Post on 14-Dec-2015
transcript
Perception of CrimePerception of Crime
MediaMedia
1. Distortion1. Distortion
2. Consequences2. Consequences
Social ScientistsSocial Scientists
• Domain of StudyDomain of Study• ParametersParameters• Norms & ValuesNorms & Values• LawsLaws• SanctionsSanctions
Characteristics of CrimeCharacteristics of Crime
• Social HarmSocial Harm• DevianceDeviance• Criminal IntentCriminal Intent
– Mens rea Mens rea – Mala prohibitaMala prohibita– Strict liabilityStrict liability– ExcusesExcuses– JustificationsJustifications
Juvenile DelinquencyJuvenile Delinquency
• Adjudicated delinquentAdjudicated delinquent• Criminal behaviorCriminal behavior• Status offenseStatus offense• AdjudicationAdjudication
– FilingFiling– ResultsResults– In re Gualt In re Gualt
• Annual ReportAnnual Report
Strategies of Criminal Strategies of Criminal Justice ResearchJustice Research
• ComparativeComparative• HistoricalHistorical• BiographicalBiographical• PatternsPatterns
– Criminal historyCriminal history– Cohorts studyCohorts study
• SurveysSurveys• ExperimentsExperiments• ObservationsObservations• Mathematical Mathematical
modelsmodels• Integrated modelsIntegrated models
Classical CriminologyClassical Criminology
• The age of The age of enlightenmentenlightenment
• Cesare Cesare Beccaria(1738-Beccaria(1738-1794)1794)
• Essay on crime Essay on crime and punishmentand punishment
• Rational thoughtRational thought• ConsequencesConsequences
• Free WillFree Will• Harm to SocietyHarm to Society• Role of JudgesRole of Judges• DeterrenceDeterrence
CartographyCartography
• Maps and chartsMaps and charts• Crime dataCrime data• Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim
(1858-1917)(1858-1917)
• Initial applicationsInitial applications• Initial conclusionsInitial conclusions
PositivismPositivism
• Elimination of Elimination of Free willFree will
• Scientific Scientific neutralityneutrality
• Crime or CriminalCrime or Criminal
• Ceasare Ceasare Lombroso(1835-Lombroso(1835-1909)1909)
• Enrico Ferri(1856-Enrico Ferri(1856-1929)1929)
• Raffaele Raffaele Garofalo(1852-Garofalo(1852-1934)1934)
Official Crime StatisticsOfficial Crime Statistics
• Reported CrimeReported Crime• Agency ResponsibleAgency Responsible• Crime IndexCrime Index
– Part IPart I– Part IIPart II
Part I Index CrimesPart I Index Crimes
• Crimes against a Crimes against a personperson– MurderMurder– Forcible RapeForcible Rape– Aggravated Aggravated
assaultassault– RobberyRobbery
• Crimes against Crimes against propertyproperty– BurglaryBurglary– Grand TheftGrand Theft– Motor Vehicle Motor Vehicle
TheftTheft– ArsonArson
Official Crime ReportingOfficial Crime Reporting
• Crime ratesCrime rates– PrevalencePrevalence– IncidenceIncidence
• Police responsePolice response– ProactiveProactive– ReactiveReactive– ClearanceClearance
• Non-reportingNon-reporting– Recording Recording
practicespractices– Political Political
atmosphereatmosphere– Policy implicationsPolicy implications
Victimization DataVictimization Data
• The Dark Figure of CrimeThe Dark Figure of Crime• NCVSNCVS• Methodical IssuesMethodical Issues
– SourceSource– SizeSize– External ValidityExternal Validity– Internal ValidityInternal Validity
Types of CrimeTypes of Crime
• ConventionalConventional• White CollarWhite Collar• OrganizedOrganized
• VictimlessVictimless• Crimes against Crimes against
the personthe person• Crimes against Crimes against
propertyproperty
Types of CostTypes of Cost
• Direct lossDirect loss• Transfer of propertyTransfer of property• Criminal violence Criminal violence
costscosts• Illegal expendituresIllegal expenditures• Enforcement costsEnforcement costs• Prevention & Prevention &
protection costsprotection costs
Distribution of CrimeDistribution of Crime
• ViolenceViolence• PropertyProperty• RaceRace• GenderGender• RelationshipRelationship
Specific CrimesSpecific Crimes
• MurderMurder• Forcible rapeForcible rape• RobberyRobbery• AssaultAssault• BurglaryBurglary• Larceny-theftLarceny-theft• Motor vehicle theftMotor vehicle theft• ArsonArson
• FraudFraud• VandalismVandalism• Organized crimeOrganized crime• White collar crimeWhite collar crime• Victimless crimeVictimless crime
– Drug useDrug use– GamblingGambling– ProstitutionProstitution
Cross-NationalCross-National
• Economic Economic developmentdevelopment– Murder ratesMurder rates– Non-lethal Non-lethal
offensesoffenses
• Cultural Cultural influencesinfluences– HeterogenicHeterogenic– HomogenicHomogenic
Regional VariationsRegional Variations
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Murder Property
Offenses
N. East
Mid. W.
