Post on 02-Jun-2018
transcript
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
1/41
Energy Efficient Technologies
Energy Conscious ArchitectureSem 8 combined, Gateway College of Architecture and Design
04tharch !0"#
Ac$nowledgement% &r '( '( )am, *ni+ersity of ong 'ong
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
2/41
Energy and the EnvironmentEnergy and the Environment
Energy production causes particulate emission,
acid rain and global warming
Energy efficient technologies help theenvironment & are cost effective
Other green initiatives may not be cost effective
but have intangible benefits and improvecorporate image, e.g. renewable energy
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
3/41
Energy and the EnvironmentEnergy and the Environment
Energy efficiency of a country should be
considered under 3 issues:
1. Economic efficiency is a measure of the
energy required to support economic activities
!"#$%'
(. )ocietal efficiency is a measure of the amount
of energy used by each citi*en !"#$%'
3. Environmental efficiency is a measure of the
amount of emission to produce unit energy
+O(emission per !"'
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
4/41
Energy Efficiency in BuildingsEnergy Efficiency in Buildings
Architectural measures
Lighting Air-conditioning
Electrical
Lifts and escalators
Plumbing & drainage
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
5/41
Architectural MeasuresArchitectural Measures
Building orientation to enhance natural ventilationand natural lighting and to reduce solar gains
Sun shading devices
Central location of plant rooms to minimize losses Stacing of plant rooms on different floors
!mproving "##$ %overall thermal transfer value
Better glazing' lo(-E & reflective glass
)reen roof
Better insulation of e*ternal facade
+educe infiltration
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
6/41
LightingLighting
Lamp type Luminous efficiency Lamp life
&ncandescent 8 - !" )m./ 10 to !,100 hours
Tungsten%halogen "8 % !4 4,000
ercury +a2our !3 % 10 !4,000
etal halide 3" - "00 ,000 to !0,000
luorescent 0 - "00 5,000 to !0,000
igh 2ressure sodium 1 - "!1 "3,000 to !4,000
)ow 2ressure sodium "10 "8,000
&nduction lam2 0 % 80 30,000 to "00,000
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
7/41
LightingLighting
#, (ith electronic ballast igh efficienc. #/ %#/ E
igh output #/ %#/ " !nduction lamp Self luminous e*it sign Compact fluorescent lamp 0immable electronic ballast "ccupanc. sensor
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
8/41
T8 & T5 (1200 mm)T8 & T5 (1200 mm)
#/ E 1,2 -1344 lm5 647836
%including ballast loss lm82
%9/4C ambient #, 912 %Electronic -1344 lm5
378,9 lm82 %1/4C ambient #, 9: 2 %;agnetic -9444 lm5
,:8:/ lm82
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
9/41
T5 HE & T5 HOT5 HE & T5 HO
Lumen output' 1344 lm $s /444 lm Lamp po(er' 1,2 $s /72 Efficac.' 647 lm82 $s 39lm82
;aintenance at 64444hr' both 31< +ated Life' both 14444 hr #/ E lamps are suitable for replacing #, lamps
Plug & enhance adaptor is available for installing#/ tube directl. into a #, fitting #/ " lamps are suitable for space (ith high
ceiling
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
10/41
Advantage of T5Advantage of T5
Energ. efficient (ith pa. bac (ithin 1 .ears =its e*actl. into ceiling grid
Suitable for vie(ing computer monitor Better lumen maintenance and longer lamp life "ptimum performance at 9/4C
#/ fitting is onl. /4 mm deep and can suitcongested ceiling space ;ore environmental friendl. due to less
mercur.5 material in production and pacaging
%6*#,>1?/#/
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
11/41
#sing ;a Bridge5 ong @ong
induction lighting
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
12/41
Induction LampInduction Lamp
=lorescent lamp (ithout
electrode
Energ. transmission b.
magnetism
;ercur. as secondar. coil 1?:/ ;z %74-644 z for #/ +ated Life' :45444 hr %up to 6445444 hr 4 lm82 %,4 for e*ternal coil
Case stud. in a suash court' -6/42 induction $s 1/42 metal halide
- 17< energ. saving5 / .ears pa.bac
- 3< brighter
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
13/41
e!f !uminou" e#it "igne!f !uminou" e#it "ign
+el. on non-electricalillumination technolog.
