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¿Por qué invertir en una startup?
Alex Barrera@abarrera
Enrédate Elx 2010
¿Start-up?
Empresa garaje
Empresa Baño
Base tecnologica
Base tecnologica
Innovadora
Innovadora
SpainKey indicators, 2009
Population (millions).................................................44.9GDP (US$ billions)................................................1,464.0GDP per capita (US$) ...........................................31,946GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total .................1.96
Global Competitiveness Index
GCI 2010–2011.........................................................42 ......4.5GCI 2009–2010 (out of 133)..................................................33 ........4.6GCI 2008–2009 (out of 134)..................................................29 ........4.7
Basic requirements.............................................................38 ........5.11st pillar: Institutions ...........................................................53 ........4.32nd pillar: Infrastructure.....................................................14 ........5.73rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment .........................66 ........4.64th pillar: Health and primary education .........................49 ........6.0
Efficiency enhancers..........................................................32 ........4.65th pillar: Higher education and training .........................31 ........4.96th pillar: Goods market efficiency...................................62 ........4.27th pillar: Labor market efficiency ..................................115 ........3.98th pillar: Financial market development.........................56 ........4.39th pillar: Technological readiness...................................30 ........4.610th pillar: Market size........................................................13 ........5.5
Innovation and sophistication factors ............................41 ........4.011th pillar: Business sophistication..................................35 ........4.512th pillar: Innovation..........................................................46 ........3.5
The most problematic factors for doing businessAccess to financing......................................................23.4Restrictive labor regulations.......................................21.6Inefficient government bureaucracy.........................15.9Inadequately educated workforce...............................8.6Tax rates ...........................................................................8.6Tax regulations ................................................................7.9Poor work ethic in national labor force ......................3.1Corruption.........................................................................2.9Inadequate supply of infrastructure ............................2.6Policy instability...............................................................2.4Inflation .............................................................................1.3Poor public health ...........................................................0.6Foreign currency regulations........................................0.5Government instability/coups .......................................0.5Crime and theft ................................................................0.2
Rank Score(out of 139) (1–7)
304
2.1:
Cou
ntry
/Eco
nom
y Pr
ofile
s
GDP (PPP) per capita (int'l $), 1980–2009
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Percent of responses
Note: From a list of 15 factors, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between 1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.
1 Transition1–2 2 Transition
2 –3
Factordriven
Efficiencydriven
Innovationdriven
3
Stage of development
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Spain Advanced economies
Spain Innovation-driven economies
Institutions
Infrastructure
Macroeconomic environment
Health and primary
education
Higher education and training
Goods market efficiency
Labor market efficiency
Financial market development
Technological readiness
Market size
Business sophistication
Innovation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 © 2010 World Economic Forum
Innovadora
SpainKey indicators, 2009
Population (millions).................................................44.9GDP (US$ billions)................................................1,464.0GDP per capita (US$) ...........................................31,946GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total .................1.96
Global Competitiveness Index
GCI 2010–2011.........................................................42 ......4.5GCI 2009–2010 (out of 133)..................................................33 ........4.6GCI 2008–2009 (out of 134)..................................................29 ........4.7
Basic requirements.............................................................38 ........5.11st pillar: Institutions ...........................................................53 ........4.32nd pillar: Infrastructure.....................................................14 ........5.73rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment .........................66 ........4.64th pillar: Health and primary education .........................49 ........6.0
Efficiency enhancers..........................................................32 ........4.65th pillar: Higher education and training .........................31 ........4.96th pillar: Goods market efficiency...................................62 ........4.27th pillar: Labor market efficiency ..................................115 ........3.98th pillar: Financial market development.........................56 ........4.39th pillar: Technological readiness...................................30 ........4.610th pillar: Market size........................................................13 ........5.5
Innovation and sophistication factors ............................41 ........4.011th pillar: Business sophistication..................................35 ........4.512th pillar: Innovation..........................................................46 ........3.5
The most problematic factors for doing businessAccess to financing......................................................23.4Restrictive labor regulations.......................................21.6Inefficient government bureaucracy.........................15.9Inadequately educated workforce...............................8.6Tax rates ...........................................................................8.6Tax regulations ................................................................7.9Poor work ethic in national labor force ......................3.1Corruption.........................................................................2.9Inadequate supply of infrastructure ............................2.6Policy instability...............................................................2.4Inflation .............................................................................1.3Poor public health ...........................................................0.6Foreign currency regulations........................................0.5Government instability/coups .......................................0.5Crime and theft ................................................................0.2
Rank Score(out of 139) (1–7)
304
2.1:
Cou
ntry
/Eco
nom
y Pr
ofile
s
GDP (PPP) per capita (int'l $), 1980–2009
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Percent of responses
Note: From a list of 15 factors, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between 1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.
