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Ethnobotany. Lecture 31
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University
April 17, 2013
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Outline
1 PharmacognosyPlant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
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Results of Exam 3: statistic summary
Summary:Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.32.00 54.00 57.00 56.85 64.00 69.00
Grades:F D C B max42 49 56 63 70
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Results of Exam 2: the curve
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Density estimation for Exam 3 (Biol 154)
Points
63(B)
42(F)
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
PharmacognosyPlant remedies for nervous system;
stimulants
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cola, Cola spp., Malvaceae, West Africa
Colae semenTropical tree, seeds contain caffeine and kolaninsCaffeine is antagonist of adenosine inhibitory receptors andnatural insecticide
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cola
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Caffeinated spiders make wrong webs
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Tea, Camellia sinensis, Theaceae, East Asia
Small evergreen shrubNative to China, cultivated there from 2500 BC
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Tea
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Tea facts
Young leaves and buds are mostly usedThere are fermented (black, pu-ehr, up to 3% of caffeine!) andnon-fermented (green) teasAll contain caffeine and small amounts of theobromine andtheophylline
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Coffee, Coffea arabica, Rubiaceae, East Africa
Small evergreen tree with regular growthNative to Ethiopia, was a local Yemen culture until XVIII century
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Coffee
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Coffee facts
Seeds contain up to 2.5% of caffeineMost of aromatic compounds (caffeol) are activated when frying
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cocoa, Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae, South America
Evergreen small tree with caulifloryCocoa beans are large fruits which go to cocoa, chocolate and oilproduction
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cocoa
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cocoa facts
Fermented and fried seeds contain 2% of theobrominePhosphodiesterase inhibitor which raises intracellular cAMP43% of world cocoa come from Côte d’Ivoire
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Theobromine
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis, Aquifoliaceae, SouthAmerica
Evergreen shrub from semi-deserts of South AmericaLeaves contain up to 2% of caffeineAnti-cancer and cancer effects were both stated
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Mate
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Yerba mate
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Guarana, Paulinia spp., Sapindaceae, South America
Tropical shrub with pinnate leaves; seed powder is used as a drinkExtremely high in caffeine (up to 6%), actually caffeine old namewas “guaranine”
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Guarana
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Summary
Most of stimulants / narcotics are analogs of neurotransmitters
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
For Further Reading
A. Shipunov.Ethnobotany [Electronic resource].2011—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310
M. Heinrich and others.Fundamentals of pharmacognosy amd phytotherapy (selectedchapters). [Electronic resource].Churchhill Livingstone, 2004.Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/heinrich2004_fund_pharm_part.djvuChapter 16.
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