Post on 13-May-2017
transcript
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University of Sunderland
ELX 218
Electronics Lab 1 Report
SUBMISSION DATE:31thOctober 20 1 2
NAME: RAJENDRAN A/L MOHANA
ID: SCSJ 0012170
ELX 218 ElectronicsFebruary 2012
SEGI University College 1
LAB ORATORY ETHICS
1. Sign in the attendance sheet.
2. A student coming in 20 minutes after laboratory session has started will be considered ABSENT.
3. Switch off the hand-phone during laboratory sessions.
4. No eating and drinking inside the laboratory
5. Forbid make noisy or interfere other student.
6. Students must obtain PERMISSION from the instructor prior to leaving a laboratory session.
7. Students must do PRE-LAB assignments and understand the relevant worksheets, PRIOR to attending the relevant laboratory session.
8. Data acquired must approved by instructor (stamped and signed).
9. Data acquired by other students are not allowed and will be penalized heavily.
10. After complete the experiment, students must tidy the table, chair and equipments before leave the laboratory
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EAT117 ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES LABORATORY - REPORT EVALUATION
No Criteria Excellent4
Good3
Poor2
Very Poor
1
Weightage Score1. Report format
& Organization General format
and structure Cover page,
title, objective
Completereport and fully complied with criteria. Nicepresentation.
Complete report and fully complied with criteria.
Some criteria are missing. Poor presentation.
Major criteria are missing, untidy, bad presentation
2
2. Pre Lab Questions
Originality of the answers
and
Fully answered the question upon attending the lab, with
Fully answered the questions , few errors
Answer little questions, major errors.
Questions are notanswered. 4
3. Results Results in
the form of data, graphs etc.
Complete andaccurate results, neatly presented
Complete andneatly presented, minor mistakes
Incompleteresult, major mistakes
Major dataare missing
4
4. Discussion Ability
to present,inteprete, andanalyse result
Compare with theoretical values @ ideal conditions
Answer questions or
All points of discussion onthe resultsobtained covered and elaborated.
Some points of discussionon resultsobtained covered and elaborated.
Some points of discussionon resultsobtained covered but not properly elaborated.
Very few points ofdiscussion,not properly elaborated 4
5. Conclusion Provide
answers toobjectivesstated earlier
Ability to learn something
The closing paragraphsummarizes and draws a well developed conclusion
The closing paragraphsummarizes and draws a sufficient conclusion
The closing paragraphattempts to summarize but draws a weakconclusion
Concluding paragraph isnot apparent
2
6 Attitudes
Punctuality to the lab
Cooperatio
Excellent Good Fair Poor 2
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Total Score(max 72 ) = SUM{Score x Weightage}
Total Marks (max 30)= Total Score/2.4
*any part of the report suspected of plagiarsm will be given zero mark.
Lecturer :
Signature :
Date:
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ELX 218 ElectronicsFebruary 2012
EXPERIMENT 1: INVERTING AND NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
OBJECTIVE
To construct the inverting and non-inverting op-amp circuit and verify the output
THEORY
1. The op-amp is a dc amplifier which has high gain due to the high input impedance and low output impedance.
2. The schematic diagram of an op-amp is shown below.
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a basic op-amp.
3. A basic op-amp requires two power supply, a +Vss and –Vss.
4. There are two inputs, the inverting input and non-inverting input.
5. The output of the op-amp depends on the two inputs and the feedback resistors.
6. When the input of the inverting terminal is higher than the non-inverting terminal, the output produces an amplified out-of-phase voltage.
7. On the contrary, if the input of the non-inverting terminal is higher, the output is an amplified in-phase voltage.
8. The open-loop gain is the maximum possible gain of an op-amp since there is no feedback resistor.
9. When feedback resistors are included, the effective voltage gain of the op-amp is reduced.This provides some form of control of the gain of the op-amp.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
No Apparatus Range Quantity1 Operational amplifier IC741 12 Resistors 1kΩ,5kΩ, 10kΩ Each One3 Function generator - 14 Bread board - 15 Power supply (30-0-30)V 16 Multimeter - 17 Connecting wires - Few8 Battery 1.5V 1
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Figure 2: Open loop op-amp with 1.5 V inverting input.
Figure 3: Open loop op-amp with 1.5 V non-inverting input.
Figure 4: Open loop op-amp with non-inverting input higher than inverting input.
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Figure 5: Open loop op-amp with inverting input higher than non-inverting input.
Figure 6: Inverting amplifier.
Figure 7: Non-inverting amplifier
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PROCEDURE
1. First the circuit is constructed as in Figure 2. The output of the inverting open loop op-amp is recorded.
2. Next the input is connected to the non-inverting terminal as in Figure 3. The output is then noted.
3. The circuit is then arranged as in Figure 4 where the input to the non-inverting terminal is higher. The output of the op-amp recorded.
4. Both of the inputs are then swapped between the two terminals as in Figure 5 so that the input of the inverting terminal is higher. The output is then recorded.
5. The inverting amplifier circuit with feedback is then constructed as in Figure 6. The output of the op-amp is recorded.
6. Finally, the non-inverting amplifier with feedback is constructed as shown in Figure 7. The output of the op-amp recorded.
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CALCULATION
1. The gain of the open loop op-amp is the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage. The formulae is given as;
2. In figure 4 and 5 where there are two supplies, the input voltage is the voltage difference of the two terminals. Hence, the output phase is determined by the terminal with higher input.
3. For inverting amplifier, the derivation is given as;
Since op-amp has high input impedance, I1=I2
Since gain A is very large, . Va is referred as virtual ground.
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Therefore,
As we know,
Given Vi=1.5V,
For non-inverting amplifier, the derivation is given as;
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Since,
Since gain is very large, R1 and R2 at denominator
Hence,
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As we know,
Given Vi=1.5V,
RESULTS
RE S U L T S 1 Figure 8: Open loop op-amp with 1.5 V inverting input with output measure by multimeter using multisim software.
Figure 8
RE S U L T S 2
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Figure 9: Open loop op-amp with 1.5 V non-inverting input with output measure by multimeter using multisim software.
Figure 9
RESULT 3
Figure 10: Open loop op-amp with non-inverting input higher than inverting input with output measure by multimeter using multisim software.
Figure 10
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RESULT 4
Figure 11: Open loop op-amp with inverting input higher than non-inverting input with output measure by multimeter using multisim software.
Figure 11
RESULT 5
Figure 12: Inverting amplifier with feedback with output measure by multimeter using multisim software.
Figure 12
RESULT 6
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Figure 13: Non-inverting amplifier with feedback with output measure by multimeter using multisim software.
Figure 13
CONCLUSION
Operational Amplifiers have a very high open loop DC gain. When applying some form of Negative Feedback, then the operational amplifier circuit will has a very precise gain characteristic that is dependent on the feedback used. An operational amplifier only reacts to the deviation between the voltages on its two input terminals, known as the "Differential Input Voltage" and not to their common potential. If the same voltage potential is applied to both terminals the resultant output will be zero. An Operational Amplifiers gain is known as the Open Loop Differential Gain(Ao).