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Leonardo
Front MatterSource: Leonardo, Vol. 35, No. 1 (2002), pp. 4-116Published by: The MIT PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1577067 .
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Journal of the International Society for the Arts, Sciences and Technology Volume 35 Number 1 2002
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Main Editorial Office Leonardo 425 Market Street, 2nd Floor San Francisco, CA 94105, U.S.A. Fax: 415-405-7758 E-mail: <isast@sfsu.edu>
http://mitpress.mit.edu/Leonardo/
Collaborating Society Association Leonardo 8 rue Emile Dunois 92100 Boulogne Billancourt, France Fax: 33-1-46-0443-28 http://www.olats.org
Executive Editor
Roger F. Malina
Managing Editor Pamela Grant-Ryan
Senior Editor Patricia Bentson
Associate Editor Nicholas Cronbach
Editorial Assistant Kathleen Quillian
Corresponding Editor Patrick Lambelet
ISAST News Editor Andrea Blum
Leonardo Electronic Almanac Editor-in-Chief Nisar Keshvani
Managing Editor Patrick Lambelet
Leonardo Digital Reviews Editor-in-Chief Michael Punt
Managing Editor
Bryony Dalefield
Web Coordinator Robert Pepperell
Leonardo Music Journal Editor-in-Chief Nicolas Collins E-mail: lmj@Leonardo.org
Design Thomas Ingalls + Associates
Production
Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.
Acknowledgments The editors and Board of Directors of Leonardo gratefully acknowledge the support and assistance of the College of Extended
Learning, San Francisco State University; The Rockefeller Foundation; the Malina Trust; Fondation Daniel Langlois; the
University of Illinois; Donna Cox; and Al Smith.
Founder: FrankJ. Malina (1912-1981) FrankJ. Malina founded the journal Leonardo in 1967 as a professional journal for
working artists to write about their own work. The journal's interdisciplinary aims and scope reflect his many achievements as an aeronautical engineer, pioneer in
rocketry, research administrator, promoter of international cooperation, artist and editor.
Founding Publisher: I.R. Maxwell (1923-1991) I.R. Maxwell, as chairman of Pergamon Press, was the founding publisher of Leonardo in 1967. His vision of the future of publishing was instrumental to the establishment of contemporary scientific and scholarly publications and resulted in a major contribution to the development of modern science. His support and
encouragement of Leonardo over 25 years are gratefully acknowledged.
Past Editorial Board Members L. Alcopley Pierre Auger Max Bill
Jacob Bronowski
John Cage R. Buckminster Fuller
JamesJ. Gibson
Joseph Needham Frank Oppenheimer Cyril Stanley Smith C.P. Snow C.H. Waddington Lancelot Law Whyte
Leonardo Volume 35 Number 1, 2002
Leonardo (ISSN 0024-094X, E-ISSN 1530-9282) is published five times per year (February, April,June, August, and October) by the MIT Press, Five Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142-1407, U.S.A., for Leonardo, the International Society of the Arts, Sciences and Technology (Leonardo/ISAST). The Leonardo MusicJournal with CD (ISSN 0961-1215) is published as a companion volume. Copyright 2002 ISAST. Send address changes to Leonardo, MIT PressJournals, Five Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142-1407, U.S.A.
Leonardo is a trademark of ISAST registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Offices.
An electronic, full-text version of Ieonardo/Leonardo Music Journalis available from the MIT Press and from Project Muse.
Subscription Rates Individuals Subscription rates for Leonardo (five issues) with companion volume Leonardo MusicJournal (one issue): Electronic only- Individuals $65.00, Students/Retired $43.00, Institutions $350.00, Canadians add the 7% GST. Print and Electronic- Individuals $72.00, Students/Retired $48.00, Institutions $390.00, Canadians add the 7% GST. Outside the U.S. and Canada add $30.00 for postage and handling. Subscriptions to Leonardo MusicJournal can be purchased separately.
Subscription rates for Leonardo MusicJournal (one issue): Electronic only-Individuals $27.00, Institutions $54.00, Canadians add the 7% GST. Print and Electronic- Individuals $30.00, Institutions $60.00, Canadians add the 7% GST. Outside the U.S. and Canada add $5.00 for postage and handling.
Single Copies Leonardo: $15.00. Back issues: Individuals: $25.00; Institutions: $66.00. Leonardo MusicJournal with CD: Individuals: $30.00; Institutions: $60.00. Outside the United States and Canada add $5.00 per issue for postage and handling. Canadians add 7% GST. Special, double, and supplemental back issues are additional. Contact MIT Press for details. Claims for missing issues will be honored free of charge if made within three months after publication date of the issue. Claims may be e-mailed to: <journals-claims@mit.edu>. Prices subject to change without notice.
Distributors Total Circulation Services, Inc., 80 Frederick Street, Hackensack, NJ 07601, U.S.A., 201-342-6334; and Ubiquity Distributors, 607 Degraw Street, Brooklyn, NY 11217, U.S.A., 718-875-5491.
Indexing and Abstracting Indexed/Abstracted in Current Contents, RILM Abstracts, AATA, Arts and Humanities Citation Index, RLIN, DIALOG, ARTbibliographies Modern, Bibliography of the History of Art, Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals, Art Index, Research Alert, INSPEC. Leonardo is available in microform from UMI, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, U.S.A.
Advertising and Mailing List Rentals Contact the Marketing Dept., MIT PressJournals, Five
Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142-1407, U.S.A. Tel: 617-253-2866; E-mail: <journals-info@mit.edu>. All copy is subject to publisher's approval.
Permission to Photocopy Permission to photocopy articles for internal or personal use or for the internal or personal use of specific clients is
granted by the copyright owner for libraries and other users
registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), provided that the fee of $10.00 per copy is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, U.S.A. The fee code for this publication is 0024-094x/02 $10.00. For those organizations who have been granted a photocopy license with CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Permission for other use: The copyright owner's consent does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific written permission must be obtained for such copying. Please contact Subsidiary Rights Manager, MIT PressJournals, Five
Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142-1407, U.S.A. Fax: 617-258-5028; E-mail: <journals-rights@mit.edu>. Statements of fact and opinion appearing in Leonardo are made on the responsibility of the authors alone and do not imply the endorsement of Leonardo/ISAST, the editors or the publisher. Business Correspondence Address all correspondence regarding stubscriptions, back issues, and bulk sales to: Leonardo MIT PressJournals Five Cambridge Center Cambridge, MA 02142-1407, U.S.A. Tel: 617-253-2889 Fax: 617-577-1545 E-mail: <journals-orders@mit.edu>
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LEONARDO EDITORIAL BOARD Authors interested in publishing in Leonardo are encouraged to submit their proposals or manuscripts to a member of the Leonardo editorial board. Manuscripts received at the editorial office with the endorsement of an editorial board member receive priority processingfor publishing.
