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Beyond LEDs: Prepare for the Second Tsunami in LightingTsunami in Lighting
October 26, 2016
Dr John W CurranDr. John W. Curran,President, LED Transformations, LLC
On behalf of the U.S. Department of EnergyOn behalf of the U.S. Department of Energyand National Energy Technology Laboratory
©2016 LED Transformations, LLC 1
Designers Lighting Forum of New England is a Registered Provider (#********) with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES) Credit(s) earned on completion ofEducation Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are
il bl tavailable upon request.
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, y g, g,distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Q ti l t d t ifi t i l th d dQuestions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
©2016 LED Transformations, LLC 2
Course Number: ********
Copyright Materials
This presentation is protected by US and International copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, displayReproduction, distribution, display
and use of the presentation without written permission of LEDwithout written permission of LED Transformations, LLC is prohibited.
© 2016 LED Transformations, LLC
©2016 LED Transformations, LLC 3
Learning ObjectivesBeyond LEDs: Prepare for the Second
As lighting professionals become comfortable with LED technology a second lighting tsunami
Tsunami in Lighting
As lighting professionals become comfortable with LED technology, a second lighting tsunami looms on the horizon. This second wave will change everything, as LED technology facilitates the expansion of lighting control systems. The combination of LEDs and lighting controls brings new choices: wired versus wireless, stand‐along versus system control, open versus proprietary protocols, color choices, sensor choices, programming choices, the list goes on.
Various market segments will once again move into unfamiliar territory. Many industry players do t k th i i d th th t d ll f d t h t it fnot even know the wave is coming, and those that do are usually confused as to what it means for
them. What are the implications of this synergy for those in the lighting business? For example: How will the needs of customers change as controls become ubiquitous? What potential business opportunities will come from this change? What health benefits will color‐changing pp g g gproducts provide to customers (if any) and how to distinguish the facts from the hype? Who will support lighting control networks as they begin to look like those run by IT departments? Why will eliminating (or at least hiding) complexity will be the key to future success? In this presentation, J k ill i k i f i th li hti k t th ld h t i
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Jack will examine some key issues facing the lighting market as the world changes yet again.
Learning ObjectivesBeyond LEDs: Prepare for the Second
Tsunami in Lighting
1. How lighting controls will expand to include all lighting environments
2. The role of sensors in this new lighting world and the new choices that must be made when using them
3. The ability of LEDs to provide almost unlimited color choices will vastly expand the use of color to affect
d d h lth f b ildi tmood and health of building occupants.
4. Differences in types of lighting control systems and h t h
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how to choose.
Course Outline
1. Trends – Where is the lighting industry presently
2. Human Physiology – How the human body reacts to light and colorto light and color
3. Lighting Controls – A new world with major consequences
4 S M i4. Sensors – More worries
5 The Future – Built on service5. The Future Built on service
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TrendsGlobal Energy Usage – By type of fuel
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Data Source: BP Energy Outlook 2013
TrendsGlobal Energy Usage – By region
The US has 4 4% of
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The US has 4.4% of the world's population
Trends
Luminaire Unit Shipments by Source: Navigant Research
The Changing Lighting Marketplace – LEDs take over
Lamp Type, World Markets2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
0.80% 0.67% 0.55% 0.46% 0.39% 0.32% 0.24% 0.17% 0.14% 0.10%
HID
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TrendsLED Penetration – In various market segments
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TrendsIndustry Update ‐ Performance improvements continue
LED Package Efficacy Projections (Commercial Products)
White Light OLED Panel Performance Projections
Source: DOE's Solid State
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Source: DOE s Solid‐State Lighting R&D Plan, June 2016
TrendsMarket Penetration – Different rates for different applications
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Trends
Konica Minolta supplied over 15,000 flexible panels used in a
OLEDs Enter the Market – Interesting luminaire designs
tulip display for a Japanese Tulip Festival in the spring of 2015
Source: Konica Minolta
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Trends
US Embassy (Finland)
OLEDs Enter the Market – Interesting luminaire designs
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Source: AcuityAcuity ‐ Trilia
US Embassy (Finland)
Trends
Available now at a store near you
OLEDs are Mainstream – OLED fixtures showing up at big‐box stores
y
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TrendsLED Penetration – In the street lighting marketplace
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Municipal Solid‐State Street Lighting Consortium, Public Street and Area Lighting InventoryPhase 1: Survey Results, 9/14, p.11
TrendsLED Failure Rates – Municipal street light results
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Source: Memo ‐ Final Results of MSSLC street light failure questionaire, Bruce Kinzey, April 2015
TrendsLighting Controls Penetration – With various energy saving systems
Percent Building with Controls (2012)
16.5%
14.6%16%
18%
Percent Building with Controls (2012)
10%
12%
14%
6.3%
6%
8%
10%
2.2%3.2%
3.7%
0%
2%
4%
0%
Light Scheduling
Occupancy Sensors
Multi‐Level Lighting or Dimming
Daylight Harvesting
Demand Reponsive Lighting
Building Automation System for Lighting
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Source: Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (2012), US Energy Information Administration, Table B1
Lighting
Trends
Penetration of Advance Lighting Controls
Lighting Controls – In various applications
3.0%
g g(in Commercial Buildings)
2.21%
2.43%
2.17%
2.0%
2.5%
1 12%
1.33% 1.29%1.5%
2.0%
0.79%
1.12%
0.67%
0 5%
1.0%
0.0%
0.5%
Office Retail Education Healthcare Hospitality Institutional Warehouse Transport
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Office Retail Education Healthcare Hospitality Institutional / Assembly
Warehouse Transport
Souce: DLC and Navigant Consulting (2014)
TrendsSpecialty Lighting – Non‐conventional uses of light
• Architainment – using the color capabilities of LED and OLED• Architainment – using the color capabilities of LED and OLED technologies to provide new and unique lighting environments
• Plant growth – tailoring light spectra to plant needs at variousPlant growth tailoring light spectra to plant needs at various stages of growth
• Productivity of farm animals – improving milk and egg y p g ggproduction
• Combining photovoltaic and LED lighting for off‐grid systems
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TrendsSpecialty Lighting – A horticulture example
Ph h i iPhotosynthesis is a process where plants use light to strip a hydrogen atom from water and combine it with carbon from CO2 to product glucoseglucose. Chlorophyll is the most efficient pigment atpigment at performing this function
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Source: California Lightworks
Trends
Using specific lighting spectral recopies, a nursery found improved
Specialty Lighting – A horticulture example
g p g g p p , y pplant stands, reduced crop time, and increased overall plant health.