1 Transition1–2 2 Transition
2 –3
Factordriven
Efficiencydriven
Innovationdriven
3
Stage of development
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Spain Advanced economies
Spain Innovation-driven economies
Institutions
Infrastructure
Macroeconomic environment
Health and primary
education
Higher education and training
Goods market efficiency
Labor market efficiency
Financial market development
Technological readiness
Market size
Business sophistication
Innovation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 © 2010 World Economic Forum
Fuente: Global Competitiveness Report. WEF Davos 2010
Innovadora
305
2.1:
Cou
ntry
/Eco
nom
y Pr
ofile
s
The Global Competitiveness Index in detailINDICATOR RANK/139
1st pillar: Institutions1.01 Property rights.........................................................................451.02 Intellectual property protection ...............................................421.03 Diversion of public funds.........................................................501.04 Public trust of politicians .........................................................751.05 Irregular payments and bribes.................................................391.06 Judicial independence .............................................................661.07 Favoritism in decisions of government officials......................571.08 Wastefulness of government spending ................................1011.09 Burden of government regulation .........................................1101.10 Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes ..................741.11 Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regulations ........651.12 Transparency of government policymaking.............................701.13 Business costs of terrorism ..................................................1171.14 Business costs of crime and violence.....................................521.15 Organized crime ......................................................................601.16 Reliability of police services ....................................................251.17 Ethical behavior of firms..........................................................411.18 Strength of auditing and reporting standards..........................571.19 Efficacy of corporate boards ...................................................931.20 Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ........................741.21 Strength of investor protection* .............................................77
2nd pillar: Infrastructure2.01 Quality of overall infrastructure ...............................................222.02 Quality of roads .......................................................................202.03 Quality of railroad infrastructure..............................................132.04 Quality of port infrastructure ...................................................182.05 Quality of air transport infrastructure ......................................312.06 Available airline seat kilometers* ..............................................82.07 Quality of electricity supply .....................................................362.08 Fixed telephone lines* ............................................................202.09 Mobile telephone subscriptions* ............................................43
3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment3.01 Government budget balance* ...............................................1223.02 National savings rate* .............................................................713.03 Inflation*..................................................................................163.04 Interest rate spread* ...............................................................503.05 Government debt* ................................................................1053.06 Country credit rating*..............................................................22
4th pillar: Health and primary education4.01 Business impact of malaria .......................................................14.02 Malaria incidence*.....................................................................14.03 Business impact of tuberculosis .............................................144.04 Tuberculosis incidence* ..........................................................394.05 Business impact of HIV/AIDS..................................................224.06 HIV prevalence* ......................................................................824.07 Infant mortality* ......................................................................174.08 Life expectancy* .......................................................................94.09 Quality of primary education ...................................................934.10 Primary education enrollment rate* ..........................................4
5th pillar: Higher education and training5.01 Secondary education enrollment rate* .....................................35.02 Tertiary education enrollment rate*.........................................175.03 Quality of the educational system.........................................1075.04 Quality of math and science education.................................1145.05 Quality of management schools ...............................................85.06 Internet access in schools.......................................................535.07 Local availability of research and training services..................265.08 Extent of staff training.............................................................89
