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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2017, pp. 916–934 Article ID: IJCIET_08_04_106
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED
HYBRID COMPOSITE PRESSURE VESSELS
Eswara Kumar. A
Mechanical Engineering Department,
K. L. University, Guntur - 522502, A.P, India.
G R Sanjay Krishna
Mechanical Engineering Department,
K. L. University, Guntur - 522502, A.P, India.
Shahid Afridi. P
Mechanical Engineering Department,
K. L. University, Guntur - 522502, A.P, India.
Nagaraju. M
Mechanical Engineering Department,
DIET, Ganguru-521139, A.P, India
ABSTRACT
In the present work an attempt has been made to numerically investigate the
response of the hybrid composite material in different load conditions. Here a pressure
vessel made of hybrid composite was chosen and analyzed by using the finite element
simulation software Ansys workbench with ACP module. Two cases of hybrid composite
materials are considered. Each case will contain 8 layers of composite material aligned
in 0 deg direction. In the first case, each 4 layers are considered as one set and in the
second case each two layers are considered as one set. E-glass, S-glass, Kevlar and
graphite fibers with epoxy material were chosen as composite material. Static
structural, free vibration and buckling analysis were performed. In view of these three
analysis best composite combination was recommended.
Key words: Hybrid Composite, Buckling Analysis, Ansys Workbench, ACP, Free
Vibration.
Cite this Article: Eswara Kumar. A, G R Sanjay Krishna, Shahid Afridi. P and
Nagaraju. M, Finite Element Analysis of Laminated Hybrid Composite Pressure
Vessels. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp.
916–934.
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Eswara Kumar. A, G R Sanjay Krishna, Shahid Afridi. P and Nagaraju. M
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1. INTRODUCTION
A composite material is made by combining of two or more distinct materials which are
reinforcement and matrix each of which retains its distinctive properties to create a new
material. From past few decades, most of the aerospace vehicles are using the composite
materials. But these are not satisfying the different load conditions. So from few years onwards
to get better properties in different working conditions, hybrid composites are using. It is
combination of more than one composite layer in view of macro mechanics. In view of micro
mechanics, it contains different fibers. Hybrid composites are more advanced composites as
compared to conventional fiber reinforced polymer composites. They have better flexibility as
compared to other fiber reinforced composites. Normally it contains a high modulus fiber along
with low modulus fiber. The high-modulus fiber provides the stiffness and load bearing
qualities, whereas the low-modulus fiber makes the composite more damage tolerant and keeps
the material cost low. The mechanical properties of a hybrid composite can be varied by
changing volume fraction ratio and stacking sequence of different plies.
Gassan and Bledzki [1] said that coupling methods are used to modify the natural
reinforcing fibers which improve the properties of the composites. Interfacial adhesion of the
fiber is improved due to the reaction of the chemical groups in the coupling agent with polymer.
Rana et al. [2] introduced a new type of low energy and low cost composites having very good
properties which would be more preferable than the costly and high energy reinforcing fiber.
M. Xia, H. Takayanagi, K. Kemmochi [3] developed two methods which are used for the
analysis of the multi-ply cylindrical pipes to detect the deformations and stresses generated
when they are subjected to transverse loading. M. Xia, H. Takayanagi and K. Kemmochi [4]
done analysis on the multi layered filament wound structures and found that the hoop to axial
stresses in every layer are different in cylindrical pressure vessels with different ply
orientation.N. Venkateshwaran [5] found that the analytical tensile properties of hybrid
materials which are estimated by the rule of hybrid composites equation are higher than the
experimental properties.
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
To study the effect of hybrid composite materials on the pressure vessels in Static Structural,
Pre-Stressed Modal analysis and Eigen value Buckling Analysis point of view.
2.1. Methodology:
Ansys workbench 17.2 which is finite element method simulation software was used to
perform the analysis. A hybrid composite pressure vessel was modelled using Ansys Composite
Pre-Post (ACP) 17.2.
The schematic view of the static structural, pre-stressed and Eigen value buckling were
shown in the figure 1, 2.
Figure 1 Schematic view of the structural & Modal Analysis for hybrid composite pressure vessel in
Ansys Workbench 17.2.
