Post on 22-Dec-2015
transcript
First Workshop ESSP Bioenergy
Bioenergy and Earth SustainabilityUniversity of São Paulo
Centro de Energia Nuclear na AgriculturaEscola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”
19-21 July 2008
“Nitrogen dynamics and sugar cane in Brazil”
Luiz A Martinelli (CENA/USP)Reynaldo L Victoria (CENA/USP)
Janaina Braga do Carmo (UFSCar-Sorocaba)Jean Pierre Ometto (IGBP-INPE)
GLOBAL VIEW - Ethanol
North
Northeast
Center-West
Southeast
South
Brazil
Nitrogen fertilizers in sugar cane
Sugar cane: 80 -100 kg N.haSugar cane: 80 -100 kg N.ha-1-1.yr.yr-1-1
Pasture: 0 kg N.ha-1.yr-1
Soybean: 0 kg N.ha-1.yr-1 (BNF)Corn: 150-200 kg N.ha-1.yr-1
Coffee: 250-300 kg N.ha-1.yr-1
Most as UREA – (CO(NH(CO(NH22))22))
Losses of UREA: volatilization and nitrification
Volatilization: 1.UREA is transformed in ammonium carbonate2. Ammonium carbonate under high pH and temperature is transformed in NHNH33
Nitrification:1. NH3 is oxidized into NH4
+
2. NH4 is nitrified to NO3-
3. NO3- is leached out of the soil profile or
4. NO3- is denitrified to NN22OO
NH4+ NO3
-
N2
OMMineralization nitrification
N2O + N2 denitrification
Biological fixation
NH3volatilization
UREA
N-harvest
N-particle
Fonte: Trivelin, Gava, Oliveira (CENA); Vitti (ESALQ), Cantarella (IAC) -15N labeled fertilizer
Cana
Reciclagem
NH4+ NO3
-
N2
OMMineralization nitrification
N2O + N2 denitrification
Biological fixation
NH3volatilization
UREA
N-harvest
N-particle
Fonte: Trivelin, Gava, Oliveira (CENA); Vitti (ESALQ), Cantarella (IAC)
Cana
Reciclagem
N wet deposition– kg N.ha-1.yr-1
Piracicaba * 5.0 – 6.0
NE - USA 6.0 – 8.0
Scandinavia 15.0
Central Amazonia * * 1.6
Balbina (Amazonia) *** 1.4
Rondônia (Amazonia) *** 0.8
NH4+ NO3
-
N2
OMMineralization nitrification
N2O + N2
denitrification
Biological fixation
NH3
volatilization
The Nitrogen Cycle – N-poor agricultural system
Reciclagem
N-harvest
Fonte: Cerri & Cerri (CENA), Melillo, Neill (WHOI), Bernoux (IRD)
Pastagem
N-fert
NH4+ NO3
-
N2
OMmineralization nitrification
N2O + N2
denitrification
biological fixation
NH3
volatilization
The Nitrogen Cycle – N-poor natural system
reciclagem
CerradoCerrado
deposition
Fonte: Bustamante, Miranda, Klink (UnB)
NH4+ NO3
-
N2
OMmineralization nitrification
N2O + N2
denitrification
biological fixation
NH3
volatilization
The Nitrogen Cycle – N-poor natural system
reciclagem
deposition
If Meq/M>1.0, there will be net climate warming, the greenhouse warming by in creased N2O release to the atmosphere then being larger than the quasi-cooling effect from “saved fossil CO2”.
NH4+ NO3
-
N2
OMMineralization nitrification
N2O + N2
Biological fixation
NH3volatilization
UREA
N-harvest
Reciclagem
N-particle
Fonte: Trivelin, Gava, Oliveira (CENA); Vitti (ESALQ), Cantarella (IAC), Urquiaga (Embrapa)
Cana
denitrification