INDICATOR RANK/139
6th pillar: Goods market efficiency6.01 Intensity of local competition ..................................................266.02 Extent of market dominance...................................................326.03 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ....................................336.04 Extent and effect of taxation.................................................1126.05 Total tax rate*........................................................................1126.06 Number of procedures required to start a business* .............996.07 Time required to start a business*........................................1176.08 Agricultural policy costs.........................................................1056.09 Prevalence of trade barriers ....................................................356.10 Trade tariffs*..............................................................................46.11 Prevalence of foreign ownership ............................................286.12 Business impact of rules on FDI .............................................766.13 Burden of customs procedures...............................................446.14 Degree of customer orientation ..............................................666.15 Buyer sophistication ................................................................47
7th pillar: Labor market efficiency7.01 Cooperation in labor-employer relations................................1037.02 Flexibility of wage determination ..........................................1247.03 Rigidity of employment* .......................................................1197.04 Hiring and firing practices......................................................1377.05 Redundancy costs* .................................................................897.06 Pay and productivity ..............................................................1097.07 Reliance on professional management ...................................567.08 Brain drain ...............................................................................527.09 Female participation in labor force* ........................................83
8th pillar: Financial market development8.01 Availability of financial services ...............................................258.02 Affordability of financial services.............................................238.03 Financing through local equity market ....................................818.04 Ease of access to loans...........................................................858.05 Venture capital availability........................................................588.06 Restriction on capital flows .....................................................448.07 Soundness of banks ................................................................438.08 Regulation of securities exchanges ......................................1128.09 Legal rights index* ..................................................................60
9th pillar: Technological readiness9.01 Availability of latest technologies ............................................329.02 Firm-level technology absorption ............................................499.03 FDI and technology transfer....................................................579.04 Internet users* ........................................................................329.05 Broadband Internet subscriptions* .........................................299.06 Internet bandwidth* ................................................................28
10th pillar: Market size10.01 Domestic market size index*..................................................1210.02 Foreign market size index* .....................................................19
11th pillar: Business sophistication11.01 Local supplier quantity.............................................................1511.02 Local supplier quality ...............................................................2611.03 State of cluster development..................................................3611.04 Nature of competitive advantage ............................................3211.05 Value chain breadth .................................................................2511.06 Control of international distribution .........................................5711.07 Production process sophistication...........................................4011.08 Extent of marketing.................................................................3811.09 Willingness to delegate authority............................................61
12th pillar: Innovation12.01 Capacity for innovation ............................................................4212.02 Quality of scientific research institutions ................................4312.03 Company spending on R&D....................................................4712.04 University-industry collaboration in R&D.................................4612.05 Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ......................8812.06 Availability of scientists and engineers ...................................4712.07 Utility patents per million population*.....................................28
Spain
Notes: Ranks of notable competitive advantages are highlighted. An asterisk (*) indicates that data are from sources other than the World Economic Forum.For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” at the beginning of this chapter.
