement about 12,000 years ago

• It supports a wide variety of biodiversity in those ecosystems

The Oak Ridges Moraine

A Map of the Oak Ridges Moraine. Retrieved on 18-05-2013. Retrieved fromhttp://www.humberriver.ca/oakridges.html

Aquifers Of AmericaҨ Most of the aquifers of the world are concentrated in the

Americas

1. Sankoty Aquifer: • It is the most important aquifer of Illinois as it provides

water to the northwestern and central parts of the state

• Thickness ranges from 50-150 km

• Consists of quartz sand ranging from dust to marbles

• It is the widest aquifer of the state that is 100km in average thickness

The Sankoty Aquifer

William, S. D., Kempton, J. P. & Lott, R. B. The Sankoty-Mahomet Aquifer…….Central Illinois. (1994). PDF retrieved on 19/5/2013 fromhttp://www.isws.illinois.edu/pubdoc/COOP/ISWSCOOP-16.pdf

Mahomet AquiferҨ Important aquifer of the east central Illinois

Ҩ Covers 15 counties

Ҩ 50-200 ft thick

Ҩ It has pathogen and pollution free water

Ҩ Is the remains of prehistoric Mahomet River Valley

Ҩ Population projections tell that the number of people may increase from 100,000 to a total of 900,000

Mahomet Aquifers

Aquifers of Australia

The Yarragadee Aquifer: Ҩ Located in the southwest of Western Australia

Ҩ It a very deep aquifer located hundreds of meters underground

Ҩ Contains about 1000 cubic km of water

Ҩ Its recharge source is rainfall

Ҩ It fulfills the water needs of the people in that region

Ҩ They extract 45 gigalitres per year from this aquifer

Yarragadee Aquifer

The Yarragadee and Leederville Formations. Retrieved on 19/5/2013 fromhttp://www.viacorp.com/perth_water.htm

Aquifers of Africa• The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System:

World’s largest fossil water aquiferҨ Located in the underground eastern end of the Sahara

desert

Ҩ Parts of Chad, Libya & Sudan are also included in it

Ҩ Contains 150,000 cubic km of water-estimated results

Ҩ Composed of ferruginous sandstone, shale and clay

Ҩ Fresh to slightly blackish

Ҩ Contains high levels of calcium and sodium sulfates that lead to dissolution and leaching processes

Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System

Abouelmagd, A. A. Towards A Better Understanding …… GIS. Retrieved on 19/5/2013 fromhttp://abdoualy.com/Current-Research.php

Libya

SudanChad

Egypt

ReferencesҨ Batu, V. (1998). Aquifer Hydraulics: A Comprehensive Guide to Hydrogeologic Data

Analysis. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=JncPuWYf5qMC&pg=PA22&dq=types+of+aquifers&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lWSDUanjI9Cg7Abe1IDgAg&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=types%20of%20aquifers&f=false

Ҩ Cech, T. V. (2009). Principles of Water Resources: History, Development, Management and Policy. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=A2nJCPPixGQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Ҩ Aquifer Basics. (2013). In USGS online. Retrieved from http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/aquiferbasics/volcan.html

Ҩ Mithra, S. (2013). What Is An Artesian Well?. Retrieved from www.wisegeek.org/what-is-an-artesian-well.htm

Ҩ Mahomet Aquifer. (2013). In Illinois State Water Survey online. Retrieved from http://www.isws.illinois.edu/gws/archive/mahomet.asp