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AGUINALDO IN EXILEFILIPINO EXILES IN HONG KONG
Emilio Aguinaldo led 36 other revolutionaryleaders into exile in the British colony. Theywere:
Pedro Aguinaldo
Tomas Aguinaldo
Joaquin Alejandrino
Celestino Aragon
Jose Aragon
Primitivo Artacho
Vito Belarmino
Agapito Bonzon
Antonio Carlos
Eugenio dela Cruz
Agustin Dela Rosa
Gregorio H. del Pilar
Lino Viola
Valentin Diaz
Salvador Estrella
Vitaliano Famular
Dr. Anastacio Francisco
Pedro Francisco
Francisco Frani
Maximo Kabigting
Vicente Kagton
Silvestre Legaspi
Teodoro Legaspi
Mariano Llanera
Doroteo Lopez
Vicente Lukban
Lazaro Makapagal
Miguel Malvar
Tomas Mascardo
Antonio Montenegro
Benito Natividad
Carlos Ronquillo
Manuel Tinio
Miguel Valenzuela
Wenceslao Viniegra
Escolastico Viola
BATTLE OF MANILA BAYSPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
DATE:
May 1 1898
RESULT:
U. S. Victory
BELLIGERENTS:
United States and Kingdom of Spain
COMMANDERS:
George Dewey and Patricio Montojo
LOCATION:
Near Manila, Philippines
BATTLE OF MANILA BAYSPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
INTRODUCTION
25 April 1898, US declared war on Spain following the sinking of Battleship Mainon 15 Feb 1898
Considered as the FIRST MAJOR ENGAGEMENT of the Spanish-American War
One of the most DECISIVE NAVAL BATTLES in history
War ended with the signing of Treaty of Paris on 10 December 1898
BATTLE OF MANILA BAYSPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
BACKGROUND
1492, Spain was the first European nation to sail westward across the AtlanticOcean, explore and colonize nations on the Western Hemisphere
Amongst their colonies back then, Cuba was the first to initiate a struggle forindependence
Commodore George Dewey sailed from Hong Kong
"You may fire when ready, Gridley“
The Spanish fleet under Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo was destroyed
AGUINALDO RETURNS
Emilio Famy Aguinaldo returned to Manila with thirteen of his staff on May19 aboard the American revenue cutter McCulloch, Aguinaldo reassumed commandof Filipino rebel forces.
When General Emilio Famy Aguinaldo returned to the country from his exile in HongKong in May 1898, the truce signed between Filipino revolutionists and Spaniards atBiak-na-Bato in December 1897 had been broken in many parts of the country.
Five days after his arrival, on May 24, upon the advise of Ambrosio Rianzares,Aguinaldo temporarily established a dictatorial government, but plans were afootto proclaim the independence of the country.
AGUINALDO AND COMMODORE DEWEY
EMILIO AGUINALDO:
"The Admiral added that the United States had come to the Philippines to protect the natives and free them from theyoke of Spain. He said, moreover, that America is exceedingly well off as regards territory, revenue, and resourcesand therefore needs no colonies, assuring me finally that there was no occasion for me to entertain any doubtswhatever about the recognition of the Independence of the Philippines by the United States.“
Aguinaldo, in his book, "A Second Look At America," admitted he naively believedthat Dewey "acted in good faith" on behalf of the Filipinos.
AGUINALDO AND COMMODORE DEWEY
In late May, Dewey was ordered by the U.S. Department of theNavy to distance himself from Aguinaldo lest he make untowardcommitments to the Philippine forces.
Dewey referred to the Filipinos as "the Indians" and promisedWashington, D.C. that he would "enter the city (Manila) and keepthe Indians out.“
THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT
Filipino rebels routed the Spaniards in Alapan, Cavite.
By early June, with no arms supplied by Dewey, Aguinaldo's forces hadoverwhelmed Spanish garrisons in Cavite and around Manila, surrounded the capitalwith 14 miles of trenches, captured the Manila waterworks and shut off access orescape by the Pasig River. Links were established with other movements throughoutthe country.
With the exception of Muslim areas on Mindanao and nearby islands, the Filipinoshad taken effective control of the rest of the Philippines.
Aguinaldo's 12,000 troops kept the Spanish soldiers bottled up inside Manila untilAmerican troop reinforcements could arrive.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo proclaimedPhilippine independence from the window ofhis house in Kawit, Cavite, and waved thePhilippine Flag officially for the first time tothe martial strains of the new nationalanthem.
THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL FLAG
The event saw the unfurling of theNational Flag of the Philippines, made inHong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo, LorenzaAgoncillo, and Delfina Herboza.
The original design of the flag adopted amythical sun with a face, a symbol commonto several former Spanish colonies.
The flag of Cuba influenced the design ofthe flag of the Philippines as Cuba'srevolution against Spain inspired, to somedegree, the Philippine Revolution.
THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL FLAG
8 PROVINCES THAT FIRST STARTED 1896 PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION:
Manila
Cavite
Bulacan
Pampanga
Nueva Ecija
Tarlac
Laguna
Batangas
PROPOSALS
EMMANUEL OSORIO
PRES. FIDEL V. RAMOS
HALF-MAST
Upon the official announcement of the death of the President or a former President,the flag should be flown at half-mast for ten days
The flag should be flown at half-mast for seven days following the death ofthe Vice President, the Chief Justice, the President of the Senate or the Speaker ofthe House of Representatives
The flag may also be required to fly at half-mast upon the death of other personsto be determined by the National Historical Institute, for a period less than sevendays
The flag shall be flown at half-mast on all the buildings and places where thedecedent was holding office, on the day of death until the day of interment of anincumbent member.
MARCHA FILIPINA MAGDALO
Marcha Filipina Magdalo, now knownas Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land), wascomposed by Julián Felipe.
Originally written as incidental music, it did nothave lyrics when it was adopted as the anthemof the revolutionary First PhilippineRepublic and subsequently played duringthe proclamation of Philippine independence onJune 12, 1898.
The lyrics were then adapted fromthe Spanish poem Filipinas, written by JoséPalma in 1899.
R.A. 8491
oLupang Hinirang "shall be in accordance with the musical arrangement andcomposition of Julián Felipe.“
oDuring televised boxing matches featuring Filipino boxer Manny Pacquiao, singershave been both praised and criticized by the National Historical Institute (NHI) forsinging too slow or too fast.
Martin Nievera (Pacquiao-Hatton)
Sarah Geronimo (Pacquiao-Morales III)
Zyrene parsad (Pacquiao-Margarito)
Jennifer Bautista (Pacquiao-Morales II)
oThe NHI says that the proper tempo is a two-fourths beat and 100 metronomes andthat it should last 53 seconds.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared, written, and readby Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish. The Declaration was signed by 98 people
Aguinaldo issued several important decrees reorganizing the government in theliberated provinces: the decree of June 18 reorganized municipalities and provinces,through the election of Popular Assemblies, whose heads the town chiefs then electedthe provincial councils. The decree also provided for the election of delegates to theRevolutionary Congress by the town chiefs.
August 1, 1898, town officials assembled at Bacoor, then the seat of theRevolutionary government, and ratified the newly proclaimed Philippineindependence.
STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE
The declaration was neverrecognized by either the UnitedStates or Spain.
Later in 1898, Spain ceded thePhilippines to the United States inthe 1898 Treaty of Paris that endedthe Spanish-American War.
1898 TREATY OF PARIS
The Treaty of Paris of 1898, 30 Stat. 1754, was an agreement made in 1898 thatresulted in the Spanish Empire's surrendering control of Cuba and ceding Puerto Rico,parts of the Spanish West Indies, the island of Guam, and the Philippines tothe United States.
The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of $20 million from the UnitedStates to the Spanish Empire.
The treaty was signed on December 10, 1898, and ended the Spanish-AmericanWar.
The Treaty of Paris signaled the end of the Spanish Empire in the Americas andthe Pacific Islands, and it marked the beginning of the age of the United States as aworld power.
THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
The Revolutionary Government is anothergovernment established by Gen. EmilioAguinaldo on the 23rd day of June in theyear 1898; replacing the dictatorialgovernment.
This government aims to struggle for thePhilippine independence until the foreigncountries including Spain will recognized thePhilippines. It also aims for the futureestablishment of the real republic.
THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
change of government from Dictatorial to Revolutionary
change of the Executive title from Dictator to President
establishment of four major departments including that of foreign affairs, navy and commerce
war and public works
agriculture and manufacture industries
appointment of delegates to the Revolutionary Congress from the non-liberated provinces
creation of the Executive Board of the Revolutionary Committee at Hong Kong
On June 20, Aguinaldo issued a decree organizing the judiciary, and on June
23, again upon Mabini’s advice, major changes were promulgated and
implemented:
THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
As Mabini envisioned it, the Revolutionary Congress created by the June 18 decreehad several aims: to promote the interest of the Filipinos through the passage ofrelevant laws and to serve as the Executive’s advisory body.
On September 15 Aguinaldo formally opened the revolutionary congress at thechurch of Barasoain in Malolos.
Later the representatives elected their officers:
PRESIDENT: Pedro Paterno
VICE-PRESIDENT: Benito Legarda
FIRST SECRETARY: Gregorio Araneta
SECOND SECRETARY: Pablo Ocampo
THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
It was not long after their first convening that the Malolos Representatives ran into conflictwith Mabini, who believed that the times demanded not the writing of a supreme law, whichrequired the luxury of time, but an executive made strong by congressional support.
In the end Congress prevailed over Mabini, and began their constitutional work.
There were three draft constitutions presented by:
- Pedro Paterno
- Apolinario Mabini
-Felipe Calderon
Calderon’s draft, influenced by constitutions of various South American nations, was eventuallychosen.