West
South
Variations by CommunityVariations by Community
• United StatesUnited States– SizeSize– DensityDensity– Economic Economic
developmentdevelopment
• Multi-nationalMulti-national– Cultural issuesCultural issues– Social processSocial process– Economic Economic
developmentdevelopment
Concentric Zone Theory
Factory Zone
f Zone of Transition
Workingmen’s
Homes Zone
Residential Zone
Commuter Zone
Ecology of CrimeEcology of Crime
• Rodney StarksRodney Starks• Urban neighborhoodUrban neighborhood
– DevianceDeviance– DensityDensity– PovertyPoverty– Mixed usedMixed used– TransientTransient– DilapidationDilapidation
• Broken Window SyndromeBroken Window Syndrome
Geography of CrimeGeography of Crime
• TriadTriad– Location of crimeLocation of crime– Residence of offenderResidence of offender– Residence of victimResidence of victim
• White Collar Crime White Collar Crime
• DyadDyad– Location of crimeLocation of crime– Residence of Residence of
offenderoffender
Migration and CrimeMigration and Crime
• NationalNational• SeasonalSeasonal• TypologyTypology
– YoungYoung– MaleMale– SingleSingle– Family tiesFamily ties
• The American The American ExperienceExperience
• Thomas SellinThomas Sellin• Culture Conflict & Culture Conflict &
CrimeCrime• Inter-generationalInter-generational
Seasonal Variations in Seasonal Variations in CrimeCrime
• WinterWinter
• SpringSpring
• SummerSummer
• FallFall
Annual Variations in CrimeAnnual Variations in Crime
• Uniform Crime Uniform Crime ReportReport
• National Crime National Crime Victimization Victimization SurveySurvey
Gender VariationGender Variation
• OffenderOffender– AdultAdult– JuvenileJuvenile
• VictimVictim– AdultAdult– JuvenileJuvenile
Crime in AmericaCrime in AmericaChapter 5Chapter 5
Biological & PsychologicalBiological & Psychological
ExplanationExplanation
Early Scientific Early Scientific ContributionsContributions
• PhysiognomiesPhysiognomies • PhrenologistsPhrenologists
Response to LombrosoResponse to Lombroso
• Charles GoringCharles Goring– The English The English
ConvictConvict– MethodologyMethodology– ConclusionConclusion
• Earnest HootonEarnest Hooton– American American
AnthropologistAnthropologist– InfluencesInfluences– Organic statusOrganic status– ConclusionConclusion
Father of CriminologyFather of Criminology
• Ceasare LombrosoCeasare Lombroso• AtavismAtavism
– Born criminalBorn criminal– Out of timeOut of time– Physical characteristicsPhysical characteristics
Response to LombrosoResponse to Lombroso
• Charles GoringCharles Goring– The English The English
ConvictConvict– Challenged Challenged
methodologymethodology– ConclusionConclusion
• Earnest HootonEarnest Hooton– American American
anthropologistanthropologist– InfluencesInfluences– Organic statusOrganic status– ConclusionConclusion
SomatotyesSomatotyes
• William SheldonWilliam Sheldon– Integrated theoryIntegrated theory– Biological & PsychologicalBiological & Psychological
• EndomorphsEndomorphs• EctomorphsEctomorphs• MesomorphsMesomorphs
– Juvenile applicationJuvenile application
Biological ResearchBiological Researchon Crimeon Crime
• Variables of vulnerabilitiesVariables of vulnerabilities• Twin studiesTwin studies
– IdenticalIdentical– FraternalFraternal– Concordance rateConcordance rate
• Nature vs. NurtureNature vs. Nurture
Additional Biological Additional Biological TheoriesTheories
• XYY ChromosomeXYY Chromosome– Super-maleSuper-male
• Gender distinctionsGender distinctions– Cultural influencesCultural influences
• Premenstrual syndromePremenstrual syndrome– Aggression—ViolenceAggression—Violence– ““The chicken or the egg ?”The chicken or the egg ?”