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Figure 2 Schematic view of the structural &Buckling Analysis for hybrid composite pressure vessel
in Ansys Workbench 17.2.
3. PROBLEM MODELLING
3.1. Geometry
The hybrid composite pressure vessel was modelled using finite element simulation software
Ansys workbench 17.2. The Pressure vessel was modelled in such a way that the both ends are
opened [6].
Figure 3 Geometry and Dimensions of Vessel
Figure 4 3D-View of the hybrid composite pressure vessel
The thickness of the pressure vessel is 42.25 mm. This thickness was modelled as 8
composite layers which are aligned in 0 deg direction. Here two cases are considered. In the
first case, four layers are assigned with one composite material and remaining with another
composite material among the considered materials. In the second case, each two layers are
assigned with different composites. The combinations of the two cases are listed in the section
3.1.1
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3.1.1. Combinations considered
Case-1
Four layers are considered as one set and assigned with one composite material. Remaining
four layers are considered as another set and assigned with other composites. Based on the
permutations and combinations methods the following combinations are listed.
• 8 layers are E-glass epoxy
• 8 layers are S-glass epoxy
• 8 layers are Kevlar epoxy
• 8 layers are Graphite epoxy
• 4 layers E-glass epoxy+4 layers S-glass epoxy
• 4 layers E-glass epoxy +4 layers Kevlar epoxy
• 4 layers E-glass epoxy +4 layers Graphite epoxy
• 4 layers S-glass epoxy +4 layers E-Glass epoxy
• 4 layers S-glass epoxy +4 layers Kevlar epoxy
• 4 layers S-glass epoxy +4 layers Graphite epoxy
• 4 layers Kevlar epoxy +4 layers E-Glass epoxy
• 4 layers Kevlar epoxy +4 layers S-Glass epoxy
• 4 layers Kevlar epoxy +4 layers Graphite epoxy
• 4 layers Graphite epoxy +4 layers E-Glass epoxy
• 4 layers Graphite epoxy +4 layers S-Glass epoxy
• 4 layers Graphite epoxy +4 layers Kevlar epoxy
Case-2
Each Two layers are considered as one set and assigned with one composite material. Based on
the permutations and combinations methods the following combinations are listed.
1. 2 layers E-glass epoxy +2 layers S-Glass epoxy+ 2 layers Kevlar epoxy+2 layers Graphite
epoxy
2. 2 layers E-glass epoxy +2 layers S-Glass epoxy+ 2 layers Graphite epoxy +2 layers Kevlar
epoxy
3. 2 layers E-glass epoxy +2 layers Kevlar epoxy+ 2 layers Graphite epoxy +2 layers S-Glass
epoxy
4. 2 layers E-glass epoxy +2 layers Kevlar epoxy+ 2 layers S-Glass epoxy+2 layers Graphite
epoxy
5. 2 layers E-glass epoxy +2 layers Graphite epoxy + 2 layers S-Glass epoxy+2 layers Kevlar
epoxy
6. 2 layers E-glass epoxy +2 layers Graphite epoxy + 2 layers Kevlar epoxy +2 layers S-Glass
epoxy
7. 2 layers S-Glass epoxy +2 layers E-glass epoxy +2 layers Kevlar epoxy + 2 layers Graphite
epoxy
8. 2 layers S-Glass epoxy + 2 layers E-glass epoxy +2 layers Graphite epoxy + 2 layers Kevlar
epoxy
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9. 2 layers S-Glass epoxy +2 layers Kevlar epoxy + 2 layers E-glass epoxy+2 layers Graphite
epoxy
10. 2 layers S-Glass epoxy +2 layers Kevlar epoxy + 2 layers Graphite epoxy + 2 layers E-glass
epoxy
11. 2 layers S-Glass epoxy + 2 layers Graphite epoxy +2 layers Kevlar epoxy+ 2 layers E-glass
epoxy
12. 2 layers S-Glass epoxy +2 layers Graphite epoxy +2 layers E-glass epoxy+2 layers Kevlar
epoxy
13. 2 layers Kevlar epoxy +2 layers E-glass epoxy +2 layers S-Glass epoxy +2 layers Graphite
epoxy
14. 2 layers Kevlar epoxy +2 layers E-glass epoxy + 2 layers Graphite epoxy +2 layers S-Glass
epoxy
15. 2 layers Kevlar epoxy +2 layers S-Glass epoxy + 2 layers E-glass epoxy +2 layers Graphite