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Source: Philips Lighting
Trends
An often overlooked element ‐ people
Lifecycle Operating Costs – For a typical office building
Construction5%
Operating7%
Ventilation5%
Water Heating2%
Cooking1%
Other6%
Space Heating25%
Lighting17%
5%
Salary/Benefits88%
Cooling23%Office
Equipment20%
Refrigeration1%
Data source: E SourceData source: Graham Ive
20%
A 50% reduction in energy usage due to lighting changes represents a 0.6% decrease in lifecycle operating costs, while a 1% decrease in office worker performance represents a 0 9% increase in lifecycle operating costs
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performance represents a 0.9% increase in lifecycle operating costs
TrendsPeople Economics – A pre‐LED example
Reno Nevada Main Post Office
A $300,000 renovation in the facility’s lighting system, produced a little over $50,000 annualsystem, produced a little over $50,000 annual savings ($22,400 in direct energy savings and $30,000 in reduced maintenance)
That same renovation resulted in j d ti i t
2,150
Hr
Productivity Improvement
major reductions in operator errors (to 0.1%) as well as a 6% improve‐ment in employee productivity 2,000
2,050
2,100
f Mail Sorted/H
ment in employee productivity which was worth an additional $400,000 annual savings
1,900
1,950
0 20 40 60 80
Pieces of
Time (in weeks)
Renovation Completed
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Time (in weeks)
TrendsPeople Economics – Some lifecycle operating cost examples
Pennsylvania Power & Light
Drafting department upgrade for a 2,275 square foot portion of a 12,775 square foot Engineering group facility where veiling12,775 square foot Engineering group facility where veiling reflections “washed out the contrast between the foreground and background of task surfaces."• Net cost of changes $8,362• Energy savings 69%A l ti t i 73%• Annual operating cost savings 73%
• Payback 4.1 years• Productivity improvement 13.2% (value of $42,240/yr)Productivity improvement 13.2% (value of $42,240/yr)• Net payback 69 days• Reduction in sick leave 25%
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• Reduction in error rate
Trends
Dynamic change in lighting levels at a
People Economics – Electronics assembly example
Flextronics assembly facility resulted in 4% improvement in performance
The study attributed hthe improvement to the reduced level of stress during work
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brought about by the dynamic lighting
Source: Effect of changing room light on the productivity of permanent morning shift workers at industrial workstations, Markus Canazei and Dehoff, Zumtobel Lighting, 3/13
TrendsPeople Economics – More examples
LOCKHEED BUILDING 157COS $2 000 000COST: $2,000,000MEASURES: Daylighting, Energy EfficiencyENERGY SAVINGS/YR: $500,000PRODUCTIVITY: 15% productivity rise; 15% reduction in absenteeism
WEST BEND MUTUAL INSURANCECOST: N/AMEASURES: Lighting, HVAC, Individual lighting controlsENERGY SAVINGS/YR: 40% reduction in electricity usagePRODUCTIVITY: 16% productivity increase in claims processed
WAL‐MARTWAL MARTCOST: N/AMEASURES: Daylighting, HVACENERGY SAVINGS/YR: N/APRODUCTIVITY: Increased sales in daylit portion of storePRODUCTIVITY: Increased sales in daylit portion of store
ING BANKCOST: $700,000MEASURES: Daylighting HVAC Overall Building Improvements
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MEASURES: Daylighting, HVAC, Overall Building ImprovementsENERGY SAVINGS/YR: $2,600,000PRODUCTIVITY: Absenteeism down 15%; improved company image
Course Outline
1. Trends – Where is the lighting industry presently
2. Human Physiology – How the human body reacts to light and colorto light and color
3. Lighting Controls – A new world with major consequences
4 S M i4. Sensors – More worries
5 The Future – Built on service5. The Future Built on service
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Human PhysiologyColor Changing – Applications and features not previously possible
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Human Physiology
Results of DOE CALiPER testing from 2008 thru 2010 shows color shifts after 6000 hours of
A Quick Sidebar – LED color shifts which can change in many directions
operation (black) and 12,000 hours (red)
Even worse, the color shift can move in different directions overdifferent directions over those time periods as shown
Shift to blue
Source: Michael Royer, PNNL
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Shift to yellowy ,
Human Physiology
A number of different mechanisms can be responsible for color shifts
A Quick Sidebar – LED color shifts which can change in many directions
In some older LEDs that use soft silicon coverings, the phosphor can s co co e gs, t e p osp o casettle to the bottom
L / id LED h iLow/mid power LED housings can yellow, affecting the reflection of light from the sides of the cavity
Edges of phosphor plates canEdges of phosphor plates can curl with a shift to blue (left image) or delaminate with a shift to yellow (right image)
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shift to yellow (right image)
Human Physiology
Lightness: The attribute by which a perceived color is judged to Saturation or Chroma: degree of departure from a gray of equal Hue: The perception of relative redness, blueness, greenness, or
Representing Color – How the parameters vary
g y p j gbe closer to white than black.