International Co-Editors David Carrier, Dept. of Art History and
Art, Case Western Reserve Univ., 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-7110, U.S.A.
<dxc89@pop.cwru.edu> ('02-'04) Jfirgen Claus, B-4837 Baelen, Overoth
5, Belgium <jurclaus@euregio.net.> ('98-'00)
Bulat Galeyev, Institute "Prometei," Kazan State Technical University, Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, K Marx Str., 10, Kazan 420111, Russia
<galeyev@prometey.kcn.ru> ('02-'04)
Editorial Advisors Annick Bureaud, CHAOS, 57, rue
Falguiere, 75015 France
<annickb@altern.org> ('02-'04) Donna Cox, University of Illinois/
National Center for Supercomputing, 405 North Mathews, 4051 Beckman Institute, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A. <cox@ncsa.uiuc.edu> ('02-'04)
Michele Emmer, Dipartimento di Matematica, Universita di Roma "La
Sapienza," Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2, 00185 Rome, Italy <emmer@mat.uniromal.it> ('02-'04)
George Gessert, 1230 W. Broadway, Eugene OR 97402, U.S.A.
<ggessert@igc.org> ('02-'04) Istvan Hargittai, Budapest Technical
University, Budapest H-1521, Hungary <hargittai@ch.bme.hu> ('02-'04)
Eduardo Kac, Art and Technology Dept., The School of the Art Institute of Chicago, 112 S. Michigan Avenue, 4th Floor, Chicago, IL 60603, U.S.A. <ekac@artic.educ> ('02-'04)
Madhoor Kapur, 10 Rajdoot Marg, Chana-Kyapuri, New Delhi 110021, India ('96-'98)
Honorary Editors Rudolf Arnheim (U.S.A.) Roy Ascott (U.K.) ('02-'04) Stephen A. Benton (U.S.A.) ('02-'04) Claude Berge (France) ('96-'98) Ray Bradbury (U.S.A.) ('02-'04) Giorgio Careri (Italy) ('97-'99) Elmer Duncan (U.S.A.) ('97-'99) John E. Fobes (U.S.A.) ('02-'04) Herbert W. Franke (Germany)
('02-'04)
Judy Malloy, 5306 Ridgeview Circle #5, El Sobrante, CA 94803, U.S.A.
<jmalloy@well.com> ('02-'04) Jack Ox, 712 Broadway #5, New York,
NY 10003, U.S.A. <jackox@bway.net> ('02-'04)
Sheila Pinkel, 210 N. Avenue 66, Los
Angeles, CA 90042, U.S.A.
<spinkel@pomona.edu> ('02-'04)
Curtis E. A. Karnow, Sonnenschein Nath & Rosenthal, 685 Market St., 6th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94105, U.S.A. <karnow@well.com> ('02-'04)
Raymond G. Lauzzana, 1333 Gough, #8B, San Francisco, CA 94109, U.S.A.
<lauzzana@penrose-press.com> ('98-'00)
Thomas E. Linehan, Research Partners
Program, College of the Arts, Ohio State Univ., 305 Mershon Auditorium, 1871 N. High Street, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A. <linehan.l l@osu.edu> ('02-'04)
Aleksandra Maiiczak, Adwentowicza 6/91, 92-536 L6di, Poland ('96-'98)
Frieder Nake, Informatik, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany <nake@informatik.uni-bremen.de> ('02-'04)
Clifford Pickover, IBM ThomasJ. Watson Research Center, Yorktown
Heights, NY 10598, U.S.A. <cliff@watson.ibm.com> ('97-'99)
Yona Friedman (Israel) Jorge Glusberg (Argentina) ('96-'98) Vic Gray (New Zealand) ('02-'04) Richard L. Gregory (U.K.) ('02-'04) YusufA. Grillo (Nigeria) ('02-'04) Anthony Hill (U.K.) ('99-'01) John H. Holloway (U.K.) ('97-'99) Peter LloydJones (U.K.) ('97-'99) Richard I. Land (U.S.A.) ('02-'04) Jacques Mandelbrojt (France) ('02-'04)
David R. Topper, History Department, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2E9, Canada
<topper@io.UWinnipeg.ca> ('02-'04) Stephen Wilson, Art Dept., San Fran-
cisco State Univ., 1600 Holloway, San Francisco, CA 94132, U.S.A. <swilson@sfsu.edu> ('02-'04)
Louise Poissant, Departement d'arts
plastiques, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, C.P. 8888, succ. Centre- Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada HSC 3P8 <gram@er.uqam.ca> ('00-'02)
Larry Polansky, Box 1052, Lebanon, NH 03766, U.S.A.
<larry.polansky@mac.dartmouth.edu> ('97-'99)
Christa Sommerer, ATR Media
Integration and Communications Research Lab., 2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, 61902 Kyoto, Japan <christa@mic.atr.co.jp> ('00-'02)
Rejane Spitz, PUC-RIO, Departmento de Artes, Rua Marques de Sao Vicente, 225 CEP 22453, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil <rejane@art.puc- rio.br> ('02-'04)
Arthur Woods, The OURS Foundation, P.O. Box 180, CH-8424 Embrach, Switzerland <awoods@spaceart.net> ('02-'04)
Otto Piene (U.S.A.) ('02-'04) Frank Popper (France) ('02-'04) Harry Rand (U.S.A.) ('02-'04) Ervin Rodin (U.S.A.) ('96-'98) Itsuo Sakane (Japan) ('02-'04) Kirill Sokolov (U.K.) ('02-'04) Sonia Sheridan (U.S.A.) ('99-'01) K. G. Subramanyan (India) ('97-'99) Takis (Greece)
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0 EDITORIAL MICHELE EMMER: Can Ideas and Words Be Useful? 1
O THE LEONARDO GALLERY SHIFT-CTRL
Curated by ANTOINETTE LAFARGE and ROBERT NIDEFFER 5
NATALIE BOOKCHIN, LEV MANOVICH AND NORMAN KLEIN, EDDO STERN, ?TMARK, 7 NEGATIVIAND, DIRK PAESMANS AND JOAN HEEMSKERK (a/k/aJODI), MONGREL
ARTISTS' ARTICLES ANNE BRAY: The Community Is Watching, and Replying: Art in Public Places and Spaces 15
KEN GONZALES-DAY: Analytical Photography: Portraiture, from the Index to the Epidermis 23
GENERAL ARTICLE SITA POPAT ANDJAQUELINE SMITH-AUTARD: Dance Making on the Internet: 31
Can On-Line Choreographic Projects Foster Creativity in the User-Participant?