epoxy
16. 2 layers Kevlar epoxy +2 layers S-Glass epoxy + 2 layers Graphite epoxy +2 layers E-glass
epoxy
17. 2 layers Kevlar epoxy +2 layers Graphite epoxy +2 layers E-glass epoxy +2 layers S-Glass
epoxy
18. 2 layers Kevlar epoxy +2 layers Graphite epoxy + 2 layers S-Glass epoxy +2 layers E-glass
epoxy
19. 2 layers Graphite epoxy +2 layers E-glass epoxy +2 layers S-Glass epoxy +2 layers Kevlar
epoxy
20. 2 layers Graphite epoxy +2 layers E-glass epoxy + 2 layers Kevlar epoxy +2 layers S-Glass
epoxy
21. 2 layers Graphite epoxy + 2 layers S-Glass epoxy +2 layers E-glass epoxy +2 layers Kevlar
epoxy
22. 2 layers Graphite epoxy +2 layers S-Glass epoxy + 2 layers Kevlar epoxy +2 layers E-glass
epoxy
23. 2 layers Graphite epoxy +2 layers Kevlar epoxy +2 layers E-glass epoxy +2 layers S-Glass
epoxy
24. 2 layers Graphite epoxy +2 layers Kevlar epoxy +2 layers S-Glass epoxy +2 layers E-glass
epoxy
25. 8 layers are E-glass epoxy
26. 8 layers are S-glass epoxy
27. 8 layers are Kevlar epoxy
28. 8 layers are Graphite epoxy
3.2. Finite Element Meshing
This method is used for converting of the geometrical entities to finite element entities.
Cylindrical coordinate system was assigned for cylinder and spherical coordinate system was
assigned to the ends of the vessel in order to orient the nodes and elements.8 node shell element
was used with layer option.
Eswara Kumar. A, G R Sanjay Krishna, Shahid Afridi. P and Nagaraju. M
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Figure 5 Meshed View of the Pressure Vessel
3.3. Loads and Boundary Conditions:
Both ends of the pressure vessel were given as cylindrical supports. Inner surface of the
pressure vessel was subjected to a Pressure load of magnitude 50 MPa. The schematic view of
loads was shown in the figure 6.
a) Internal Pressure
b) Cylindrical Supports
Figure 6 Loads & Boundary Conditions
3.4. Material Properties
The composites materials considered for the analysis were listed in the table 1.
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Table 1 Material properties
Properties E-Glass S-Glass Kevlar Graphite
Volume Fraction (%) 60 60 60 60
Density (Kg/m3) 2100 2000 1400 1600
Exx(MPa) 45000 55000 76000 145000
Eyy (MPa) 12000 16000 5500 10000
Ezz(MPa) 12000 16000 5500 10000
νxy 0.19 0.28 0.34 0.25
νyz 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31
νzx 0.30 0.3 0.3 0.25
Gxy (MPa) 5500 7600 2100 4800
Gyz (MPa) 5000 5000 2100 3000
Gzx (MPa) 5500 7600 1500 4800
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Case-1:
In this all layers are arranged in the 0 deg orientation. As mentioned earlier, four layers are
considered as one set and remaining four layers are considered as another set. Each set was
assigned with different composite materials. For the combinations listed in section 3.1.1. Static
structural, pre-stressed modal analysis and Eigen valve buckling analysis were performed. Best
combination from these three analysis was recommended.
4.1. Static Structural Analysis
4.1.1. Total Deformation
Total Deformation indicates the stiffness of the structure. The variation of the total deformation
w.r.t the various hybrid composite materials in static structural analysis was plotted in the figure
7. In this the deformations are also compared with pure composite materials which are
considered in case 1.
Figure 7 Variation of Total Deformation w.r.t hybrid composite material combination
From the above figure 7 it was observed that among the hybrid materials considered,
combination - e has a lower total deformation of 2.2403 mm. This is higher than combination
- b (All layers S-glass). In view of the hybrid composite material - e has higher stiffness.