g p g y qlightness (or neutral gray).
p p , , g ,yellowness of a stimulus.
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Human PhysiologyNeed for a New Color Standard – An example of what is lacking
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Source: Randy Burkett Lighting Design
Human Physiology
Measuring only one parameter (e.g CRI or Rf) ll f l h f d h
Need for a New Color Standard – What is the problem?
Positive Increase in
allows for major color shifts due to changes in either Hue or Saturation of the light source
b'Positive Hue Shift
Increase in Saturation
b'
Constant Fidelity (Rf or Ra)
a'
Negative Hue Shift
Decrease in Saturation
Increase in Saturation
a
A second parameter is necessary to
Increase in SaturationDecrease in SaturationIncrease in Hue
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more fully characterize a light source Source: Understanding and Applying TM‐30‐15, Royer & Houser, DOE & IES webinar, 9/15/15
Human Physiology
• Provides a method for evaluating light source color rendition
Sidebar #2 – TM‐30‐15: A new standard for representing color
that takes an objective and statistical approach, quantifying the fidelity (closeness to a reference) and gamut (increase or decrease in chroma) of a light source.dec ease c o a) o a g t sou ce
• Fidelity Index (Rf) – A measure of the closeness of the color of a light source to a reference light source
A l t CIE R (0 100 ) b t ith t– Analogous to CIE Ra (0 – 100 range) but with greater accuracy
– Equal weight to all directions of shift
• Gamut Index (Rg) – Ameasure of the average area spanned by the (a', b') di f h CES i h CAM02 UCS i i l i icoordinates of the CES in the CAM02‐UCS; it is a relative measure, comparing
the CES under the test and reference conditions
• Applicable to light sources and lighting systems intended for general pp g g g y gillumination of indoor spaces and some outdoor settings, at light levels where photopic vision is dominant. It is best suited to characterize nominally white light sources (i.e., those that fall on/near the Planckian locus).
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light sources (i.e., those that fall on/near the Planckian locus).
Human PhysiologySidebar #2 – Gamut Index: What is it and why is it important
1. Plot the Fidelity Index values in the a', b' color space2. Divide the color space into 16 different Hue Angle Bins3. Calculate the average value for the test and standard light source for each bin4. Plot the gamut areas for the test and standard light source5. Calculate the ratio of the two areasRg > 100 increasing saturationRg < 100 decreasing saturation
The Gamut Index gives an indication of shifts in hue or saturation between the test and standard sources. It is information not provided byinformation not provided by either Ra (CRI) or Rf (Fidelity Index)
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Source: Understanding and Applying TM‐30‐15, Royer & Houser, DOE & IES webinar, 9/15/15
Human Physiology
A total of 99 samples
Sidebar #2 – TM‐30‐15: Color Evaluation Samples (CES)
A total of 99 samples are used to determine the Color Fidelity (Rf) and Color Gamet (R )and Color Gamet (Rg) for TM‐30
Samples were selected from a set of about 105,000 spectral reflectance factors, representing the range of all possible colors of realpossible colors of real objects
Compare this with the standard 8 colors used in
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Source: A Technical Discussion of IES TM‐30‐15, DOE & IES Webinar, 9/22/15
standard 8 colors used in calculating CRI
Human physiologyLighting Affects Moods – A well known architectural practice
• Blue is calming and is often used in office environments as people have been shown to p pbe more productive under this color
• Red raises excitement level and is associated• Red raises excitement level and is associated with love, warmth, and comfort
• Green can improve reading ability and is often used in decorating for its calming effectused in decorating for its calming effect
• Yellow can increase the metabolism and is the t tt ti tti l
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most attention‐getting color
Human Physiology
"To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven"
Human Physiology – Circadian Cycle and its effect on the human body
Sources: The Bible and The Byrds
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Source: Wikipedia, YassineMrabet
Human Physiology
• Without light, the human body's circadian cycle runs slightly
Human Physiology – Keeping the Circadian Cycle in sync with the universe
g , y y g ylonger than 24 hours
• In order to stay in synchronization with the earth's 24 hour cycle, requires exposure to sunlight
• Alternatively, circadian rhythms can be synced to a natural 24 hour cycle by the use of light with a CCT of 6500OK or greater at an intensity of 600 lux during the "daylight" period and 2700OK at an intensity of 50 80 lux during "evening" hours2700OK at an intensity of 50 ‐ 80 lux during evening hours
• Therefore the most healthy lighting system is one that mimics the natural daylight cyclethe natural daylight cycle
• This implies a lighting system that controls both the intensity and CCT of the light
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both the intensity and CCT of the light
Source: Light for Better Sleep, Mariana G. Figueiro, LRC, November 2013
Human PhysiologyCircadian Cycle – Its effect on the human body
• Seasonal Affective Disorder (SADs)
• Jet Lagg
• Night Shift Workers
• Adolescents Sleep Patterns
• Seniors Sleep PatternsSeniors Sleep Patterns
• Sleep Disorders
• Neonatal Intensive Care Units
• Athletic PerformanceSource: Wall 321
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Athletic Performance
Human physiologyLED Safety and Spectral Content – The blue light hazard
Examining the portion of the LED spectrum that lies under the g p pBlue Light Hazard Function shows that typically it is less than corresponding sunlight or halogen spectra
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Source: "Optical Safety of LEDs;" US Department of Energy, Building Technologies Office; Solid‐State Lighting Technology Fact Sheet; June 2013
Human Physiology
Equilibrium
The Optic System – Some unexpected results
Equilibrium• The eyes are most stable when the primary colors (red, green, blue) are within their field of viewblue) are within their field of view
• Combinations of complimentary colors also suffice• The colors do not have to be present in equal amounts
Simultaneous Contrast• If only a single color is present the eye will try to generate the• If only a single color is present, the eye will try to generate the missing complement in any nearby achromatic (gray or colorless) areacolorless) area
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Human Physiology
A th t l d th i th l ?