GENERAL NOTE KENNETH J. CIUFFREDA AND KIMBERLY ENGBER: 37
Is One Eye Better Than Two When Viewing Pictorial Art?
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE PHILIPPE CODOGNET: Ancient Images and New Technologies: The Semiotics of the Web 41
COLOR PLATES 51
SPECIAL SECTION CREATIVITY AND COGNITION
LINDA CANDY: Introduction. Part I: Perspectives from the Third Symposium 55
HAROLD COHEN: A Self-Defining Game for One Player: 59 On the Nature of Creativity and the Possibility of Creative Computer Programs
ERNEST EDMONDS: Structure in Art Practice: 65
Technology as an Agent for Concept Development
MICHAEL QUANTRILL: Drawing as a Gateway to Computer-Human Integration 73
LEONAKDO Volume 35 Number 1 2002
JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE ARTS, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
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SPECIAL SECTION SIGGRAPH EDUCATORS PROGRAM
VALERIE MILLER: Special Section Introduction 81
DAVID S. EBERT AND DAN BAILEY: A Collaborative 83 and Interdisciplinary Computer Animation Course
ANNE MORGAN SPALTER, PHILIP ANDREW STONE, BARBARAJ. MEIER, TIMOTHY 87 S. MILLER AND ROSEMARY MICHELLE SIMPSON: Interaction in an IVR Museum of Color:
Constructivism Meets Virtual Reality
0 NEW MEDIA DICTIONARY
LOUISE POISSANT: Part V: Copy Art 91
O LEONARDO REVIEWS
Reviews by WILFRED NIELS ARNOLD, ROY R. BEHRENS, ANNICK BUREAUD, 99 SEAN CUBITT, MIKE LEGGETT, MIKE MOSHER, ROBERT PEPPERELL, DAVID TOPPER
LEONARDO/ISAST NEWS 113
ENDNOTE
HELEN LEVIN: A Response to William Mitchell 117 on 'The Death of Drawing," with a Response by William J. Mitchell
W These texts have accompanying material (for example, illustrations, sound files or additional texts) available on Leonardo On-Line
(http://mitpress.mit.edu/Leonardo/). Visit the web site and use the search engine to find authors or topics.
ABOUT THE COVERS
Front cover: Diane Fenster, Untitled (Chair), Polaroid image transfer and dye sublimation print (from
digitally manipulated photographic files) on found cotton bedsheet, 2000. From Secrets of the Magdalen Laundries, a photo-installation with a digital sound environment composed by Michael McNabb <www.mcnabb.com>. First exhibited at Gallery Henoch, New York, NY, October 2000. Also exhibited at SIGGRAPH 2001. See <www.dianefenster.com/2000.html> for entire installation.
Back cover: Diane Fenster, Canto Nine/Nine Nights I Hung from a Windy Tree, Iris inkjet print (from digitally manipulated photographic files) on Arches 356 paper, 34 X 47 in, 1996. From the Hide and Seek series, first exhibited at Gallery 16, San Francisco. Also exhibited at SIGGRAPH 1997. See <www.art.net/-fenster> for the entire series.
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Leonardo on the Web
Recent Content Highlights
LEONARDO ON-LINE : . .
http://mitpress.mit.edu/Leonardo .. . ............ ......... Information on Leonardo/ISAST projects and publications, including: . * Journal Special Projects: descriptions, calls for papers * Leonardo Book Series: titles, summaries and proposal guidelines : ... - * Subscription and order information and links .. ? Information for prospective authors ..........i
.......
LEONARDO MUSIC JOURNAL 'iiiiiiiiii ::_
http://mitpress.mit.edu/Leonardo/lmj Special topic volumes include:
* Southern Cones: Music out of Africa and South America (2000): table of contents, abstracts, CD description and essays from this special volume of LMJ.
* Not Necessarily English Music (2001): Project description of this special volume : of LMJ. ??-^
* Pleasure (2002): Call for papers and project description of LMJ's 2002 volume. * Groove, Pit and Wave (2003): Call for papers and project description of LMJ's 2003
volume.
LEONARDO ELECTRONIC ALMANAC & ARCHIVE
http://mitpress.mit.edu/LEA Recent articles of interest include: iii
* "Editorial: Passing the Cyberbaton," by Roger F. Malina. * "Can Ideas and Words Be Useful?," by Michele Emmer. * "Human Consciousness and the Postdigital Analogue," by Michael Punt. ..i.^^::?:V
... .... ....... .... ........
LEONARDO DIGITAL REVIEWS
http://mitpress.mit.edu/Leonardo/ldr.html Recent reviews of books, CDs, etc. include:
* Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters by David Hock- ..
ney. Reviewed by Roy R. Behrens. j:.ii.s.. * The Dream Drugstore: Chemically Altered States of Consciousness by J. Allan Hobson.
Reviewed by Wilfred Niels Arnold. ::.. : . * Uplifted Spirits, Earthbound Machines: Studies on Artists and the Dream of Flight
1900-1935 byJyriki Siukonen. Reviewed by Mike Mosher.
OBSERVATOIRE LEONARDO DES ARTS ET TECHNOSCIENCES
http://www.olats.org Special projects include:
* Pionniers et precurseurs (Pioneers & Pathbreakers) Projet Article aboutJohn & James Whitney by Philippe Langlois Article about Oskar Fishinger by Philippe Langlois
* Afrique Virtuelle (Virtual Africa) Projet Within the "Spirit and Power of Water" Project: works and writings by Karin Retief, Iba Ndiaye, Elisabeth Piotelat, Jonathan Zilberg, Bob Gluck, Cynthia Rubin, Philippe Monvaillier, Colette Gaiter, Jean Pierre Rossie.
