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CSC 2260Operating Systems and Networks
Chapter 1
Fall 2008
Dr. Chuck Lillie
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Course Overview
Course Information www.uncp.edu/home/lilliec/ Syllabus Assignments Homework Exams Attendance Policy
Textbook Survey of Operating Systems 2nd Addition, Charles
Holcombe and Jane Holcombe, McGraw-Hill, 2006
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Course Outline
History of Operating SystemsDisk Operating SystemsCommon Operating Systems
Windows NTWindows 2000Windows XPLinuxMacintosh
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Course Outline
Operating System SecurityNetworks
Server SideClient Side
Main Frame Operating Systems
Introduction to Operating Systems
An Overview of MicrocomputersWhat’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating SystemsYesterday’s Operating SystemsDesktop OSs Available Today
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Learning Objectives
Describe the microcomputers in use todayIdentify common computer hardware
componentsDescribe the purpose and functions of
microcomputer operating systemsDescribe major events in the evolution of
microcomputer operating systemsList and compare the common
microcomputer operating systems
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An Overview of Microcomputers
What is a Microcomputer?A computer built around a microprocessor
Microprocessor performs calculations or
processing A personal computer (PC) is a microcomputer
that complies with hardware standards set and supported by Microsoft and Intel
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An Overview of Microcomputers
What Types of Microcomputers Are Used Today?Desktops and laptopsServers – provide services to other
computersHandheld devices – designed for a specific
purpose
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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?
MicroprocessorAlso known as the CPU or processorCentral component of a microcomputerPerforms calculationsOne or more per microcomputer
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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?
Microprocessor (continued)Since the 386DX, Intel Microprocessors
support three modes:
Real mode
286 protected mode
386 protected mode
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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?
Microprocessor (continued)Real mode
Intel processors power up in this mode
Total address space = 1MB
640KB limit for OS and application
Single-tasking
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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?
Microprocessor (continued)286 protected mode
Total address space = 16 MB
Can multitask certain applications
Does not support virtual machines
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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?
Microprocessor (continued)386 protected mode
Total address space = 4GB
Supports the use of virtual machines
Multitasking
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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?
Microprocessor (continued)Processors can work with 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-
bit, and 64-bit chunks of data
The number of bits (binary digits) is the size of data that can be processed at one time
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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?Motherboard and Chipset
Motherboard – central circuit boardContains one or more CPU slots or sockets into
which the processor is pluggedChipset, memory slots, voltage regulator
module (VRM), ROM BIOS, and the expansion bus slots are components of a motherboard
Chipset controls the flow of signals to and from the processor and other components
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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?
MemoryChips that store programs and dataRandom-access memory (RAM)Read-only memory (ROM)
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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?
Memory (continued)
RAMSystem, main, or physical memoryUsed by active programsOne or more circuit cards with memory chipsVolatile – all is lost when the computer is
powered off
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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?Memory (continued)
ROM BIOSStores programs permanentlyCalled ‘firmware’ since it is non-volatile
ROM BIOS contains:Code for starting the computerCode for controlling communications between
the processor and other components A setup program for configuring system optionsConfiguration information stored in a special kind
of non-volatile RAM called the CMOS RAM
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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?
ROM BIOS configuration information Disk drive types and capacityDisk boot orderSystem memoryConnectors (ports)Power managementOther information determined by
motherboard and ROM BIOS manufacturers
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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?
Video Adapter and DisplayVideo adapter – circuitry that sends the
controlling output signals to the display screen
Display screen – a monitor or a flat panel display (FPD) for visual output from the computer
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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?
KeyboardAn input device with a typewriter style layout
of alphanumeric and punctuation keys Includes additional function, control, arrow,
and editing keys
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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?
Pointing DeviceRequired to move a graphical pointer (cursor)
around in a GUIMouse is the most common pointing device –
connects via a physical cable or a wireless connection.
Other pointing devices: touch pad, track ball, joystick, and light pen
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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?
Disk DrivesStore data and programsEncoded on surface of small spinning
plattersMagnetic or optical technologyFloppy drives and hard disk drives use
magnetic technologyCompact disk (CD) and digital versatile disk
(DVD) drives use optical technologies
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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?