The Optic System – Some "magic"
Are the two orange ovals and their gray squares the same colors?
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Human PhysiologyHealthcare – Tampa General Hospital
Increased use of LED lighting in medical applications
• High color‐rendering index (CRI) allows doctors and nurses to accurately assess patient status and condition visually
• Controls adjust the LEDs with customized settings, but with one touch, can be turned to 100 percent keeping staff and patents comfortable whilepatents comfortable while saving money
• Luminaires adjust light output j g pover life of luminaires to keep constant illumination levels
• Use of LED lighting in operating rooms have resulted in a 10OF reduction in temperature on
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reduction in temperature on the operating room table.
Family Care Center in Brandon, FloridaFamily Care Center in Brandon, FloridaFamily Care Center in Brandon, Florida
Human PhysiologyLighting For Safety – Providing visual orientation clues for seniors
Visual and perceptual systems intercept cues from the environment that affect postural
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Source: Mariana G. Figueiro, LRC
control and stability
Human PhysiologyA Word of Caution – Too early to draw conclusions regarding effects
While the impact of lighting on horticulture, physiological responses and productivity is becoming betterresponses, and productivity is becoming better understood, it is important to acknowledge that much of the supporting research for these effects is at an early stage and that additional research is necessary to fullystage and that additional research is necessary to fully understand these biological responses…. lighting manufacturers should be careful to only claim well‐supported, understood, and verifiable physiological
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DOE: SSL R&D Plan, June 2016
pp , , p y gbenefits from their products.
Course Outline
1. Trends – Where is the lighting industry presently
2. Human Physiology – How the human body reacts to light and colorto light and color
3. Lighting Controls – A new world with major consequences
4 S M i4. Sensors – More worries
5 The Future – Built on service5. The Future Built on service
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Lighting Controls
ASHRAE 90 1
What Drives the Market – Energy Reduction Requirements
2.5ASHRAE 90.1
Office
Manufacturing
2
(W/ft2)
g
School/University
Retail
Warehouse
Parking Garage
1.5
wer Density ( Healthcare Clinic
1
Lumen Pow
0.5
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0
1999 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013
Lighting Controls
Energy Consumption = Input Watts x Operating Time
Energy Savings – Different approaches
Energy Consumption = Input Watts x Operating Time
Two ways to reduce energy consumption:• Reduce Input Watts S S l b• Reduce Input Watts
– Replace equipment with higher efficiency units– Incorporate dimming to reduce light output
Source: Solatube
p g g pand input power
– Supplement lighting with natural light (e.g. use of daylight harvesting)
• Reduce Operating Time– Incorporate lighting controls to reduce operating time– Incorporate lighting controls to reduce operating time– Use of occupancy sensors to limit operating time to
periods when lighting is actually required
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p g g y q
Lighting ControlsLighting Control Topologies – Connection architecture
StarBus
Fully ConnectedStar Fully Connected
Daisy Chain
Ring Mesh
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g
Tree Source: IES TM‐23‐11
Lighting Controls
• 0‐10 VDC – front end/user driven method of
lli i b f
& building control
• LonWorks l tf d f t ti f
Lighting Control Protocols – A wide range from various sources
controlling equipment by means of a current source analog control voltage in the nominal range from 0 to 10 volts positive
• ACN – a bi‐directional protocol that controls
• LonWorks – platform used for automation of
building systems including HVAC and lighting
• MIDI – Musical Instrument Digital Interface
• Modbus i d t i l t l t lACN a bi‐directional protocol that controls
theatrical lighting, audio and effects
• ASCII – American National Standard Code for
Information Interchange
• Modbus – an industrial control protocol
• RDM – extension of DMX512 allowing bi‐
directional communications
• SMPTE ti d h i ti t lg
• BACnet – a communication protocol that is
specifically designed for the needs of building automation and control systems
• SMPTE – time code synchronization protocol
• TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol
• XML E t ibl M k L i• DALI – Digital Addressable Lighting Interface is
a non‐proprietary lighting control protocol
• DMX512 – Asynchronous Serial Data
• XML – Extensible Markup Language is a
standard for document markup
• ZigBee – suite of specifications for high level
communication protocols using small low‐Transmission Standard for Controlling Lighting Equipment and Accessories
• EnOcean – standard for self‐powered sensor
d l ti li d f i
communication protocols using small, low‐power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks
• Z‐Wave – designed for low‐power and low‐
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modules operating over unlicensed frequencies
• Konnex – European open standard for home