* Space and the Arts Project Discussion of this year's Space Arts Workshop, Paris, France, March 2001.
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I '*l-; k ,11, A I LI 1IIL,
LEONARDO MUSIC JOURNAL VOLUME 11
The LMJ series is devoted to the aesthetic and technical issues in contemporary music and sonic arts. Cur-
rently under the editorship of Nicolas Collins, each thematic issue features artists/writers from around the
world, representing a wide range of stylistic viewpoints, and includes an audio CD or CD-ROM. LMJ is avail- able by subscription from the MIT Press. Visit <http://mitpress.mit.edu>.
LMJ 11: NOT NECESSARILY "ENGLISH MUSIC": BRITAIN'S SECOND "GOLDEN AGE"
After the first installment of Cool Britannia beguiled the 1960s with its peculiar conflation of Pop, Art, Fashion and Politics, musical experimentation flourished in the U.K. Styles of improvisation, minimalism, electronic music, performance art, political music and "amateur" music grew out of British art schools, universities and urban villages; styles neither as self-important as those of Europe nor as blithely techno- cratic as those of North America-a peculiarly "English Music" (and Scottish and Welsh). Some practition- ers became well-known and influential artists outside of the U.K. (Cornelius Cardew, Michael Nyman, Derek Bailey), while others have remained far too unrecognized abroad.
This volume of Leonardo MusicJournal highlights observers and participants who have contributed their accounts of this latest "Golden Age" of British Music. It is accompanied by a double CD of 27 pioneering U.K. works covering the period between 1960 and 1977.
Leonardo Music Journal Vol. 11, including the double CD, is available from the MIT Press for $30. To
order, send email to <journals-orders@mit.edu>.
LMJ 11 TWO-CD SET
LMJ 11 includes the double audio CD Not Necessarily "English Music," curated by musician, composer, writer and sound curator David Toop. The two CDs feature pieces from pioneering U.K. composers and perform- ers from the late 1960s through the mid-1970s: AMM; Max Eastley; Intermodulation; Frank Perry; Michael Parsons & Howard Skempton; Daphne Oram; abAna; Hugh Davies; Robert Worby; Lol Coxhill & Steve Miller; Spontaneous Music Orchestra; The People Band; Evan Parker & Paul Lytton;John Stevens; Steve
Beresford; Cornelius Cardew &Jane Manning; Ron Geesin; Gentle Fire; Rain in the Face; Ranulph Glanville; The Campiello Band; Mike Cooper; A Touch of the Sun; The Scratch Orchestra; and Frank
Perry, Mongezi Feza & Chris McGregor.
The two-CD set (without the journal) is available for $27 from the Electronic Music Foundation's CDeMu- sic. Visit <http://www.cdemusic.org/store/cde_search.cfm?keywords=eml36>.
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A 'A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Never-Ending Role of Artists and Scientists in Times of War
Three years ago Leonardo Editorial Advisor Michele Emmer asked: What can artists and scientists do when there is a war? How can we be useful? How can we help to find solutions? How can we avoid the use of the
military while at the same time protecting the lives of innocent civilians? What educational work can we do to avoid violence and war?
These are questions that do not have a deadline, unfortunately. Leonardo and Guest Editor Michele Emmer continue to seek papers discussing these and other topics that
address the role of artists and scientists in times of war. Please send manuscripts or manuscript proposals to Michele Emmer <emmer@mat.uniromal .it> or to
the Leonardo editorial office: LEONARDO, 425 Market Street, 2nd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94105, U.S.A. E-mail: <isast@sfsu.edu>.
Texts that are being published as part of this project include the following:
Published in Vol. 34, No. 1 (2001): * MICHELE EMMER: Artists and War: Answers?
* BULAT GALEYEV: Open Letter to Ray Bradbury
*JOSEPH NECHVATAL: La beaute tragique: Mapping the Militarization of Spatial Cultural Consciousness
Published in Vol. 34, No. 4 (2001): * UBIRATAN D'AMBROSIO: Mathematics and Peace: Our Responsibilities * ALEJANDRO DUQUE: New Media as Resistance: Colombia
* SHEILA PINKEL: Thermonuclear Gardens: Information Art Works about the U.S. Military-Industrial Complex
Forthcoming: * MATJUSKA KRASEK: The Role of Artists and Scientists in Times of War
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The Frank J. Malina Archives
Thanks to a grant from the French Ministry of Culture, a web site dedicated to the work of Frank Malina, the founding editor of Leonardo, has been launched. We are interested in locating any archival materials,
correspondences or other texts that are relevant to this archive. We are also seeking documentation and
correspondence relevant to the first decade of Leonardo, from 1965 to 1975.
Individuals with access to archival materials that could be incorporated into the FrankJ. Malina Archives or that could be made available on-line on the FrankJ. Malina web site <http://www.olats.org/pionniers/ma- lina/malina.shtml> are invited to contact: Jocelyne Rotily, Curator. E-mail: <jocelyne.Rotily@wanadoo.fr>. Postal address: 174 Bis, rueJean Mermoz, 13008 Marseilles, France.
___Y* ~V
Frank J. Malina Web Site
Frank Malina was a kinetic artist, research engineer, scientist and founding editor of the journal Leonardo. Art historian Frank Popper is correct to point out that it is no easy task to attach a label to FrankJ. Malina's career and achievements. In striving to reconcile artists and scientists he opposed strict classifications, and in his own life he embodied the ideals of the open-minded and multidiscliplinary scholar-and-artist of the Renaissance.
The FrankJ. Malina web site <http://www.olats.org/pionniers/malina/malina.shtml> has been designed to bring to the fore the many facets of FrankJ. Malina's personality and to show the innovative quality of his
accomplishments both in astronautics and in the development of the kinetic arts. It provides a great variety of material (some never previously published) of scientific and artistic nature:
* An illustrated biography referring to the most important episodes in Malina's life * A virtual gallery dedicated to Frank Malina's artwork * Bibliographical data including works by and about Frank Malina * An unpublished monograph on FrankJ. Malina by Frank Popper: "Frank Malina, Artist and Scientist:
Works from 1936 to 1963" * A conversation between FrankJ. Malina and artists Gorin, Xavier de la Salle and Cesar Domela * A section entitled "Testimonies and Memories," a body of texts written by individuals who were part of
Frank Malina's life.