Beta ra. on fluorescent
coating +ated life' 6/ .ears +adioactive tritium gas in glass tube Pa.bac less than 1 .ears if licensing fee
is e*cluded Eliminates po(er suppl. & (iring Eliminates maintenance on batter.
Approved for use b. =S0
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
14/41
$ompact %!uoe"cent Lamp$ompact %!uoe"cent Lamp
#he principles of operation of C=Lare similar to fluorescent lamp
C=L is designed as substitute for
incandescent lamp A 142 C=L is as bright as a 6442
incandescent lamp i?e? saves ,4uired will reduce withthe cube of the s2eed( or e=am2le, if the s2eedreduction is 80?, the 2ower re>uired is only 1"(!?
6 ost 7SD wor$s on the 2rinci2le of +arying fre>uency byelectronic circuitry
6 The 2ay bac$ 2eriod is around ! to 4 years6 7SD is suitable for 2um2, fan motor, chiller motor uires harmonic filter
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
19/41
igh Efficiency Motorigh Efficiency Motor
6 The higher the efficiency of the motor, the lessis its 2ower consum2tion(
6 anufacturer will normally 2roduce a series of
similar e>ui2ment that ha+e motors of differentefficiency( The more e=2ensi+e e>ui2ment will
ha+e high efficiency motor incor2orated(
6 &t is worthwhile to consider the life%cycle costingof different o2tions( &t is >uite normal for a more
e=2ensi+e e>ui2ment to achie+e lower life%cycle
cost(
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
20/41
eat !umpeat !ump
6 eat 2um2 wor$s as a re+ered cycle
refrigeration unit
6 eating 2ro+ided by the heat 2um2 is the heat
re@ection from the condenser
6 The co%efficient of 2erformance of the
condenser is higher than that of the
e+a2orator and can be more than 1
6 &f cooling is also re>uired, the efficiency of the
heat 2um2 will be e+en higher
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
21/41
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
22/41
$ree %ooling$ree %ooling
6 &f 2ro+isions are 2ro2erly allowed, free cooling
sa+es substantial energy during fall and winter
6 resh air A9 that is low in tem2erature and
humidity is used to 2ro+ide cooling of thes2ace without the hel2 of the cooling coil
6 Areas of the A inta$es, A ducts and A
dam2ers should be large enough for theamount of A re>uired for free cooling
6 or free cooling to be effecti+e, it is necessary
to e+aluate the comfort conditions of the s2ace
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
23/41
VAVVAV
6 7A7 system is most suitable for s2ace with +ariableload conditions, e(g( east or west e=ternal ones,conference room with +ariable occu2ancy(
6 The motor of the 7A7 air handling unit is ser+ed by a+ariable s2eed dri+e 7SD9
6 7A7 system can sa+e u2 to #0? of the fan 2ower
6 The su22ly air to a room is deli+ered by a 7A7 bo=
that su22lies +ariable +olume of air to suit the loadingre>uirement( &f the air re>uired is reduced during 2artload, the 2ressure within the main su22ly air duct willbe increased and this signal is detected by a2ressure sensor and transmitted to the 7SDcontroller to cause the fan to reduce its s2eed(
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
24/41
Variable &ater $lo' SystemVariable &ater $lo' System
6 7ariable water flow system is most suitable forsu22lying different >uantity of chilled water to s2acewith +ariable load conditions
6 The motor of the chilled water 2um2 is ser+ed by a
+ariable s2eed dri+e 7SD96 7A7 system can sa+e u2 to #0? of the 2um2 2ower6 The su22ly water to A*s and fan coil units is
controlled by regulating +al+es that su22lies +ariable
>uantity of water to suit the loading re>uirement( &fthe water re>uired is reduced during 2art load, the2ressure in the main water 2i2e duct will beincreased and this signal is detected by a 2ressuresensor and transmitted to the 7SD controller to
cause the 2um2 to reduce its s2eed(
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
25/41
V"VV"V
6 7ariable refrigerant flow is not 2ossible in the 2ast( Any
reduction in the system resistance to control flow would lead to