g p
bandwidth appliances
Source: IES‐TM‐23‐2011
Lighting Controls
Wi d B fit Wi l B fit
Wired vs. Wireless Control Systems – A comparison
Wired Benefits
– Central control – large applications can be controlled
Wireless Benefits
– Lower installation cost – with no need to cut open walls run cableapplications can be controlled
with a single keypad rather than banks of switches on the wall
– Reliability of signal transmission
need to cut open walls, run cable, etc., wireless systems typically have much lower installation costs, particularly for retrofit
ly g
– hard wiring of system eliminates the potential for communication
– Greater control ‐ A wired system h d
applications– Less planning – no in‐wall
requirementsl ibili hcan give more sophisticated
control and flexibility– Security – unauthorized access is
more difficult (although not
– Flexibility – easy to change configurations in the future
– Reliability – some systems use architectures that allow multiplemore difficult (although not
impossible)– Fault detection – hard wiring
allows easier troubleshooting
architectures that allow multiple pathways for communications
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allows easier troubleshooting
Lighting Controls
Network ‐Will the network selected to carry the information remain
Wireless Systems – Other considerations
Network Will the network selected to carry the information remain available for the typical timeframe of a lighting fixture? As an example, typical outdoor fixtures last between 15‐20 years.
Spectrum – Electromagnetic spectrum is a valuable and a very limited commodity/ Licensed spectrum is the subject of many high priced auctions On occasion spectrum is repurposed which can be disruptiveauctions. On occasion spectrum is repurposed which can be disruptive to those applications using that portion of the spectrum. Long term availability of the chosen portion of the spectrum will be vital.
Coverage – Will the connected luminaires have coverage over the lifecycle of the fixtures? Private networks may be required to insure coverage as public networks can change coverage as demands changecoverage as public networks can change coverage as demands change.
Standards – The choice of proprietary versus standards‐based networks is important, as there is the risk of proprietary networks
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p , p p ybecoming obsolete. Source: Connected Streetlights: Why economics will dictate IoT technology
decisions, Keith Day, Telensa, DOE Connected Lighting Workshop, June 2016
Lighting ControlsNow you have heard everything – hackers and wireless
ldi iTrustwave Holdings, an e‐security firm, published an advisory notice last week warning Satis smart toilet
th t th i t il t ldowners that their toilets could potentially get hacked.
“Attackers could cause the unit toAttackers could cause the unit to unexpectedly open/close the lid, activate bidet or air‐dry functions, causing discomfort or distress tocausing discomfort or distress to user,” Trustwave Holdings said in its notice.
Source: Trustwave SpiderLabsS i Ad i TWSL2013 020
Source: inax
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Security Advisory TWSL2013‐020
Lighting ControlsTime Scheduling – The simplest control scheme
6 am 6 pm12 am 12 amNoon
WkW
Time of day
Lights off Lights on Lights off
Time of day
Turn off lights after hours or when i ll d
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a space is not normally used. Source: Steven MeshLighting Education & Design
Lighting ControlsTime Scheduling – Some additional energy savings
6 am 6 pm12 am 12 amNoon
WkW
Time of day
Lights off Lights on Lights off
Time of day
Reduce the maximum light level for i b ildi
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an entire space or building. Source: Steven MeshLighting Education & Design
Lighting ControlsDaylight Harvesting – Taking advantage of natural light
6 am 6 pm12 am 12 amNoon
WkW
Time of day
Lights off Lights on Lights off
Time of day
Dim or turn off lights based on il bl l li h
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available natural light. Source: Steven MeshLighting Education & Design
/Lighting Controls
Occupancy/Vacancy Sensing – Taking occupants into account
6 am 6 pm12 am 12 amNoon
WkW
Time of dayTime of day
Turn off lights when the space is i d ( )
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unoccupied (vacant). Source: Steven MeshLighting Education & Design
Lighting ControlsPersonal Control – Giving occupants a say in their lighting
6 am 6 pm12 am 12 amNoon
WkW
Time of day
Lights off Lights on Lights off
Time of day
Dim or turn off lights based on l f d
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personal preference or needs. Source: Steven MeshLighting Education & Design
Lighting ControlsDemand Response – Working with the electric utility
Also known as Variable Load Shedding6 am 6 pm12 am 12 amNoon
WkW
Time of day
Lights off Lights on Lights off
Time of day
Dim or turn off lights during i d f k d d
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periods of peak demand. Source: Steven MeshLighting Education & Design
Lighting ControlsThe Net Result – Combining the approaches
6 am 6 pm12 am 12 amNoon
WkW
Time of dayTime of day
Aggregate strategies for that space, d i l i
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and its resulting energy use.