Peripheral DevicesBroad term for nonessential add-on devices Includes printers, scanners, pointing
devices, digital cameras, external modems, and disk drives
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What is an Operating System? An Operating System is:
The central control program for a computerThe intermediary between applications &
hardware
Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
Operating System FunctionsUser interfaceJob managementTask managementMemory ManagementFile managementDevice managementSecurity
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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
User InterfaceAKA the ‘shell’A software layer for user interaction Includes the command processor Includes the visual components of the OS
Character-based command line GUI
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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
Job management Controls the order and time in which
programs are runTask management
Found in multitasking operating systemsControls the focus Allows user to switch between tasks
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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
Memory ManagementManages placement of programs and data
in memoryVirtual memory manager moves code and
data to virtual memory (file on hard drive)
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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
File ManagementAKA data managementAllows the OS to read, write, and modify
dataData is organized into filesAllows users to organize their files into
containers called folders or directories
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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
Device ManagementControls hardware through device driversA device driver is unique to a deviceCreated by the manufacturer of the device
to work with a specific operating system
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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
SecurityProvides password-protected authentication
of the user before allowing accessChecks user name and passwordRestricts the actions that can be performed
on a computer, customized for each user
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Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems
Categories of Operating SystemsSingle-User/Single-taskingSingle-User/MultitaskingMulti-User/MultitaskingReal-Time
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Yesterday’s Operating Systems
First the machines…Charles Babbage designed the first
computer in the 1820s
Apple II was the first microcomputer to combine critical elements like keyboard, monitor, operating system, and desirable and useful applications
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Yesterday’s Operating Systems
Then the Operating SystemsEarly single-purpose computers included
system functionsOSs did not exist as separate entityOSs evolved from need for multipurpose
computers
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Yesterday’s Operating Systems
DOS, CP/M, Apple, and the Killer AppTo be widely accepted a computer needed a
‘killer app’VisiCalc was the killer app of 1970’s micro-
computers VisiCalc ran under the CP/M OS VisiCalc contributed to the success of the
Apple II Both PC DOS and a version of CP/M were
available for the IBM PC
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Yesterday’s Operating Systems
The Second Wave (second killer app)Lotus 1-2-3 – a DOS spreadsheet
application that is fast and provides added functionalities
Lotus 1-2-3 became the killer app for the IBM-PC/PC DOS combination.
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Yesterday’s Operating Systems
OS/2 (Operating System/2) Version 1.0 introduced in 1987Developed by Microsoft and IBM 1.0 had costly memory and disk
requirements IBM introduced OS/2 Warp in 1990’s IBM has ended development of new
versions
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Yesterday’s Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows1985 first version – GUI on top of DOSWindows 3.0, introduced in 1990, provided
better support for legacy DOS applicationsWindows 3.x works in real mode, standard
mode, and 386 enhanced mode
1992 Windows 3.1 successful with MS Office
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Yesterday’s Operating Systems
Windows for Workgroups DOS and earlier versions of Windows had
no networkingWindows for Workgroups 3.1 and 3.11
enabled peer-to-peer networking
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Desktop OSs Available Today
DOS from Microsoft
Windows NT Windows 98 Windows ME
Windows 2000 Windows XP Macintosh OSs UNIX Linux
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Desktop OSs Available Today
DOS from MicrosoftDOS provides support for interaction with
disk drivesMicrosoft’s first version of DOS, called PC
DOS Introduced with the first IBM-PC in 1981Each major version of DOS supported new
disk capacitiesDOS has a text-mode command line interface
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Desktop OSs Available Today
Windows NT First Microsoft OS to take full advantage of
the capabilities of the Intel’s 386 protected mode
Two main versions of NT – one for servers and another for desktop computers
Windows NT 4.0, introduced in 1996, has a GUI similar to Windows 95
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Desktop OSs Available Today
Windows 98 An evolutionary development compared to
the earlier Windows operating system in terms of GUI and integrated components
New options for customizing the GUI, including tighter integration with Microsoft’s
Web browser, Internet Explorer (IE)
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Desktop OSs Available Today
Windows 98 (continued)Comes with drivers and support for devices
like DVD drives It was the choice for PCs with plug and play
(PnP) hardware, not supported by Windows NT
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Desktop OSs Available Today
Windows Me Introduced in 2000 as an upgrade to
Windows 98 Improved music, video, and home
networking supportProvides utilities as well as applications for
dealing with PC software configuration, digital music, and video