• Biochemical factorsBiochemical factors• Learning disabilitiesLearning disabilities
– ADHDADHD
Contemporary ApplicationsContemporary Applicationsof Biological Theoriesof Biological Theories
• Volumes of researchVolumes of research• Political applicationPolitical application• Social challengesSocial challenges• Environmental influencesEnvironmental influences• General applicationGeneral application
Psychological Explanation Psychological Explanation of Crimeof Crime
• Intelligence and CrimeIntelligence and Crime– Standardize testingStandardize testing– Comparative analysisComparative analysis– Intelligence and class structureIntelligence and class structure– Policy and social implicationsPolicy and social implications
Personality and CrimePersonality and Crime
• Criminal personalityCriminal personality• TypologyTypology• Thought patternsThought patterns• Situational response Situational response • Clinical applicationClinical application
Self-Discipline & CrimeSelf-Discipline & Crime
• Social controlsSocial controls• Self-controlSelf-control• Instigation to aggressionInstigation to aggression• Contextual effectContextual effect• Simplistic psychosociallySimplistic psychosocially• ConsequencesConsequences
Aggressiveness & CrimeAggressiveness & Crime
• Habit strengthHabit strength• Inhibitors against aggressionInhibitors against aggression• Stimulus factorsStimulus factors• CompetitionCompetition
Specific Criminal Specific Criminal PersonalitiesPersonalities
• Homicidal ChildrenHomicidal Children– TypologyTypology– InfluencesInfluences
• RapistsRapists– ExploitativeExploitative– CompensatoryCompensatory– Displace angerDisplace anger– SadisticSadistic
Personality InventoriesPersonality Inventories
• MMPIMMPI• Psychopathic deviate scalePsychopathic deviate scale• Schizophrenia scaleSchizophrenia scale• Hypomania scaleHypomania scale• Justice Model scaleJustice Model scale
Specific Mental DisordersSpecific Mental Disorders
• Antisocial Antisocial Personality Personality DisorderDisorder– Conduct DisorderConduct Disorder– TypologyTypology– Clinical applicationClinical application
• SchizophreniaSchizophrenia– Mood DisorderMood Disorder– Propensity for Propensity for
crimecrime– De-institutionaliza-De-institutionaliza-
tiontion
Psychology & Criminal LawPsychology & Criminal Law
• Insanity StandardInsanity Standard– M’NaughtenM’Naughten– Brawner RuleBrawner Rule– Substantial Capacity TestSubstantial Capacity Test– Insanity Defense Reform ActInsanity Defense Reform Act– Guilty But Mentally illGuilty But Mentally ill
Crime in AmericaCrime in AmericaChapter 6Chapter 6
Social Cultural, and Economic Social Cultural, and Economic Sources of CrimeSources of Crime
Free EnterpriseFree Enterprise
• White Collar CrimeWhite Collar Crime• Situational EntrepreneurSituational Entrepreneur• Pursuit of profitPursuit of profit• CompetitionCompetition• Comparative analysisComparative analysis
– CapitalisticCapitalistic– Socialist Socialist
Market StructureMarket Structure
• Seller concentrationSeller concentration• Product differentiationProduct differentiation• Trust and CreditTrust and Credit
– ObligationObligation– FraudFraud
• Corporate CrimeCorporate Crime– Bureaucratic structureBureaucratic structure– Working conditionsWorking conditions– Rational decision makingRational decision making