Lighting Controls
Solutions in search of problems
Today's Lighting Control Systems – What are the issues?
• Focus on devices (widgets) and technologies • Complex configuration requirements
Solutions in search of problems
• High total cost of deployment • Poor user satisfaction• Lack of standardization• Lack of standardization • Limited performance monitoring and continuous optimization • Frequent misalignment with owner/occupant organizational q g / p gmaturity
• Limited interaction with non‐lighting systems • Difficult to predict performance and energy savings• Lack of proper training (across the board) • Low adoption (estimated as < 1%)
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• Low adoption (estimated as < 1%) Source: "The value of energy data," Poplawski, Michael, DOE SSL Program Connected Lighting Meeting, 11/16/15
Lighting ControlsControls – End user training
Intuitive Not so intuitive
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Lighting ControlsControls – Not your parent's wall switch
How much training/customer support will your customers need?How much training/customer support will your customers need?
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Source: Lutron
Lighting ControlsInstallation Instructions – Wall dimmer
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Source: Lutron
Lighting ControlsInstallation Instructions – Relatively simple control panel
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Source: Leviton
Lighting Controls
• Designer/Manufacturer
Changing Requirement – New rules for all participants
– Provides system components that allow simple installation, easy commissioning, intuitive use and hides complexities from end user
• Architect/Lighting DesignerArchitect/Lighting Designer– Clear recipe book of features and capabilities that may be very different
from previous experience
P j t E i• Project Engineer– Understands the complexities of system interactions among
components
• Sales and Marketing– Provides a vision of what is possible at what price point
• Contractor• Contractor– Has training and experience to install and commission what can be
highly complex systems
/ l
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• Owner/Facility Manager– Understands the high value proposition of the system
Course Outline
1. Trends – Where is the lighting industry presently
2. Human Physiology – How the human body reacts to light and colorto light and color
3. Lighting Controls – A new world with major consequences
4 S M i4. Sensors – More worries
5 The Future – Built on service5. The Future Built on service
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SensorsSaving Energy with Sunlight – LEDs, Sensors and Lighting Controls
Desired light levelArtificial light energy usageEnergy Savings
Source: Sajol Ghoshal, Director,
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Sensor Driven Lighting Business Unit, ams AG
Sensors
Types of Sensors
Lighting Controls – Combining LEDs with sensors
• Occupancy/Vacancy Sensors– Passive IR – use thermal image to
ddetect activity– Microwave – transmits microwave
pulses and measures reflections to detect activity
– Ultrasonic – similar to sonar, uses reflections from bursts of high frequency sound to detect activityfrequency sound to detect activity
– Acoustic – microphones which listen for activity
• Photocells/Daylight Sensors – measure ambient light to either / y g gturn system on/off or set particular dimming level
• Video cameras – uses change in scenes to detect activity
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• Timing – sets on/off or dimming level based on time of day
SensorsOccupancy vs. Vacancy Sensors – What is the difference?
• Occupancy sensors turn lights on when someone enters anOccupancy sensors turn lights on when someone enters an area and turns them off a set time after the person leaves– preferred for areas where someone entering the area may not be able
to turn on the lighting control (e g playrooms for small childrento turn on the lighting control (e.g. playrooms for small children, laundry rooms where arms may typically be carrying items, etc.)
• Vacancy sensors do not turn lights on. Someone entering an area controlled by a vacancy sensor must manually turn thearea controlled by a vacancy sensor must manually turn the lights on. However, the vacancy sensor will turn the lights off when it senses that person has left the area– preferred in areas where the lights should not come on automatically
should someone enter the area. For example, children's bedrooms, areas where pets are free to roam, etc. Some building codes require the use of vacancy sensors whenever sensors are used
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Sensors
E i ill b f i f
Sensors – Energy savings have a number of elements
Energy savings will be a function of:• Time delay until turn‐off
– Longer time delays decrease energy savingsLonger time delays decrease energy savings– Shorter time delays can increase the annoyance factor for facility occupants
• Low illumination setting• Low illumination setting– Decreasing the low level setting increases the potential energy savings
• Exogenous factors such as amount of vehicular and pedestrian traffic the sensor detectssensor detects– Heavy traffic can negate the overall usefulness of an occupancy or motion sensor (e.g. it is on High LevelLow Level
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all the time)
Sensors
A demonstration of outdoor
Lighting Controls – Another way things can go wrong
LED lighting was conducted at Nike’s corporate offices l d th DOE’also under the DOE’s Gateway program
Si LED h ik i d / ffSince LEDs have no restrike time and are easy to turn on/off motion sensors were incorporated into the testing.
h f h f lDuring months of testing the outdoor fixtures would turn on and off unexpectedly. This issue seemed to increase on windy dayswindy days
Finally someone traced the problem to leaves on the trees moving in the wind in front of the motion sensors
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moving in the wind in front of the motion sensors
Sensors/
Pros & Cons
Stand‐Alone Sensing/Control – Simple/inexpensive
+ Sensors are built into the luminaires
+ No wiring required (except for power)
+ Simplest installation
+ Some manufacturers offer RF capability to allow luminaires to provide a minimal grouping function via wireless
+ Minimum commissioning effort
– Limited control capabilities
– Limited sensor selection (those provided and installed by the l i i f )luminaire manufacturer)
– No building integration
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Sensors/
Pros & Cons
System Sensing/Control – Expanded features at higher cost
+ Sensors are located based on building structure/control needs
+ Minimum restrictions on types of sensors used
+ Complete control of lighting system which can be tailored to building occupancy and use
+ System can be integrated into a complete building control system (e.g. HVAC, security, etc.)