All this and more can be found on the OLATS web site dedicated to this extraordinary pioneer in the field of art-and-technology: <http://www.olats.org/pionniers/malina/malina.shtml>.
Note: All persons wishing to contribute to the project by submitting an article or documentation are invited to contact:Jocelyne Rotily, Curator. E-mail: jocelyneRotily@wanadoo.fr>. Postal address: 174 Bis, rue Jean Mermoz, 13008 Marseilles, France.
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L S it] l-: 01I Li
Leonardo Music Journal Volume 13
Groove, Pit and Wave-Recording, Transmission and Music
Despite Thomas Edison's assumption that the gramophone was nothing more than a sonic autograph album, suitable only for playing back the speeches of famous people, over the last 100 years recording has
radically transformed the composition, dissemination and consumption of music. Similarly, the business- like dots & dashes of Morse and Marconi have evolved into a music-laden web of radio masts, dishes, satel-
lites, cables and servers. Sound is encoded in grooves on vinyl, particles on tape and pits in plastic; it travels as acoustic pressure, electromagnetic waves and pulses of light.
The rise of the DJ in the last two decades has signaled the arrival of the medium as the instrument-the
crowning achievement of a generation for whom tapping the remote control is as instinctive as tapping two sticks together. Turntables, CD players, radios, tape recorders (and their digital emulations) are played, not
merely heard; scratching, groove noise, CD glitches, tape hiss and radio interference are the sound of
music, not sound effects. John Cage's 1960 "Cartridge Music" has yet to enter the charts, but its sounds are
growing more familiar.
For this issue of the Leonardo Music Journal we invite authors to submit articles on the role of recording and/or transmission in the creation, performance and distributi6n of music.
DEADLINES
15 October, 2002: rough proposals, queries
1 January 2003: submission of finished article
Address inquiries to Nicolas Collins, Editor-in-Chief, at: <ncollins@artic.edu>. Finished articles should be sent to the LMJ Editorial Office <isast@sfsu.edu>.
Note: LMJ is a peer-reviewedjournal. All manuscripts are reviewed by LMJ Editors, Editorial Board mem- bers and/or members of the LMJ community prior to acceptance.
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Special Section
Creativity and Cognition Guest Edited by Linda Candy
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SWlv, I n giol _Ema1 ;j, 5
The Gombrich/Gibson Debate
Leonardo is internationally recognized as a prime site for the discussion of the interfaces between art and science. In 1971 it publishedJ.J. Gibson's article "The Information Available in Pictures," which led to a
response from E.H. Gombrich that, in turn, led to a debate.
One of the difficulties of constructing cross-disciplinary debates is that they get marginalized through aca- demic citation conventions. A psychologist is more likely to cite material from psychologyjournals than from any other source. The arguments of artists and art historians quoting psychological material and ad-
vancing psychological arguments are not likely to be treated as seriously as specialist arguments. This situa- tion creates a problem for scientific advancement, as, more often than not, scientific advance is precipitated by happy accident or an observation that upsets the applecart.
Researcher Richard Woodfield contends that Gombrich upset Gibson's applecart in the pages of Leonardo. Gombrich's direction of interest was in the psychology of pictorial representation, which entails an interest in the psychology of perception. Gibson, whose major interest was in the psychology of perception, regarded pictures as a nuisance factor that had to be accommodated within his general theory. These two directions of interest meet in cognitive science, where the image plays a central role in accounting for visual percep- tual processes.
Richard Woodfield has made much of the material relevant to this discussion available on the web site "The Gombrich Archive" <www.gombrich.co.uk> and has issued a call for contributions to be published on that website. Contributions may be up to 5,000 words with up to 12 illustrations; the normal copyright conven- tions apply.
If sufficiently interesting material is received within 18 months, an article will be prepared for Leonardo, to revisit the debate 30 years on.
For further information, please contact: <richard.woodfield@ntu.ac.uk>.
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I tO] Im I h 'L ? 1 3 LL
How to Reach the Leonardo Community On Line through the Internet
Leonardo members, editors, staff and publications are accessible through the Internet in a number of different ways.
Editorial Offices Leonardo Editorial Office: isast@sfsu.edu Leonardo Electronic Almanac Editor: lea@mitpress.mit.edu Leonardo MusicJournal Editorial Office: lmj@leonardo.org Leonardo Digital Reviews: ldr@leonardo.org
Leonardo/ISAST Governing Board of Directors
Roger F. Malina: rmalina@alum.mit.edu Samuel Okoshken: 100537.2541@compuserve.com Sonya Rapoport: rapop@socrates.berkeley.edu Barbara Lee Williams: delano@pacbell.net Stephen Wilson: swilson@sfsu.edu Martin G. Anderson: manderson@pclient.ml.com Mark Resch: Mark@commerce.net Mark Beam: infinite@beaming.com Lynn Hershman Leeson: lynn2@mail.well.com Joel Slayton: joel@well.com Marci Reichelstein: marci@fastpoint.com Curtis E.A. Karnow: cek@sonnenschein.com Penelope Finnie: penny@ask.com Mina Bissell: MJBissell@lbl.gov Rich Gold: richgold@parc.xerox.com Piero Scaruffi: scaruffi@slip.net Beverly Reiser: beverly@idiom.com
Leonard/ISAST Advisory Board Beverly Reiser: beverly@idiom.com Nicolas Collins: ncollins@artic.edu Craig Harris: charris3@uswest.net Michael Punt: mpunt@easynet.co.uk Marci Reichelstein: marci@fastpoint.com Christine Malina Maxwell: maxwell@chiliad.co.uk
Leonardo Book Series Joel Slayton, chair: joel@well.com Douglas Sery: dsery@mit.edu Roger Malina: rmalina@alum.mit.edu Margaret Morse: memorse@home.com Annick Bureaud: annickb@altern.org Pamela Grant-Ryan: pgr@sfsu.edu Craig Harris: craig@kolmon.com Allen Strange: astrange@email.sjsu.edu Michael Punt: mpunt@easynet.co.uk
Leonardo Editorial Board Members The following is a partial list of Leonardo and Leonardo MusicJournal editorial board members accessible on line:
Roy Ascott: Roy_Ascott@compuserve.com Marc Battier: marc.battier@ircam.fr Paul Brown: paul@paul-brown.com Annick Bureaud: annickb@altern.org David Carrier: dxc89@pop.cwru.edu Jfirgen Claus: jurclaus@euregio.net Nicolas Collins: ncollins@artic.edu Donna Cox: cox@ncsa.uiuc.edu Ricardo Dal Farra: ricardo@dalfarra.com Jody Diamond: jody.diamond@mac.dartmouth.edu Michele Emmer: emmer@mat.uniromal.it Bulat Galeyev: galeyev@prometey.kcn.ru George Gessert: ggessert@igc.org Istvan Hargittai: HARGITTAI@ch.bme.hu Eduardo Kac: ekac@artic.edu Douglas Kahn: djkahn@ucdavis.edu Curtis E.A. Karnow: cek@sonnenschein.com
