CHLOROPHYTA

Acrosiphonia sp.

Chlorophyta

N

Sporic

Codium fragile

Chlorophyta 2n Gametic

Codium Sporangia

Codium Utricle

Prasiola sp.

Chlorophyta

*

Ulva linza

Chlorophyta

*

Ulva intestinalis

Chlorophyta * Tubular blade formation

Ulva lactuca

Chlorophyta*

Parenchymatous blade formation

RHODOPHYTA

Mastocarpuspapillatus/Petrocelis

Masto = n --------------

Petro = 2n

Sporic

Chondracanthus exasperatus

Rhodophyta

*

Sporic

Mazzaella splendens

Rhodophyta

can only tell if there are cystocarps (2n +n) on the gametophyte (n) otherwise it is a tetrasporophyte (2n)

Sporic

Sparlingia pertusa

Rhodophyta

if with bumps then gametophyte (n) with cytocarps (2n+n) otherwise it is the tetrosporophyte (2n) (Swiss cheese algae)

Sporic

Polysiphonia pacifica

Rhodophyta

*

Sporic

HildenbrandiaRhodophyta

*

Sporic

Gracilaria pacifica

Rhodophyta

*same as mazaella & sparlingia

Sporic

Polyneura latissima

Rhodophyta

*same as mazaella & sparlingia

Sporic

Grateloupia doryphora

Rhodophyta

*

Sporic

Porphyra fallax

Rhodophyta

n

Sporic

PHAEOPHYTA

CHARACTERISTICS

• NUCLEUS- Uninucleate- Eukaryotic

• COLOUR- Brown

• FLAGELLATION- Two heterokont flagella (only reproductive cells)- Long flagellum has 2 rows of mastigonemes- Shorter flagellum is smooth and directed

backward- Has a light receptor- Attached laterally

• MORPHOLOGY- Multicellular- Sometimes very large- Unbranched filaments- Parenchymatous- Pseudoparenchymatous is rare- Have a meristoderm:

o small surface cells with chloroplasts and capable of division

- cortex:o general larger cells lacking chloroplasts

which do not divide- Medulla:

o trumpet hypae cells form

• REPRODUCTION- vegetative: formation of propagules or by

fragmentation,- Asexual: by zoospores formed in plurilocular

sporangia- Sexual: fusion of isogamous, oogamous

• LIFE HISTORY- Gametic:

o gametes range from oogamous to isogamous

- Sporic

• EYESPOT- In spores or gametes within the chloroplast and

associated with a flagellum- Present and acts as shading or light reflector

Characteristics Cont’d• CHLOROPLAST

- One to many smooth chloroplasts

- Storage product is stored outside the chloroplast

- 4 membranes surround the chloroplast

- 2 membrane envelope and PER

- Thylakoids are in stacks of 3

- Girdle lamella is present

• OTHER

- DNA is ring shaped

- RUBISCO in the pyrenoids

- Cell wall always present – made of cellulose, alginicacid and polysaccharides

- Sieve elements: perforated cross walls in large kelps for conduction of photosynthate

Fucales: Sargassum muticum

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Gameticmeiosis forms gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote that grows into the adult plant

Other: has short stubby receptacles that bear oogonial and antheridial conceptacles

Fucales: Fucus gardneri

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: gameticmeiosis forms gametes which fuse to form a 2N zygote that grows into the adult plant

Other: parenchymatous thalli with apical meristems

Anatomy: meristoderm, cortex and medulla present

- Receptacles (ends of blades) contain pores (small depressions) under which are conceptacles (spaces) within which are oogonia, antheridia or both

Fucus Life Cycle

Fucales: Pelvetiopsis limitata

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Gameticmeiosis forms gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote that grows into the adult plant

Ralfsia

*

Scytosiphonales: Petaloniafascia

Ploidy: N (crusts are diploid sporophytes)

Life History: Sporic

Other: Growth is diffuse

Scytosiphonales: Scytosiphonlomentaria

Ploidy: N (crusts are diploid sporophytes)

Life History: Sporic

Other: growth is diffuse

Laminariales: Saccharina latissima

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic Heteromorphic, with microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Laminariales: Nereocystisluetkeana

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic heteromorphicwith microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Sieve elements of Nereocystis

-Sieve elements are elongated cells located with in the medulla

- their cross-walls have fields of pored with plasmodesmata

- used for translocation of photosynthate

Laminariales: Macrocystispyrifera

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic heteromorphicwith microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Laminariales: Saccharina sessilis

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic Heteromorphicwith microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Laminariales: Alaria sp.

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic heteromorphicwith microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Laminariales: Costaria costata

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic heteromorphicwith microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Laminariales: Egregia menziesii

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic heteromorphicwith microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Laminariales Reproduction

Desmarestiales: Desmarestiaacuelata

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic Heteromorphicwith microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Other: trichothallic meristem (at the base of hair) which produces a pseudoparenchymatous uniaxialthallus

** only pseudoparenchymatousbrown

Desmarestiales: Desmarestiasp.

Ploidy: 2N

Life History: Sporic Heteromorphicwith microscopic filamentous gametophytes

Other: trichothallic meristem (at the base of hair) which produces a pseudoparenchymatous uniaxialthallus

** only pseudoparenchymatousbrown

Plurilocular: found in Ectocarpales

-Plurilocular gametangia that release hundreds of isogametes

- each gametophyte (plant) are N and produce gametes by mitosis

Unilocular: found in Ectocarpales

-Unilocular sporangia with 2N cells that undergo meiosis to produce unicellular N zoospores

- borne on the diploid plant

- this thallus is called the sporophyte

- the meitotically produced zoospores grow by mitosis into gametophytes

Diagram of a longitudinal section of a cryptophyte

Diagram of a brown algal cell

Pyrenoids of a brown algal cell

Chloroplast of Fucus

Electron micrograph of a cryptophyte

-The large ejectosomes seen here line the wall of the gullet

-Part of a smaller ejectosome is visible just beneath the plasmalemma on the lower left side of the cell

A Cryptophyte eyespot

-These eyespots may be one or several layers thick

- they are located with in the chloroplast but not close to the flagella

- the eyespot operates by either intercepting light (shading) or reflecting light (increasing the illumination) onto the photoreceptor pigment

- which is probably localized in either the plasma membrane or chloroplast membranes over the eyespot

Interphase nucleus and chromosomes of a

dinoflagellate

-The chromosomes lack histones, are permanently condensed and have a characteristic banded appearance

-There is a large nucleolus within the nucleus

Interphase nuclei of a green alga and a

euglenophyte

-Note the condense chromosomes of the euglenophyte

Eyespot of a euglenophyte

-The eyespot is composed of loosely packed globules lying outside the chloroplast, next to the reservoir, opposite of the flagellar swelling

- the swelling is usually on the longer, emergent flagellum and is thought to be the site of the photoreceptor pigment

Euglena

- Diagrammatic longitudinal section

Euglena longitudinal section

- Note the distinctive outer covering, the pellicle

Spermatangia

Polysiphonous

Heterocysts

Pennate Centric

Girdle VIew Valve View

Geminata

Diatom Silica wall formation

Volvox Gonidium

Oogonia

Antheridia

Plurilocular Spornagia

Haptonema

Heterocyst & Akinete

akinete

heterocyst