0
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a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p
To
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Hybrid composite material combination
Eswara Kumar. A, G R Sanjay Krishna, Shahid Afridi. P and Nagaraju. M
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Figure 8 Total deformation of combination - e
The figure 8 shows the schematic view of the total deformation of combination - e. The
maximum deformation was observed in the spherical domes.
4.1.2. Hoop Stress
Hoop stress is the vital component in the pressure vessels. It is also called as circumferential
stress. The variation of the hoop stress w.r.t the different hybrid composites were plotted in the
figure 9.
Figure 9 Variation of the hoop stress w.r.t hybrid composite material combination
From the figure 9, it was observed that the combination - j has lower hoop stresses of 315.5
MPa among the hybrid material considered. The hoop stress of this material is high compared
to pure composite material of S-glass whose combination is b. In view of the hybrid composite
material combination - j will be recommended.
Figure 10 Schematic View of Hoop Stresses, combination -j
The figure 10 shows the schematic view of the hoop stresses generated in combination - j.
The maximum hoop stresses was observed in the cylindrical surface.
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a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p
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a)
Hybrid composite material combination
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4.2. Pre-stressed Modal Analysis
It is used to find out the natural frequencies of the structure. Generally the natural frequencies
should be higher enough to avoid the resonance. Here pre-stress represents there is some load
acting on the structure. To find out natural frequencies of the structure with load, pre-stresses
modal analysis will be done. Number of natural frequencies of the structure will depends on
the degrees of freedom of the structure. In this work first three mode shapes were considered
for analysing purpose.
4.2.1. Mode-1
The variation of the mode-1 natural frequencies w.r.t the hybrid composite materials were
plotted in the figure 11.
Figure 11 Variation of the mode-1 w.r.t hybrid composite material combination
From the figure 11 it was observed that the combination - j & o has the highest natural
frequency of 212.34 Hz among the hybrid composites considered. It is lower than combination
- b (All layers S-Glass). The figure 12 shows the schematic view of mode -1 for natural
frequency of combination – j.
Figure 12 Schematic View of Mode Shape 1, combination - j
4.2.2. Mode-2
The variation of the mode-2 natural frequencies w.r.t the hybrid composite materials were
plotted in the figure 13.
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200
250
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p
Fre
qu
en
cy (
Hz)
Hybrid composite material combination
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Figure 13 Variation of the mode-2 w.r.t hybrid composite material combination
From the figure 13 it was observed that among the hybrid materials considered, The
combination – j has the highest natural frequency of 285.54 Hz which is less compared to the
natural frequency of combination - b (All layers S-Glass). So in hybrid composite material
point of view, combination- j was recommended.
The figure 14 shows the schematic view of mode -2 for natural frequency of combination -
j.
Figure 14 Schematic View of Mode Shape 2, combination - j
4.2.3. Mode-3:
The variation of the mode-3 natural frequencies w.r.t the hybrid composite materials were
plotted in the figure 15.
Figure 15 Variation of the mode-3 w.r.t hybrid composite material combination
From the figure 15 it was observed that among the hybrid material considered, The
combination – j has the highest natural frequency of 285.54 which is less compared to the
natural frequency of combination – b (All layers S-Glass).
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a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p
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Hz)
Hybrid composite material combination
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Hz)
Hybrid composite material combination
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The figure 16 shows the schematic view of mode -2 for natural frequency of the
combination - j.
Figure16 Schematic View of Mode Shape 3, combination - j
4.3. Buckling Analysis
It is used to find the stability of the structure. The first two buckling modes were analysed for
hybrid composite cylinder.
4.3.1. Buckling load-1
The variation of the Buckling loads -1 w.r.t the hybrid composite materials were plotted in the
figure 17.
Figure 17 Variation of buckling load-1 w.r.t hybrid composite material combination
From the figure 17 it was observed that the combination - o shows the highest buckling
load of 265.585 MPa among the hybrid materials considered. But it is lesser than the pure
graphite composite combination - d. But in hybrid point of view combination – o i.e. 4 layers
graphite and 4 layers S-glass.
The figure 18 shows the schematic view of buckled mode of combination - o .The maximum
load is concentrated at certain zones of the cylinder.