Raymond G. Lauzzana: lauzzana@penrose-press.com Thomas E. Linehan: linehan.ll@osu.edu Judy Malloy: jmalloy@well.com Jacques Mandelbrojt: jmandelbrojt@wanadoo.fr Frieder Nake: nake@infomatik.uni-bremen.de Jack Ox: jackox@bway.net Sheila Pinkel: spinkel@pomona.edu Larry Polansky: larry.polansky@mac.dartmouth.edu Frank Popper: fpopper@club-internet.fr Harry Rand: rand@nmah.si.edu David Rosenboom: david@shoko.calarts.edu Itsuo Sakane: sakane@iamas.ac.jp Sonia Sheridan: Sonia.Sheridan@valley.net Rejane Spitz: rejane@rdc.puc-rio.br David Topper: topper@UWinnipeg.ca Stephen Wilson: swilson@sfsu.edu Arthur Woods: awoods@spaceart.net
Leonardo WWW Sites Leonardo On-Line: http://mitpress.mit.edu/Leonardo/ Leonardo Electronic Almanac: http://mitpress.mit.edu/LEA/ Observatoire Leonardo: http://www.olats.org
The Leonardo Electronic Directory Leonardo maintains an on-line directory called the Leonardo Electronic Directory on the World Wide Web. The direc-
tory covers worldwide resources, individuals and organizations in the arts, sciences and technology. The URL for the Leonardo Electronic Directory is http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-journals/Leonardo/led.dir.html
Free Listing in the Leonardo Electronic Directory for Leonardo Associate Members Leonardo/ISAST associate members wishing to be included in the directory should send e-mail to isast@sfsu.edu and include their name, addresses and other information that they wish to have posted, including any links to WWW URLs. The submission MUST be submitted in hypertext markup language (HTML) so that we can post the entry immediately in the Leonardo Electronic Directory.
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Leonardo Book Series
The mission of the Leonardo Book Series, published by the MIT Press, is to publish texts by artists, scien-
tists, researchers and scholars that present innovative discourse on the convergence of art, science and
technology. Envisioned as a catalyst for enterprise, research and creative and scholarly experimentation, the book series enables diverse intellectual communities to explore common grounds of expertise. The Leonardo Book Series provides for the contextualization of contemporary practice, ideas and frameworks
represented by those working at the intersection of art and science.
Book proposals addressing theory, research and practice, education, historical scholarship, discipline sum-
maries, collections, and experimental texts will be considered.
Submission Guidelines: <http://mitpress.mit.edu/authors/ms-submission.html>.
In preparing your proposal, bear in mind that we need to know as much as possible about your book, in-
cluding its scope, its intended audience, and information on how you think we could best promote the book to that audience. We also need to be convinced that you can present what you have to say in a way that will be useful, interesting and important to your readers.
Your proposal should include the following four items:
I. A prospectus describing your intentions. II. A detailed table of contents.
III. Two to four sample chapters that demonstrate the clarity and precision of your prose and the appeal of
your expository strategy. IV. An up-to-date curriculum vita or resume.
Inquiries and proposals can be submitted to:
Joel Slayton, Chair or Doug Sery Leonardo Book Series Committee MIT Press Books
c/o LEONARDO 5 Cambridge Center 425 Market Street, 2nd Floor Cambridge, MA 02142 San Francisco, CA 94105 U.S.A. U.S.A.
E-mail: <leonardobooks@mitpress.mit.edu>
The following new books are currently in development:
FRANK POPPER: Virtual Art
JUDY MALLOY: Women, Art and Technology
STEPHEN WILSON: Information Arts: Intersections of Art, Science, and Technology
MICHELE EMMER: Visual Mathematics II
VICTORIA VESNA: Content Providers
OLIVER GRAU: Desire to Descend into the Image: The History of Virtual Art and Its Future
LINDA HENDERSON: The Fourth Dimension and Non-Euclidean Geometry in Modern Art (Reprint)
SIMON PENNY: Making Cultural Machines
LI; I I 2 !i I WI : ---
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Special Section
SIGGRAPH
Educators Program Guest Edited by Valerie Miller
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ISEA 2002 Eleventh International Symposium on Electronic Art
Nagoya, Japan 27-31 October 2002
Theme "Ourai"
"Ourai" is aJapanese word, used since early times, meaning people's comings and goings, traffic, associa- tion and so on. About 200 years ago, a book titled Nagoya Ourai was compiled and published in Nagoya, which was used as a kind of textbook for teaching and writing. ISEA 2002 Nagoya will function as a field of Ourai (transmission) between art and sciences. With this purpose in mind we are planning several concrete sub-themes.
ISEA 2002 will be the arena for three different kinds of Ourai: the search for relations with industry, a place where participants from Asia and all over the world can communicate and share ideas, and a place where citizens can enjoy events. Like the book Nagoya Ourai, we hope that ISEA 2002 will create a new text of al- ternative literacy in the electronic age.
The Nagoya area is one of the largest industrial areas in Japan. The areas around Nagoya Port, which will be the main site of ISEA 2002, are rich in traditional culture. With 10 years of experience with ARTEC Bi-
ennale, Nagoya has a proven reputation in a related field. With this background, Nagoya will serve as a new milestone for the ISEA symposium, which will be held in Asia for the first time.
Host Organization: ISEA 2002
The Nagoya Steering Committee will be established in the end ofJune 2001, including such organizations as:
* MEDIASELECT
* City of Nagoya, Nagoya Port Authority, other public governments * Art Universities, School of Informatics, Institutes
* ISEAJapan, academic societies
* Nagoya Urban Institute, artport Executive Committee, other organizations
For further information, please contact:
Kiyofumi MOTOYAMA
(tel/fax) ++81-52-7894774 Media & Design Group, GSHI, Nagoya-U motoyama@info.human.nagoya-u.ac.jp
|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Xis [Il is :E a iviIaLiIu
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Leonardo Journals and Books Available in Bookstores
Leonardo journals are available through subscription, but they can also be purchased in selected book-
stores. Here is a partial list of bookstores that carry Leonardo and Leonardo MusicJournal (LMJ).