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Desktop OSs Available Today
Windows 2000Family of OS products, introduced in 2000Combines the best of Windows 98 and
Windows NTWindows 2000 Professional, Windows 2000
Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, and Windows 2000 Enterprise Edition
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Desktop OSs Available Today
Windows XPSeveral products, but no server versionMost common are Windows XP Home
Edition and Windows XP Professional
Improved GUI as well as several network- and security-related features
Default desktop only contains the Recycle Bin
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Desktop OSs Available Today
Macintosh Operating SystemsOnly run on Apple Macintosh computersMac OS 9 and Mac OS X common today
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Desktop OSs Available Today
Macintosh Operating Systems (continued)Macintosh hardware and software are
proprietary products of Apple Computer Company
Macintosh computers generally use the PowerPC chip with an architecture that is enhanced for graphics and multimedia
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Desktop OSs Available Today
UNIX Introduced by Bell Labs Computing Science
Research Center (Bell Labs) as UNIX Version 6 in 1975
A portable operating system for mini-computers and mainframe computers
Supports timesharing and multi-user systemsAn excellent server operating system as it
utilizes resources carefully, allowing only the required services to be loaded
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Desktop OSs Available Today
UNIX (continued)The current commercial versions of UNIX
include Sun Microsystems’ Solaris, Hewlett-Packard’s HP-UX, IBM’s AIX, and Compaq’s
Tru64 UNIXMany open source versions of UNIX are
also available, which can be changed according to requirements
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Desktop OSs Available Today
LinuxModeled on UNIXNamed for original developer, Linus
Benedict TorvaldsBegun in 1991 by Torvalds and others as
open-source for modern computers.
Written in the C language using GNU C Compiler (GCC)
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Desktop OSs Available Today
Linux (continued)Distributed freeVendors sell bundles with extras (utilities,
GUIs, manuals)Novell, Red Hat, and others distribute such
bundlesFastest-growing computer server OSMaking inroads on desktop computers
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Chapter Summary
Microcomputers TodayA computer consists of hardware,
applications software, and operating system software
The operating system allows the user to interact with the computer hardware
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Chapter Summary
Common Microcomputer HardwareThe basic components of a microcomputer
are processor, motherboard, memory, video adapter and display, keyboard, pointing device, disk drives, and peripheral devices
You can identify hardware components by a visual inspection, by observing information displayed during the boot up process, and by accessing a ROM BIOS setup program
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Chapter Summary
Purpose and Functions of MicrocomputerOperating systemsCertain functions are provided by most, if not
all, current operating systems. These functions include a user interface, job management, task management, memory management, file manage-ment, device management, and security.
The operating system makes everything work together
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Chapter Summary
Purpose and Functions of MicrocomputerOperating systemsYou can identify most of the functions provided
by your operating system by careful observation. For instance, evidence of support of the security function includes a required logon procedure when you start your computer, and the need for authorization to access resources on your local computer.
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Chapter Summary
Purpose and Functions of MicrocomputerOperating systemsThere are four categories of operating systems:
Single-User/single-taskingSingle-User/multitaskingMulti-User/multitaskingReal-Time
A Single-User/single-tasking operating system is one that allows only a single user to perform a single task at a time
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Chapter Summary
Purpose and Functions of MicrocomputerOperating systemsAn operating system that allows a single user
to perform two or more functions at once is a Single-User/multitasking operating system
A Multi-User/multitasking operating system is an operating system that allows multiple users to run programs simultaneously on a single network server, called a terminal server
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Chapter Summary
Purpose and Functions of MicrocomputerOperating systems Real-time operating systems are defined by
their speed and ability to work with special real-time applications programs. A Real-time operating system is a very fast, relatively small
OS that is often embedded, meaning it is built into the circuitry of a device and not normally loaded from a disk drive
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Chapter Summary
Major Events in the Evolution of Microcomputer Operating SystemsThe history of current microcomputers and
their OSs involved many technical advances and the imagination of a multitude of innovative people
You can find many accounts of the history of computers and operating systems by searching the Internet
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Chapter Summary
What OSs Are Available Today?The microcomputer operating systems
common today include MS-DOS, several versions of Windows (Windows 98, Windows 2000, and Windows XP), Mac OS 9, Mac OS X, and several versions of UNIX and Linux
Each of today’s common operating systems is best suited for certain uses
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What OSs Are Available Today?Microsoft desktop OSs are common in the
business environment Both UNIX and Linux can be found on high-
end servers and on desktop computers. The use of Linux is growing on all types of systems
The Mac OSs are commonly used in education and in graphic workstations
Chapter Summary