e+a2oration of refrigerant
6 Due to the ad+ance in com2uter technologies, it is now
2ossible to deli+er increased.reduced amount of refrigerant to
any load centre to suit re>uirement by a central com2uter
without the e+a2oration of refrigerant(
6 7:7 is energy efficient as the refrigerant e+a2orates at the DB
coil of the A* 2roducing much larger cooling effect than
chilled water
6 7:7 chiller is normally of modular design( )arger 2lant is
com2rised of more modular units(
6 Design of the refrigeration system is normally by the su22lier(
6 7:7 is e=2ensi+e and not widely used in '
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
26/41
&ater-cooled %ondenser&ater-cooled %ondenser
6 /ater%cooled condenser is more efficient than air%cooledcondenser due to lower condensing tem2erature
6 &f sea water is a+ailable, direct sea water cooled condenser isused( The used sea water is returned bac$ to the sea( &t is
about #0? more efficiency than air%cooled system(6 &n order to 2romote energy efficiency, the Go+ernmentallowed the use of fresh water for cooling towers indesignated 2ilot areas( The water cooled condenser is about!0? more efficiency than air%cooled condenser( Condenser
water needs water treatment to 2re+ent legionnaires disease(6 /ater%cooled condensers are installed inside building and
ha+e lower noise and thermal 2ollution(
6 /ater cooled condensers ha+e larger unit sies(
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
27/41
Automatic %ondenser ube %leaning DeviceAutomatic %ondenser ube %leaning Device
6 Scales are formed on the inner surface of thecondenser water tubes due to chemicals used inwater treatment and other im2urities in the water(
6 eriodical cleaning of the condenser tube can
im2ro+e heat transfer efficiency and sa+es about"0? of energy(6 Cleaning can be done manually in which case
sufficient maintenance s2ace is re>uired at one endof the condenser(
6 Automatic condenser tube cleaning de+ice is moredesirable( &t consists of cleaning balls usually ofmetal that is stored in +essel in a by%2ass 2i2e%wor$(&t will be used during the cleaning cycle by re+ersing
the flow direction through the condenser(
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
28/41
District %oolingDistrict %ooling
6 A district cooling scheme DCS9 consists of a central 2lantroom normally near the sea or a ri+er( The main water%cooled
chillers are +ery large and can ha+e a total ca2acity in e=cess
of "00,000 $/( Chilled water is distributed to 2remises by
underground 2i2elines(6 &f a DCS is a+ailable in your area, it is 2referable to @oin the
scheme(
6 &t is +ery energy efficient due to the im2ro+ed efficiency of
large 2lants and the ability to reduce the total 2lant sie as aresult of di+ersity(
6 The other main benefits are sa+ing of 2lant s2aces, less
maintenance re>uirements, sa+ing of o2eration costs and less
en+ironmental 2roblems(
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
29/41
ccupancy Sensorccupancy Sensor
;ccu2ancy sensors are
installed to switch off AC when
the occu2ants ha+e left the
room&t can be a C;! sensor
detects occu2ant9 or a infrared
sensor detects motion9&t can sa+e more than !0?
energy
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
30/41
%%MS%%MS
6 The CCS is usually 2art of a building management systemS9 which 2ro+ides com2uteried control of the +arious
systems of a building(
6 /ith good com2uter hard%wares and soft%wares, the CCS
enables the AC systems to o2erate as designed and at theo2timum efficiency le+el(
6 E=am2les of the functions of a CCS are
"( Closer control and monitoring of e>ui2ment and systems
!( ;2timum starting of chillers and other main 2lants#( Scheduling of 2lant o2eration
4( :emote o2eration of systems in +arious buildings from a central control
room
5. Exceptional reports for preventive maintenance
6 The CCS can 2ro+ide a 2otential sa+ings of "0 to !1?(
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
31/41
E!ectica!E!ectica!