Any readers who are aware of a local bookstore that you think would carry Leonardo, please send us contact
information for the bookstore and we will have MIT Press follow up (send info to <leo@mitpress.mit.edu>).
Leonardo books and journals can be ordered on-line through <http://mitpress.mit.edu>. Leonardo books can also be ordered through local bookstores or through on-line booksellers.
U.SA. Bookstores (Leonardo):
Architectural Book Center 229 Peachtree St., Suite B-04 Atlanta, GA 30303
The Bookery Dewitt Mall 215 N. Cayuba St. Ithaca, NY 14850
Builders Booksource 1817 Fourth Street Berkeley, CA 94710
City Lights Bookstore PO# 4828 261 Columbus Ave. San Francisco, CA 94133
A Clean Well-Lighted Place 601 Van Ness Ave. San Francisco, CA 94102
Cody's Books 2454 Telegraph Ave. Berkeley, CA 94704
Computer Literacy Bookshop 2590 N. First St., Suite 108 San Jose, CA 95131
Franz Bader Gallery Bookstore 1911 Eye St., NW Washington, DC 20006
News Express 1803 Connecticut Ave. Washington, DC 20009
NRJS Student Store At Art Center PO# N3679 1700 Lida St. Pasadena, CA 91103
St. Mark's Bookshop 31 Third Ave. New York, NY 10003
Stanford Bookstore Dist. Center 8424 Central Ave. Newark, CA 94560
Steve's Broadway News 204 Broadway Ave. E Seattle, WA 98102
Steve's Fremont News 3416 Fremont Ave. N Seattle, WA 98103
Tattered Cover 1628 16th Street Denver, CO 80202
Ubiquity Distributors (Distributor) 607 Degraw St. Brooklyn, NY 11217
Canadian Bookstores (Leonardo):
Libraire Olivieri 5200 Gatineau Montreal, Quebec H3T 1W9 CANADA
Magpie Magazine Gallery 1319 Commercial Drive Vancouver, BC V5L 3X5 CANADA
UBC Bookstore 6200 University Blvd. Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 CANADA
International Bookstores (Leonardo):
Gleebooks PTY LTD 191 Glebe Point Road Glebe 2037 NSW AUSTRALIA
Librairie DuJeu De Paume 1 Place De La Concorde 75008 Paris FRANCE
Laie-CCCB Montalegre 5 08001 Barcelona SPAIN
Page One 5th Floor 12 Collins Street Melbourne 3000 AUSTRALIA
Tate Modern 25 Sumner St., Bankside London SE1 9TC UNITED KINGDOM
U.SA. Bookstores (LMJ):
Computer Literacy Bookshop 2590 N. First St., Suite 108 SanJose, CA 95131
Yankee Book Peddler 999 Maple St. Contoocook, NH 03229
Total Circulation SVC (Distributor) 80 Frederick Street Hackensack, NJ 07601-5234
Ubiquity Distributors (Distributor) 607 Degraw Street Brooklyn, NY 11217
Canadian Bookstores (LMJ):
Magpie Magazine Gallery 1319 Commercial Drive Vancouver, BC V5L 3X5 CANADA
UBC Bookstore 6200 University Blvd. Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 CANADA
International Bookstore (LMJ):
Gleebooks PTY LTD 191 Glebe Point Road Glebe 2037 NSW AUSTRALIA
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LEONARDO, THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE ARTS, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Leonardo/ISAST Headquarters 425 Market Street, 2nd Floor San Francisco, CA 94105, U.S.A. Tel: 415-405-3335 Fax: 415-405-7758 E-mail: <isast@sfsu.edu>
<http://mitpress.mit.edu/Leonardo/>
Leonardo Music Journal E-mail: <lmj@Leonardo.org> <http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-journals/ Leonardo/lmj/sound.html>
Association Leonardo 8, rue Emile Dunois 92100 Boulogne Billancourt, France E-mail: <leo@mitpress.mit.edu> <http://www.olats.org>
Leonardo Electronic Almanac c/o Leonardo 425 Market St., 2nd Floor San Francisco, CA 94105, U.S.A.
Leonardo Book Series 425 Market St., 2nd Floor San Francisco, CA 94105, U.S.A. E-mail: <isast@sfsu.edu>
Subscriptions MIT PressJournals Five Cambridge Center
Cambridge, MA 02142, U.S.A. Tel: 617-253-2889 Fax: 617-577-1545 E-mail: <journals-orders@mit.edu> <http://mitpress.mit.edu/>
Benefits of Membership Artists, scientists, engineers, researchers and others interested in the contemporary arts and sciences are invited to join Leonardo/ISAST. Benefits include reduced rates for Leonardo/ISAST publications, the
opportunity to nominate artists for the FrankJ. Malina Leonardo Award for Lifetime Achievement, and a forum for reporting and promoting readers' activities. For further details contact Leonardo/ISAST, 425 Market Street, 2nd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94105, U.S.A. E-mail: <isast@sfsu.edu>. Corporate membership also available.
Leonardo, the International Society for the Arts, Sciences and Technology (ISAST), founded in 1981, is a nonprofit organization that seeks to encourage the interaction of art, science and technology. Our 1,000 associate members include artists, researchers, art scholars, educators, students and interested members of the public.
Leonardo/ISAST's journals, books, electronic publications and other projects and activities aim to: (1) make visible the work of artists involved with science or technology and (2) promote the collaboration of artists, scientists and engineers.
Publications PRINTJOURNALS: The Leonardojournals are scholarly peer-reviewed journals of
record in the Art, Science and Technology field. Leonardo, published bimonthly, is the official journal of Leonardo/ISAST. Executive Editor: Roger F. Malina. ManagingEditor: Pamela Grant-Ryan. Leonardo MusicJournalwith CD is published annually. Executive Editor: Roger F. Malina. Editor-in-Chief: Nicolas Collins. ManagingEditor: Patricia Bentson.