S ft t l d t it i biliti+ Software control and remote monitoring capabilities
+ Communication with electric utility for load shedding which can provide rate reductionscan provide rate reductions
– Higher installation costs
– Extensive commissioning recommended/required
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Extensive commissioning recommended/required
– Often "closed" systems which limits future expansion to one mfg
Course Outline
1. Trends – Where is the lighting industry presently
2. Human Physiology – How the human body reacts to light and colorlight and color
3. Lighting Controls – A new world with major g g jconsequences
4. Sensors – More worries
5 The Future Built on service5. The Future – Built on service
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The FutureLighting Controls – Lighting run by IT departments
• Lighting Control Systems become ubiquitous• Lighting Control Systems become ubiquitous
• Every lamp and every luminaire has controls and communications built incommunications built in
• Digital control becomes the norm and wiring architectures k h h i i f ktake on the characteristics of computer network systems
• The Internet of Everything captures lighting as well
• Programming and commissioning of the lighting control system becomes a more important and more complex task– California is requiring certification of those responsible for
commissioning
C t l f t ill b t d t id d d ti
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– Control manufacturers will be expected to provide needed expertise to lighting designers regarding control systems
The FuturePersonal Lighting – Having it your way
• Individuals gain much more control on lighting environmentsIndividuals gain much more control on lighting environments– Having control provides a less stressful atmosphere for employees
• Seamless integration between lighting control systems andSeamless integration between lighting control systems and HVAC, building automation and security systems
• Use of smartphone technology to allow lighting controlUse of smartphone technology to allow lighting control systems to recognize who is entering an area and set appropriate lighting level and color pallet preferences
• Ability to match color with activities
• Emphasis on the use of light to improve human experience as p g p pmedical research establishes firmer relationships between photometric characteristics such as intensity, wavelength and exposure time to physical and mental well being
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exposure time to physical and mental well being
The Future
Contemporary lighting systems become more and more complex.
Complexity – What makes lighting different
The complexity is a direct result of available capabilities of emerging new technologies such as LED1.
h h l h dl• Lighting technologies change rapidly
• There are infinite combinations of lighting technologies
• The extensive use of software also provides unlimited possibilitiesThe extensive use of software also provides unlimited possibilities
• Technologies and design solutions vary significantly from one application to the next
• Changes in lighting can impact occupant performance
• Use of lighting in non‐traditional (and unfamiliar) applications
Th lt i th t l l d l d t d• The result is that overly complex and poorly understood system often deliver performance that is less than expected
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1Controlling Complex Lighting Systems, Wojnicki and Kotulski, AGH University of Science & Technology, Kraków, Poland, 2012
The FutureThe Ideal Lighting Control System ‐ Simple
• Any complexity is hidden from user
• Ability to use right out of the box
• Intuitive and easy to use– Design and layout
I t ll ti– Installation
– End user
• Flexible and adapts to userFlexible and adapts to user– Self commissioning
– Self optimizing
– Easy to configure/reconfigure
– Easy to maintain and repair, as necessary
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The Future
• Self commissioning software
Complexity – What might make things better
– Commission & configure several thousand fixtures in few hours – Easy to re‐commission by end user – No need for manual data entry or stickers – Experts needed for only 10‐20% of tasks – Energy saving ≥ expert‐commissioned systems
• Software & user interface to directly empower end‐users – Personalize & control ambiance – Instantly re‐configure zones, scenes, download lighting profiles
• Approachpp– Use of software to automate greater than 90% of tasks – Mass market IoT micros in each light fixture – Intelligent software in each IoT node & server g– Replace custom installation tools with mobile user interface tools – Integrate control & power electronics, wherever possible – Use as many sensors as budget will allow
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Source: Reducing Configuration Complexity with Next Gen IoT Networks,Kishore Manghnani, DOE SSL Program Connected Lighting 11/15
The FutureSelf‐Commissioning – Is it possible?