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250
300
350
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p
Bu
ckli
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Lo
ad
(M
Pa
)
Hybrid composite material combination
Eswara Kumar. A, G R Sanjay Krishna, Shahid Afridi. P and Nagaraju. M
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Figure18 Schematic View of Buckling load-1, combination - o
4.3.2. Buckling load-2
The variation of the Buckling load -2 w.r.t the hybrid composite materials were plotted in the
figure 19.
Figure 19 Variation of buckling load-2w.r.t hybrid composite material combination
From the figure 19 among the Hybrid material considered, it was observed that the
combination - o shows the highest buckling strength of 264.94 MPa. But it is lesser than the
pure graphite composite combination-d. But in hybrid point of view combination - o i.e. 4
layers graphite and 4 layers S-glass.
The figure 20 shows the schematic view of buckled mode of combination - o. The maximum
load is concentrated at certain zones of the cylinder.
Figure 20 Schematic View of Buckling load-2, combination – o
Case 2
In this all the 8 layers are arranged in the 0 deg orientation. As mentioned earlier, every two
layers are considered as one set. Each set was assigned with different composite materials. The
combinations are listed in section 3.1.1. Static structural, pre-stressed modal analysis and Eigen
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250
300
350
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Bu
ckli
ng
Lo
ad
(M
Pa
)
Hybrid composite material combination
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valve buckling analysis were performed. Best combination from these three analysis was
recommended.
4.4. Static Structural Analysis
4.4.1. Total Deformation
Total Deformation indicates the stiffness of the structure. The variation of the total deformation
w.r.t the various hybrid composite materials in static structural analysis was plotted in the figure
21. In this the deformations are also compared with pure composite materials which are
considered in case 2.
Figure 21 Variation of Total Deformation w.r.t hybrid composite material combination
From the figure 21 it was observed that among the hybrid material considered, The
combination - 19 has a lowest deformation of 2.8374 mm .The deformation of this hybrid
composite is high when compared to pure composite combination - 25 & 26 (All layers E-
glass& All layers S-glass).
The figure 22 shows the schematic view of total deformation of combination number 19.
The maximum deformation is observed at spherical domes.
Figure 22 Total deformation of combination – 19
4.4.2. Hoop Stress
Hoop stress is the vital component in the pressure vessels. It is also called as circumferential
stress. The variation of the hoop stress w.r.t the different hybrid composites were plotted in the
figure 23.
1.82
2.22.42.62.8
33.23.43.63.8
44.24.44.64.8
55.25.45.65.8
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
To
tal
De
form
ati
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(m
m)
Hybrid composite material combinnation
Eswara Kumar. A, G R Sanjay Krishna, Shahid Afridi. P and Nagaraju. M
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Figure 23 Variation of the hoop stress w.r.t hybrid composite material combination
From the figure 23 it was observed that the combination - 6 has lower hoop stress of 233.69
MPa among the hybrid composites considered. This hoop stress is even lower than the pure
composite materials.
The figure 24 shows the schematic view of hoop stresses of combination - 6.The stresses
generated are very less in combination - 6.
Figure 24 Schematic View of Hoop Stresses, combination - 6
4.5. Modal Analysis
It is used to find out the natural frequencies of the structure. Generally the natural frequencies
should be higher enough to avoid the resonance. Here pre-stress represents there is some load
acting on the structure. To find out natural frequencies of the structure with load, pre-stresses
modal analysis will be done. Number of natural frequencies of the structure will depends on
the degrees of freedom of the structure. In this work first three mode shapes were considered
for analysing purpose.
4.5.1. Mode-1
The variation of the mode-1 natural frequencies w.r.t the hybrid composite materials were
plotted in the figure 25.
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200
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500
600
700
800
900
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
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Str
ess
es
(MP
a)
Hybrid composite material combination
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Figure 25 Variation of the mode-1 w.r.t hybrid composite material combination
From the figure 25 it was observed that the combination - 8 has higher natural frequency of
193.93 Hz among the hybrid composites considered. All hybrid composites have a slight
variation in the natural frequencies of mode-1. The natural frequency of this combination - 8 is
less than combination – 26 &28 (All layers S-Glass & All layers Graphite). In view of hybrid
materials combination 8 was recommended.