ELECTRONICJOURNAL: Leonardo Electronic Almanac (http://mitpress.mit.edu/ e-journals/LEA/) is a monthly electronic journal available for free to Leonardo subscribers and for $35/year to non-Leonardo subscribers. Editor: Nisar Keshvani.
WORLD WIDE WEB: The Leonardo On-Line Web site (http://mitpress.mit.edu/ Leonardo/) publishes articles, galleries, bibliographies, sound samples, the Leonardo Electronic Directory and more. Executive Editor: Roger F. Malina. ManagingEditor: Patricia Bentson.
LEONARDO DIGITAL REVIEWS: The Leonardo Digital Reviews Project, through a panel of reviewers, publishes reviews of relevant books, journals, electronic publications and events. Reviews are published on the Web (http://mitpress. mit.edu/e-journals/Leonardo/ldr.html), and selected reviews are published in Leonardo Electronic Almanac and in Leonardo and Leonardo MusicJournal. Editor-in- Chief: Michael Punt. ManagingEditor: Bryony Dalefield. Web Coordinator: Robert Pepperell.
BOOKS: The Leonardo Book Series, published by the MIT Press, highlights topics related to art, science and developing technologies. Volumes include The Robot in the Garden; The Digital Dialectic: New Essays on New Media; Technoromanticism; Designing Information Technology in the Postmodern Age; Immersed in Technology: Art and Virtual Environments; The Leonardo Almanac: International Resources in Art, Science and Technology; and The Visual Mind: Art and Mathematics. Books Series Committee Chair:Joel Slayton.
Awards The Society awards the following awards:
Frank J. Malina Leonardo Award for Lifetime Achievement recognizes eminent artists who through a lifetime of work have achieved a synthesis of contemporary art, science and technology. Winners include Gyorgy Kepes, Nicolas Schoffer, Max Bill and Takis.
Leonardo Award for Excellence recognizes excellence in articles published in Leonardo. Winners include Rudolf Arnheim, Otto Piene, Charles Ames, Frieda Stahl, Donna Cox, Janet Saad-Cook, George Gessert, Alvin Curran, Karen O'Rourke, Eduardo Kac, Hubert Duprat with Christian Besson, andJose Carlos Casado with Harkaitz Cano.
Leonardo New Horizons Award for Innovation is given to individuals or groups for innovation in new media. Winners include Gregory Barsamian, Graham Harwood, Evelyn Edelson-Rosenberg, Jean-Marc Philippe,Jaroslav Belik, Peter Callas, Patrick Boyd, Christian Schiess, Kitsou Dubois and I Wayan Sadra.
Makepeace Tsao Leonardo Award recognizes organizations or groups that have increased public awareness of art forms involving science and technology, particularly through exhibitions. The first award has been given to La Cite des Arts et Nouvelles Technologies de Montreal.
ISAST News 115
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LEONARDO, THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE ARTS, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Collaboration with Other Organizations The Society frequently collaborates with other organizations and guest editors to publish special issues or sections of Leonardo. Past special issues include:
With the New York School of Visual Arts: New York Digital Salon Catalogs 1995-2000
With the Inter-Society for the Electronic Arts:
Special Sections in Leonardo.
With the Association Leonardo: The Association Leonardo is a collaborating organization in France. Projects carried out in collaboration include: L'Observatoire Leonardo des Arts et Technosciences Web site (http://www.olats.org), The Space Art Workshops, The Virtual Africa Project, and The Pioneers and Pathbreakers Project.
Collaboration with Individuals: Special Projects Leonardo/ISAST works with guest editors and curators to
organize a number of projects that involve collaboration on
publications, workshops and conferences. Topics and editors include:
Art and Biology: Art and Consciousness: Art Education: Artificial-Life Art:
Brazilian Electronic Art:
Creativity and Cognition: Generative Systems:
Genetic Algorithms:
SIGGRAPH Educators
Program: SIGGRAPH Art Gallery
Program: Space Art:
Synesthesia and Intersenses:
Virtual Africa:
George Gessert
Roy Ascott
Roy Ascott Christa Sommerer and
Kenneth Rinaldo Eduardo Kac Linda Candy Alan Dorin and
Jon McCormack
Juan Jesus Romero Cardalda
Valerie Miller and Colleen Case
Diane Gromala and Dena Eber
R. Clar, A. Woods, A. Bureaud
Jack Ox andJacques Mandelbrojt
Jocelyne Rotily
Leonardo/ISAST Boards and Committees
Leonardo/ISAST Governing Board of Directors
Roger F. Malina ('98-'01), chair; Barbara Lee Williams ('98-'01), vice chair; Martin Anderson ('01-'03), treasurer; Mark Resch ('01-'03); secretary; Mark Beam ('98-'01); Sonya Rapoport ('98-'01); Stephen Wilson ('01-'03); Lynn Hershman Leeson ('01-'03);Joel Slayton ('99-'02); Penelope Finnie ('00-'03); Curtis Karnow ('99-'02); Mina Bissell ('00-'03); Rich Gold ('00-'03); Beverly Reiser ('00-'03); Piero Scaruffi ('00-'03)
Lifetime Honorary Board Members
Marjorie Malina Lord Eric Roll of Ipsden
Leonardo/ISAST Advisory Board
Beverly Reiser, chair; Nicolas Collins; Craig Harris; Christine Malina Maxwell; Michael Punt; Marci Reichelstein
Compensation Committee Martin Anderson, chair; Mark Resch; Barbara Lee Williams
Fundraising and Marketing Committee
Roger F. Malina, chair; Christine Maxwell; Stephen Wilson; Martin Anderson; Mark Beam; Barbara Lee Williams; Andrea Blum
World Wide Web Committee
Stephen Wilson, chair; Patricia Bentson; Craig Harris; Annick Bureaud; Mark Beam; Roger F. Malina
Book Series Committee
Joel Slayton, chair; Pamela Grant-Ryan; Craig Harris; Douglas Sery; Roger Malina; Margaret Morse; Annick Bureaud; Michael Punt; Allen Strange
Nominations Committee
Sonya Rapoport, chair; Roger F. Malina; Martin Anderson
Prizes and Awards Committee Barbara Lee Williams, chair; Lisa Bornstein, Sonya Rapoport
Special Thanks Leonardo/ISAST gratefully acknowledges the special efforts of the following:
Abby Luthin Rick Palazzolo
0:one
116 ISAST News
LEONARDO, THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE ARTS, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
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