The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 © 2010 World Economic Forum
341
2.1:
Cou
ntry
/Eco
nom
y Pr
ofile
s
The Global Competitiveness Index in detailINDICATOR RANK/139
1st pillar: Institutions1.01 Property rights.........................................................................401.02 Intellectual property protection ...............................................241.03 Diversion of public funds.........................................................341.04 Public trust of politicians .........................................................541.05 Irregular payments and bribes.................................................401.06 Judicial independence .............................................................351.07 Favoritism in decisions of government officials......................551.08 Wastefulness of government spending ..................................681.09 Burden of government regulation ...........................................491.10 Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes ..................331.11 Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regulations ........351.12 Transparency of government policymaking.............................411.13 Business costs of terrorism ..................................................1251.14 Business costs of crime and violence.....................................841.15 Organized crime ......................................................................861.16 Reliability of police services ....................................................261.17 Ethical behavior of firms..........................................................301.18 Strength of auditing and reporting standards..........................551.19 Efficacy of corporate boards ...................................................281.20 Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ........................401.21 Strength of investor protection* ...............................................5
2nd pillar: Infrastructure2.01 Quality of overall infrastructure ...............................................232.02 Quality of roads .......................................................................192.03 Quality of railroad infrastructure..............................................182.04 Quality of port infrastructure ...................................................222.05 Quality of air transport infrastructure ......................................322.06 Available airline seat kilometers* ..............................................12.07 Quality of electricity supply .....................................................232.08 Fixed telephone lines* ............................................................162.09 Mobile telephone subscriptions* ............................................71
3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment3.01 Government budget balance* ...............................................1183.02 National savings rate* ...........................................................1303.03 Inflation*..................................................................................153.04 Interest rate spread* ...............................................................263.05 Government debt* ................................................................1223.06 Country credit rating*..............................................................11
4th pillar: Health and primary education4.01 Business impact of malaria .......................................................14.02 Malaria incidence*.....................................................................14.03 Business impact of tuberculosis .............................................534.04 Tuberculosis incidence* ............................................................64.05 Business impact of HIV/AIDS..................................................804.06 HIV prevalence* ......................................................................894.07 Infant mortality* ......................................................................414.08 Life expectancy* .....................................................................344.09 Quality of primary education ...................................................344.10 Primary education enrollment rate* ........................................79
5th pillar: Higher education and training5.01 Secondary education enrollment rate* ...................................455.02 Tertiary education enrollment rate*...........................................65.03 Quality of the educational system...........................................265.04 Quality of math and science education...................................525.05 Quality of management schools .............................................115.06 Internet access in schools.......................................................145.07 Local availability of research and training services..................105.08 Extent of staff training.............................................................10
INDICATOR RANK/139
6th pillar: Goods market efficiency6.01 Intensity of local competition ..................................................166.02 Extent of market dominance.....................................................96.03 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ....................................176.04 Extent and effect of taxation...................................................716.05 Total tax rate*..........................................................................896.06 Number of procedures required to start a business* .............346.07 Time required to start a business*..........................................136.08 Agricultural policy costs...........................................................586.09 Prevalence of trade barriers ....................................................676.10 Trade tariffs*............................................................................326.11 Prevalence of foreign ownership ............................................476.12 Business impact of rules on FDI .............................................776.13 Burden of customs procedures...............................................486.14 Degree of customer orientation ..............................................226.15 Buyer sophistication ................................................................13
7th pillar: Labor market efficiency7.01 Cooperation in labor-employer relations..................................337.02 Flexibility of wage determination ............................................347.03 Rigidity of employment* ...........................................................17.04 Hiring and firing practices..........................................................67.05 Redundancy costs* ...................................................................17.06 Pay and productivity ..................................................................97.07 Reliance on professional management ...................................157.08 Brain drain .................................................................................37.09 Female participation in labor force* ........................................49
8th pillar: Financial market development8.01 Availability of financial services ...............................................158.02 Affordability of financial services.............................................218.03 Financing through local equity market ....................................368.04 Ease of access to loans...........................................................348.05 Venture capital availability........................................................138.06 Restriction on capital flows .....................................................698.07 Soundness of banks ..............................................................1118.08 Regulation of securities exchanges ........................................648.09 Legal rights index* ..................................................................20
9th pillar: Technological readiness9.01 Availability of latest technologies ..............................................79.02 Firm-level technology absorption ............................................119.03 FDI and technology transfer....................................................559.04 Internet users* ........................................................................179.05 Broadband Internet subscriptions* .........................................169.06 Internet bandwidth* ................................................................29
10th pillar: Market size10.01 Domestic market size index*....................................................110.02 Foreign market size index* .......................................................2
11th pillar: Business sophistication11.01 Local supplier quantity.............................................................1111.02 Local supplier quality ...............................................................1411.03 State of cluster development....................................................611.04 Nature of competitive advantage ............................................1911.05 Value chain breadth .................................................................1511.06 Control of international distribution ...........................................811.07 Production process sophistication...........................................1111.08 Extent of marketing...................................................................111.09 Willingness to delegate authority..............................................8
12th pillar: Innovation12.01 Capacity for innovation ..............................................................612.02 Quality of scientific research institutions ..................................412.03 Company spending on R&D......................................................612.04 University-industry collaboration in R&D...................................112.05 Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ........................512.06 Availability of scientists and engineers .....................................412.07 Utility patents per million population*.......................................3
United States
Notes: Ranks of notable competitive advantages are highlighted. An asterisk (*) indicates that data are from sources other than the World Economic Forum.For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” at the beginning of this chapter.
