Groundwater Contamination through waste disposal

transcript

8/7/2019 Groundwater Contamination through waste disposal

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WASTE MANAGEMENT AND GROUND

WATER PROTECTION

AMALKRISHNA.K.L.AMALKRISHNA.K.L.

DISASTER MANAGEMENTDISASTER MANAGEMENT


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The Millennium DevelopmentGoals...Water has a key role in strategies forachieving all of the MDGs, which include a

target to reduce by half the proportion ofpeople without access to a safe water supplyand a commitment to ensure environmentalsustainability.


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The worlds hidden water resource

Water is essential for life, and groundwater is

estimated to constitute more than ninety five

percent of the global, unfrozen freshwater reserves.The remaining freshwater supplies are found in lakes,

rivers and wetlands, and the atmosphere.

Groundwater is a renewable resource which, when

managed properly, ensures a perpetual supply.


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What is Groundwater?

The water that lies beneath the

Earths surface. Accumulates chiefly from precipitation,

rainfall and melting snow and seeps through the soil.Gravitational force pulls the water downward .Travels

very slowly through rock and soil particles Water seeps

through openings then fills the pores and cracks of

underground rocks and the spaces between the soil

particles and becomes groundwater. The porous layer of

materials that yield useful amounts of groundwater is

called an aquifer.


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ATTRIBUTES OF GROUNDWATER

There is more ground water than surface water

Ground water is less expensive and economicresource.

Ground water is sustainable and reliable sourceof water supply.

Ground water is relatively less vulnerable topollution

Ground water is usually of high bacteriologicalpurity.Ground water is free of pathogenic organisms.


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Ground water needs little treatment before use.

Ground water has no turbidity and colour.Ground water has distinct health advantage as art

alternative for lower sanitary quality surface water.

Ground water is usually universally available.

Ground water resource can be instantly developed andused.

There is no conveyance losses in ground water based

supplies.

Ground water has low vulnerability to drought.

Ground water is key to life in arid and semi-arid

regions.


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Although groundwater is not easily

contaminated, once this occurs it is difficult to

remediate, and in the developing world, suchremediation may prove practically

impossible


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Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged

directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate

treatment to remove harmful compounds.

Water pollution

Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has

been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and

diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000

people daily. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a

proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness

every day.(Wikipedia ,accessed on27 October 2010)

Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has

been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and

diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000

people daily. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a

proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness

every day.(Wikipedia ,accessed on27 October 2010)


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In many of the developing countries like India,

uncontrolled land disposal of municipal solid waste is

a common practice even today. The unregulated waste

dumps and landfills cause a number of environmental and

human health hazards, the most

significant of them being the

groundwater contamination


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DETERMINATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION HAZARD

POTENTIAL OF WASTE DUMPS AND LANDFILLS

In any hazard assessment, three hazard components;source, pathway, and receptorare required to be

evaluated. In case of groundwater contamination

from the landfills, the source refers to the candidate

landfill and is characterized by a number ofparameters that influence landfill leachate quantity

and quality. The pathway refers to the travel route of

leachate contaminants migrating away from source,

and is characterized by different pathway media

parameters that govern the contaminant transport. The

receptor is the groundwater and its users including the

human beings, livestock, crops, sensitive environment

etc.


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Point source pollution

Point source pollution refers to contaminants thatenter a waterway through a discrete conveyance, suchas a pipe or ditch

---oil refinery wastewater discharge outlet

Non-Point source pollutionNon-point source (NPS) pollution refers to diffusecontamination that does not originate from a singlediscrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative

effect of small amounts of contaminants gatheredfrom a large area.

---agricultural areas draining into a rive


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contamination sources

Natural

Groundwater contains some impurities, even if it is unaffected byhuman activities.

Impurities depend on the nature of the geological material throughwhich the groundwater moves and the quality of the rechargewater.

Groundwater moving through sedimentary rocks and soils may pick

up a wide range of compounds such as magnesium, calcium, andchlorides.

Some aquifers have high natural concentration of dissolvedconstituents such as arsenic, boron, and selenium.


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Agricultural

Pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides and animal waste are

agricultural sources of groundwater contamination.

Industrial

One of the major sources of groundwater pollution isindustries . Groundwater pollution occurs when usedwater is returned to the hydrological cycle.


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Residential

Residential wastewater systems can be a sourceof many categories of contaminants, including

bacteria, viruses, nitrates from human waste, andorganic compounds. Injection wells used fordomestic wastewater disposal are of particularconcern to groundwater quality if located close to

drinking water wells.


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For protecting groundwater

RAINWATER HARVESTING AND ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE

Groundwater recharge is an important part of the hydrologic cycle.

Any man-made scheme or facility that adds water to an aquifer may be

considered to be an artificial recharge system.

Methods of artificial recharge in urban areas :

Water spreading

Recharge through pits, trenches, wells, shafts

Rooftop collection of rainwater

Induced recharge from surface water bodies.