• Self‐configuration needs knowledge of the spaceSelf configuration needs knowledge of the space– Intelligence allows individual access and control– Luminaire sensor integration and direct sensor access, e.g. lux level,
allows some understandingallows some understanding– Reflectivity and distance from walls can likely be inferred
• Lux CCT Temp Humidity are only the beginningLux, CCT, Temp, Humidity are only the beginning– Furnishing inventories– Time of flight
S i– Space mapping
• Sensor integration can take over from there…l d l d l h l– Closed loop daylighting, color tuning
– Targets can be varied from uniform defaults
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Source: Reducing Configuration Complexity – The contribution of chipscale integrated solutions, Tom Griffiths, DOE SSL Program Connected Lighting Meeting, 11/16/15
The Future
You can't (effectively) manage what you can't measure
Energy Reporting – Why it is becoming important
( y) g y
• Reduce energy consumption– Data driven energy management
– Transactive energy marketso "An internet‐enabled free market, where customer devices and grid systems can barter over
the proper way to solve their mutual problems, and settle on the proper price for their services in close to real time" A How‐To Guide for Transactive Energy Jeff St Johnservices, in close to real time A How To Guide for Transactive Energy, Jeff St John, Greentech Media, 11/20/13
• Enable new market opportunitiesP f f ffi i i ti– Pay‐for‐performance energy efficiency incentives
– Energy billing for devices currently on flat‐rate tariffs
– Lower cost, more accurate energy savings validation for service‐based b d lbusiness models
– Verified delivery of utility incented energy transactions (e.g. peak and other demand response)
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– Self‐characterization of available (i.e. marketable) “building energy services”
Source: "DOE Focus Areas ," Poplawski, Michael, DOE SSL Program Connected Lighting Meeting, 11/16/15
The Future
Connectivity OptionsAnalytics Options
Complexity – What makes lighting different
Connectivity Options• Wireless• LiFi• Integration with Other Systems
Analytics Options• Energy Reporting• Space Utilization Reporting• Facility Energy Management Strategies
Basic Lighting Control System
g yoHVACo Security
y gy g g• Monitoring of System Components• Overall Performance Monitoring
Basic Lighting Control System• Occupancy/Vacancy Sensing• Daylight/Ambient Sensing• Demand Response• Task Tuning• Scheduling• Graphic User Interface
End‐User Options• Personal Control
oAdjustment of CCTLi ht L l Adj t t
Service Options• Remote Monitoring of System Components Status
o Light Level Adjustments
• Individual Controls Using Smartphones, Watches, etc.
• Automatic Adjustment to
• On‐Call Support & Maintenance• Periodic Recommissioning and Performance Tune‐ups
• Integration with Other Systems
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jIndividual's Preferences
Integration with Other SystemsoHVACo Security
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The FutureThe Changing Business Universe – A shift to software/services
Source: IBM Annual Report 2013
Source: The MIT Center for Digital Business
Hardware is becoming the least significant source ofleast significant source of profit for many traditional
hardware suppliers
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The FutureThe Future of IoT – The numbers are staggering
Most market projections peg the potential sales volume in a range p j p g p gof between 1 and 7 TRILLION USD by 2020!
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Source: IoT Analytics
The FutureThe Future of IoT – The numbers are staggering
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The FutureThe Future of IoT – The role of sensors
Sensors are at the heart of IoT• Sensor/fixture integration can lead to rich data
• Light• Light
• Energy use
• Thermal
• Occupancy patterns
• Space utilization
• New control concepts• New control concepts
• Dynamic control
• Personalized response
• Color
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Source: Sensor Based Configuration of Lighting Controls, Charlie Huizenga , Acuity, DOE Connected Lighting Workshop, June 2016
The Future
If all these sensors are needed, where do we put them?
The Future of IoT – Sensors and lighting
, p• Most sensors need clear, unobstructed views of the monitored• The traditional position of lighting luminaires (on the ceiling) is exactly where these sensors need to bewhere these sensors need to be
Where do these sensors get their power?• LEDs are low‐voltage semiconductor devices which makes their power sources compatible with the needs of the sensors
• Likewise the localized processing requirements (e.g. microprocessors) also are typically low‐voltage devices
What is the economics of implementing this sensor network• Lighting network is typically already in place• Incorporating energy/maintenance saving LED technology provides aIncorporating energy/maintenance saving LED technology provides a system that can pay for itself even with these sensor networks
• Once the new lighting systems are installed, the economics of replacing them with sensor/luminaire fixtures in the future is much less favorable
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them with sensor/luminaire fixtures in the future is much less favorableData source: Lighting and the Internet of Things, Brian Chem, Digital Lumens, DOE Connected Lighting Workshop, June 2016
The Future
The lighting control systems of tomorrow offer potential
Tomorrow's Lighting Control – Way more than lighting
benefits beyond traditional energy/cost savings
Data
New Sources of Revenue
Resource Optimization
Data Analytics
Health Increased Improvements Safety
Productivity Improvements
Improved Security
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Data Source: Michael Poplawski, PNNL
The FutureChanging Roles – Across many aspects of the lighting marketplace
• The use of color – in new and unanticipated ways• The use of color – in new and unanticipated ways
• Data communications – understanding protocol layers
• Distribution channels which player in the lighting market has• Distribution channels – which player in the lighting market has the largest market cap?
• Service and troubleshooting – diagnostic subroutines replacingService and troubleshooting diagnostic subroutines replacing continuity checkers
• Programming g g
• Human psychology – becomes a necessary lighting specifier skill
• Changing building codes – continuous push for lower energyChanging building codes continuous push for lower energy usage per square foot while requiring adequate illumination levels will present increasing challenges to the lighting designer
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The FutureComplexity – What makes lighting different
• Look familiar – it better!
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The FutureComplexity – What makes lighting different
If the rate of change on the outside exceeds the rate of change on the inside the end is nearrate of change on the inside, the end is near.
Jack Welsh
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Acknowledgements
Support for the development and presentation of thisand presentation of this educational seminar was provided by theUS Department of EnergyUS Department of Energyand the National Energy Technology Laboratory
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Thank YouContact Information:
Dr. John (Jack) W. Curran US Department of EnergyPresident LED Transformations, LLC www.ssl.energy.gov PO B 224PO Box 224Stanton, NJ 08885(908) 437‐6007jcurran@ledtransformations.com
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Presentation available for download at www.ledtransformations.com/blights16.pdf