The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 © 2010 World Economic Forum
Fuente: Global Competitiveness Report. WEF Davos 2010
M & A
M & A
Mueren rápido
Mueren rápido
9/10
Baratas
Alto potencial
Alto potencial
Alto potencial
SpainKey indicators, 2009
Population (millions).................................................44.9GDP (US$ billions)................................................1,464.0GDP per capita (US$) ...........................................31,946GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total .................1.96
Global Competitiveness Index
GCI 2010–2011.........................................................42 ......4.5GCI 2009–2010 (out of 133)..................................................33 ........4.6GCI 2008–2009 (out of 134)..................................................29 ........4.7
Basic requirements.............................................................38 ........5.11st pillar: Institutions ...........................................................53 ........4.32nd pillar: Infrastructure.....................................................14 ........5.73rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment .........................66 ........4.64th pillar: Health and primary education .........................49 ........6.0
Efficiency enhancers..........................................................32 ........4.65th pillar: Higher education and training .........................31 ........4.96th pillar: Goods market efficiency...................................62 ........4.27th pillar: Labor market efficiency ..................................115 ........3.98th pillar: Financial market development.........................56 ........4.39th pillar: Technological readiness...................................30 ........4.610th pillar: Market size........................................................13 ........5.5
Innovation and sophistication factors ............................41 ........4.011th pillar: Business sophistication..................................35 ........4.512th pillar: Innovation..........................................................46 ........3.5
The most problematic factors for doing businessAccess to financing......................................................23.4Restrictive labor regulations.......................................21.6Inefficient government bureaucracy.........................15.9Inadequately educated workforce...............................8.6Tax rates ...........................................................................8.6Tax regulations ................................................................7.9Poor work ethic in national labor force ......................3.1Corruption.........................................................................2.9Inadequate supply of infrastructure ............................2.6Policy instability...............................................................2.4Inflation .............................................................................1.3Poor public health ...........................................................0.6Foreign currency regulations........................................0.5Government instability/coups .......................................0.5Crime and theft ................................................................0.2
Rank Score(out of 139) (1–7)
304
2.1:
Cou
ntry
/Eco
nom
y Pr
ofile
s
GDP (PPP) per capita (int'l $), 1980–2009
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Percent of responses
Note: From a list of 15 factors, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between 1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.
1 Transition1–2 2 Transition
2 –3
Factordriven
Efficiencydriven
Innovationdriven
3
Stage of development
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Spain Advanced economies
Spain Innovation-driven economies
Institutions
Infrastructure
Macroeconomic environment
Health and primary
education
Higher education and training
Goods market efficiency
Labor market efficiency
Financial market development
Technological readiness
Market size
Business sophistication
Innovation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 © 2010 World Economic ForumFuente: Global Competitiveness Report. WEF Davos 2010
El futuro
El futuro
Gracias
Alex Barrera@abarrera
Enrédate Elx 2010