Energ. efficient office euipment igh efficienc. transformer and motors
Energ. efficient cabling s.stem +evie( of tariff5 po(er factor and ualit.
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
32/41
Eneg Efficient Office E*uipmentEneg Efficient Office E*uipment
#he energ. consumption of office euipment %telephone5fa*5 photocopier5 computer5 monitor5 etc? increases ever.
.ear and has e*ceeded that used b. lighting?
Energ. efficient office euipment has lo( standb. po(er
consumption? #he poor euipment can have standb.
po(er several times that of an efficient euipment?
!t al(a.s pa.s to use office euipment (ith highl. rated
energ. efficienc. label? Set office euipment to energ. saving mode?
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
33/41
High Efficienc Tan"fome & +otoHigh Efficienc Tan"fome & +oto
0istribution transformer should have efficienc.
in e*cess of 3,
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
34/41
Eneg Efficient $a!ing "temEneg Efficient $a!ing "tem
#he )overnment promoted the use energ. efficient cablings.stem that (ill reduce energ. consumption through lo(er
copper losses and improve safet. through better po(er
ualit. at the same time?
#he location of the transformer room and main s(itch room
should be immediatel. adacent to5 above or belo( each
other?
#he copper losses should not e*ceed 4?/< of the total activepo(er transmitted along the circuit conductors at the rated
circuit current?
#he design of the s.stem can be found in the C"P for
Energ. Efficienc. of Electrical !nstallations
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
35/41
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
36/41
Lift" and E"ca!ato"Lift" and E"ca!ato"
igh efficienc. driving s.stem !ntelligent lift grouping and control
s.stem
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
37/41
High Efficienc 'iving "temHigh Efficienc 'iving "tem
AC$$ or $$$= driving s.stem should be
emplo.ed?
#he s.stem should also be designed (ith moreconcern for the possible impact on polluting
the po(er ualit. of the building suppl.
s.stem? 0edicated feeders should be provided for the
lifts and escalators circuits to facilitate future
energ. management and auditing purposes?
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
38/41
Inte!!igent Lift ouping & $onto!Inte!!igent Lift ouping & $onto!
Energ. efficienc. can be achieved b. intelligentcontrol of lifts and escalators?
)ood lift zoning5 grouping and response method
can improve (aiting time and provide opportunit.for dispatch of lift (ith energ. efficienc. as the
first consideration?
Energ. efficient mode for lifts during no loadcondition can be designed to suit the management?
Escalators can be controlled to provide reduced
speed during no load operation?
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
39/41
/!uming & 'ainage/!uming & 'ainage
Energ. efficienc. in P&0 s.stems aims at
reducing the consumption or (astage of (ater?
E*amples are' Self-closing taps #aps (ith sensor control
Automatic flushing cisterns (ith sensorcontrol
Lo( flo( 2C
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
40/41
"efu! efeence""efu! efeence"
Codes of Practice for Energ. Efficienc. of
Lighting5 Air Conditioning5 Electrical and
Lifts & Escalators !nstallations )uidelines on Energ. Efficienc. of
Lighting5 Air Conditioning5 Electrical and
Lifts & Escalators !nstallations Performance-based Building Energ. Code )uidelines on Performance-based Building
Energ. Code
8/9/2019 Energy efficient technologies ECA 04MArch2013.ppt
41/41