Chapter 3:

Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

Chapter 3 has four modules:

Module 3.1 From Conception to Birth

Module 3.2 Influences on Prenatal Development

Module 3.3 Happy Birthday!

Module 3.4 The Newborn

From Conception to Birth

Period of the Zygote

Key terms:• Ovulation; fertilization, implantation, fallopian tube;

zygote, blastocyst; germ disc

Characteristics:• 2 weeks duration; rapid division

Let’s look at the next slide to view this period more closely.

Period of the Zygote

Period of the Embryo

Key terms:• Embryo• Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm• Amnion and amniotic fluid• Umbilical cord • Placenta• Villi

Characteristics:• Third to eighth weeks of prenatal development• Differentiation of organs and organ systems occurs

Prenatal Structures

Period of the Fetus

Key Terms:• Cerebral cortex• Vernix• Age of viability

Characteristics:• From 9 weeks after conception to birth• Increase in size• Systems begin to function

Period of the Fetus

Fetal Behavior:• Fetal movement• Behavioral maturity of sense• Changes during prenatal development

Five Steps Toward a Healthy Baby

1. Regular check-ups2. Healthy foods3. No alcohol or caffeinated beverages4. Exercise5. Adequate diet

Influences on Prenatal Development

General Risk Factors

• Nutrition

• Chronic stress

• Mother’s age

Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental Hazards

Teratogen: agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

• Diseases passing through placenta directly or attacking at birth (Table 3-1)

• Potentially dangerous drugs (Table 3-2)

• Environmental hazards (Table 3-3)

Did you hear that?

Is cell phone usage a potential teratogen for pregnant women?

How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development

Let’s review the effects of teratogens across prenatal development.

Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis• Ultrasound• Amniocentesis• Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Prenatal Diagnosis

Amniocentesis Chorionic Villus Sampling

Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment

Treatment• Fetal medicine• Fetal surgery

Happy Birthday!

Labor and Delivery

Labor is usually divided into three stages

Three Stages of Labor

Approaches to Childbirth

• Prepared childbirth• Natural childbirth• Childbirth with doula• Choice of place of birth

Approaches to Childbirth

Childbirth classes• Content• Benefits

Adjusting to Parenthood

• Reorganization of old routines• Physical and emotional reactions• Postpartum depression

Birth Complications

• Hypoxia• Cephalopelvic disproportion• Irregular position• Preeclampsia• Prolapsed umbilical cord

Birth Complications

• Prematurity• Low birth weight

True or False?

Infant mortality is relatively low in the United States compared to other industrialized countries.

Let’s look at these rates around the world.

Infant Mortality Rates

The Newborn

Assessing the Newborn

• Apgar score (Table 3-5)• Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

(NBAS)

The Newborn’s Reflexes

Newborns’ reflexes prepare them to interact with the world

• Survival reflexes• Protective reflexes• Foundational reflexes

Newborn States: Primary

Four primary states• Alert inactivity• Waking activity• Crying• Sleeping

Newborn States: Cries

Three distinctive types of cries• Basic• Mad• Pain

Newborn States: Sleep

• Developmental change in sleep-wake cycle

• Types of sleep (REM/non-REM)

• Co-sleeping

Back to Sleep Campaign

Perception and Learning in the Newborn