Computer CrimeComputer Crime
• Unauthorized dataUnauthorized data• Manipulation of dataManipulation of data• File creationFile creation• HackingHacking• Hardware, software, timeHardware, software, time• Support criminal enterprisingSupport criminal enterprising• ShavingShaving• AccessAccess• LogisticsLogistics• Electronic transferElectronic transfer
Organized CrimeOrganized Crime
• Contraband moralityContraband morality• ProhibitionProhibition
– Volstead ActVolstead Act– Wickersham commissionWickersham commission
• GamblingGambling• Loan sharkingLoan sharking• Illegal drugsIllegal drugs• Bankruptcy and stock fraudBankruptcy and stock fraud• Disposal of toxic wasteDisposal of toxic waste• ExtortionExtortion• Dark EconomyDark Economy
Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development
• Labor MarketLabor Market• Production expansionProduction expansion• UnemploymentUnemployment• PovertyPoverty
– ActualActual– RelativeRelative– EquityEquity
Means to CrimeMeans to Crime
• GoalsGoals– LegitimateLegitimate– IllegitimateIllegitimate
• MeansMeans– LegitimateLegitimate– IllegitimateIllegitimate
• Anomie to StrainAnomie to Strain• Durkheim to MertonDurkheim to Merton
• General Strain TheoryGeneral Strain Theory
• Modes of Modes of AdaptationAdaptation– ConformityConformity– InnovationInnovation– RitualismRitualism– RetreatismRetreatism– RebellionRebellion
Differential OpportunityDifferential Opportunity
• Focus GroupFocus Group• CultureCulture• Legitimate chancesLegitimate chances• Learning StructureLearning Structure• Available resourcesAvailable resources
Social Class, Values, & Social Class, Values, & DelinquencyDelinquency
• Reaction Formation TheoryReaction Formation Theory– Albert CohenAlbert Cohen– Available meansAvailable means– Conflicting valuesConflicting values
• Lower-Class Culture TheoryLower-Class Culture Theory– Walter MillerWalter Miller– Focal ConcernsFocal Concerns
• Subculture of Violence TheorySubculture of Violence Theory– Marvin Wolfgang & Franco FerracutiMarvin Wolfgang & Franco Ferracuti– Values and normsValues and norms– Expected behaviorExpected behavior
Crime in AmericaCrime in AmericaChapter 7Chapter 7
Social Control and Social Control and Commitment to the LawCommitment to the Law
The Drift TheoryThe Drift Theory
• Matza & SykesMatza & Sykes• Free WillFree Will• ValuesValues• Subterranean Subterranean
valuesvalues• Selective behaviorSelective behavior
• Techniques of Techniques of NeutralizationNeutralization– Denial of responsibilityDenial of responsibility– Denial of injuryDenial of injury– Denial of the victimDenial of the victim– Condemnation of the Condemnation of the
condemnerscondemners– Appeal to higher Appeal to higher
authoritiesauthorities
Techniques of Techniques of Neutralization-ExpandedNeutralization-Expanded
• Additional techniquesAdditional techniques– Defense of necessityDefense of necessity– Defense of the ledgerDefense of the ledger– Denial of equal justiceDenial of equal justice– Everyone’s doing itEveryone’s doing it– Claim of entitlementClaim of entitlement
• Application of Application of neutralizationneutralization– EmbezzlementEmbezzlement– Legitimacy for Legitimacy for
minoritiesminorities– Crimes of violenceCrimes of violence– DelinquencyDelinquency