The figure 26 shows the schematic view of mode -1 for natural frequency of combination -
8.
Figure 26 Schematic View of Mode Shape 1, combination – 8
4.5.2. Mode-2
The variation of the mode-2 natural frequencies w.r.t the hybrid composite materials were
plotted in the figure 27.
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250
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Hz)
Hybrid composite material combination
Eswara Kumar. A, G R Sanjay Krishna, Shahid Afridi. P and Nagaraju. M
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Figure 27 Variation of the mode-2 w.r.t hybrid composite material combination
From the figure 27 it was observed that the combination – 8 has higher natural frequency
of 261.21 Hz among the hybrid composites considered. All hybrid composites have a slight
variation in the natural frequencies of mode-2. The natural frequency of combination - 8 is less
than combination - 26& 28 (All layers S-Glass & All layers Graphite).
The figure 28 shows the schematic view of mode -2 for natural frequency of the
combination - 8.
Figure 28 Schematic View of Mode Shape 2, combination – 8
4.5.3. Mode-3
The variation of the mode-3 natural frequencies w.r.t the hybrid composite materials were
plotted in the figure 29.
Figure 29 Variation of the mode-3 w.r.t hybrid composite material combination
180
210
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330
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Fre
qu
en
cy (
Hz)
Hybrid composite material combination
180
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330
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Fre
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Hz)
Hybrid composite material combination
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From the figure 29 it was observed that the combination - 8 has higher natural frequency of
261.22 Hz among the hybrid composites considered. All hybrid composites have a slight
variation in the natural frequencies of mode-3. The natural frequency of combination - 8 is less
than pure composite combination -26&28 (All layers S-Glass & All layers Graphite).
The figure 30 shows the schematic view of mode -3 for natural frequency of the
combination - 8.
Figure 30 Schematic View of Mode Shape 3, combination - 8
4.6. Buckling Analysis
It is used to find the stability of the structure. The first two buckling modes were analyzed for
hybrid composite cylinder.
4.6.1. Buckling load-1
The variation of the Buckling loads -1 w.r.t the hybrid composite materials were plotted in the
figure 31.
Figure 31 Variation of the Buckling Load-1 w.r.t hybrid composite material combination
From the figure 31 it was observed that the combination - 19 shows the highest buckling
load of 260.53 MPa among the hybrid materials considered. But it is lesser than the pure
composite combination - 28 (All layers Graphite) In view of the hybrid materials, the
combination - 19 was recommended.
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
BU
ckli
ng
Lo
ad
(M
Pa
)
Hybrid composite material combination
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The figure 32 shows the schematic view of buckled mode -1 of combination - 19. The
maximum load is concentrated at certain zones of the cylinder.
Figure 32 Schematic View of Buckling mode-1, combination - 19
4.6.2. Buckling load-2
The variation of the Buckling loads -2 w.r.t hybrid composite materials were plotted in the
figure 33.
Figure 33 Variation of the Buckling Load-2 w.r.t hybrid composite material combination
From the figure 33 it was observed that the combination - 19 shows the highest buckling
strength of 259.985 MPa among the materials considered. But it is lesser than the pure
composite combination-28 (All layers Graphite). In view of the hybrid materials, the
combination -19 was recommended.
The figure 34 shows the schematic view of buckled mode -2 of combination number 19.
The maximum load is concentrated at certain zones of the cylinder.
Figure 34 Schematic View of Buckling mode-2, combination – 19
100
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350
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Bu
ckli
ng
Lo
ad
(M
Pa
)
Hybrid composite material combination
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5. CONCLUSION
From the observations of case-1 and case-2, in stiffness point of view composite made up of 4-
layers E-glass and 4-layers s-glass was recommended. In view of stress, composite with 2layers
E-glass+ 2layers graphite + 2layers Kevlar+ 2 layers s-glass was recommended. In view of
natural frequencies, composite with 4 layers s-glass + 4layers graphite was recommended. In
view of buckling 4 layers graphite + 4 layers s glass was recommended. From these
recommendations, each combination will behave in different manner for different analysis. It
is not possible for a hybrid composite if all layers are in 0 deg orientation, to act as best material
for different load conditions.
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