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Reduce OVEREXPLOITATION of groundwater.

Groundwater decrease reduces transmissivity in water table

aquifers and the yield and specific yield of the wells. This ismore acute in thin heterogeneous aquifers and in fractured

rock aquifers. Well and water galleries have to be deepened or

redrilled. Pumping machinery becomes inadequate, works

outside the performance range or have to be replaced.


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Septic system maintenance

Septic systems are main sources of groundwater

contamination. So proper maintenance should be

given. Generally recommended that septic tanks be

plumbed out or the sludge and scum layers bemeasured at least every three year. So that solids

dont wash out into the soil treatment system.


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Social Cost of GW Pollution?

Total pollution Load into Aquifers (mainly)

= Load from Industries + Load from

Agriculture + Load from Domestic waste


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Fluorosis

HydroFluorosis causes by consumption of highFluoride in water

Not just Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis, but

variety of problems with brain, liver, kidney,heart diseases

Estimates vary from 10 to 65 million people

exposed DALY of 38.5 per 1000 population (NEERI,

2007)


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Source CGWB


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In addition, you should test your well water for

contaminants if

the taste or odor of your well water changes

significantly

your family experiences repeated, unexplainedgastrointestinal illnesses

you replace old pipes, or install a new well or pump

you have a new baby, test specifically for nitrates

your well is located near industrial sites, test for

lead, mercury, arsenic and nickel


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A 1995 survey undertaken

by Central Pollution Control Board identified 22

sites in 16 states of India as critical forgroundwater pollution, the primary cause being

industrial effluents.

Gujarat, AndhraP

radesh andHaryana reported traces of heavy metals such as

lead, cadmium, zinc and mercury.


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ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATERPOLLUTION POTENTIAL

THROUGH REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

TECHNIQUE

DRASTIC index methodology helps in the assessment of

groundwater pollution potential. DRASTIC index uses a set of

seven hydrogeological parameters

D-depth to Groundwater tableR-recharge due to rainfall

A-aquifer media, S-soil media

T-topography

I-impact of vadose zone

C-hydraulic conductivity.

These parameters are weighed with respect to their relative

importance.


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All the DRASTIC parameter layers in spatial

formats are put into GIS. The layers were assigned

weights and ratings and they are combined

interactively in the computer system.. The DRASTICindex map was generated on a minute grid and seven

categories of groundwater pollution potential zones

were identified.


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BASIC APPROACH IN HAZARDOUS WASTE

MANAGEMENT

The Government of India has promulgated

the Hazardous Waste (Management &

Handling) Rules [HW (M&H)] in 1989

through the Ministry of Environment and

Forests (MOEF) under the aegis of

Environment (Protection) Act [E(P) Act],

1986. Under the HW (M&H) Rules.


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Integrated management of groundwater resources to

meet the world's future needs necessitates are

Making the maintenance of hydrologic balance a long-

term goal of regional water-management strategies.

Improving scientific, engineering, and applied

technological expertise in developing countries toaccomplish sustainable water resources management.

Make aware of groundwaters essential role in the

community and the importance of its responsible use.

More comprehensive water-management strategies

that fully recognize groundwaters important role in

the hydrologic cycle.


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Please save water

Groundwater Animation.flv


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REFERENCES

Jerry A.N.(2009), Basic Environmental Technology-watersupply,Waste

management and control, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, Pages 78-82,

135-138.

Agarwal S.K.(2005),waterPollution , APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi,

Pages 301-314.

Soji J.A.(2009),Wastewater Treatment for pollution and Reuse, Tata McGraw Hill

Education Private Limited, New Delhi , Pages 432-441.

Kumar.A , Bohra.C, Sing.L.K.(2003), Environment Pollution and Management,

A.P.H. Publishing corporation, Pages 170-178.

Tools for groundwater protection, http://environment-

agency.resultspage.com/search?p=Q&ts=ev2&w=tools+for+groundwater+protection&x=0&y=0,1accessed on 07-01-11.

Groundwater Contamination Hazard Potential Rating of Municipal

SolidWaste Dumps and Landfills, http://www.swlf.ait.ac.th/IntlConf/Data/

ICSSWM%20web/FullPaper/Session%20VI%20A/6_A1%20_RK%20Singh_.pdf,a

ccessed on 21-10-10.


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REFERENCES

GroundwaterPollution and Contamination in India, http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/iwmi-tata/files/pdf/ground-pollute4_FULL_.pdf, pdf, accessed on 21-10-10.

Water pollution, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution, accessed on 21-10-10.

Impact of poor solid waste management on ground water ,

http://www.springerlink.com/content/a77h6p61144l1443/, accessed on 21-10-10.

GIS Techniques for Mapping Groundwater Contamination Risk ,

http://www.springerlink.com/content/j805567234120035/, accessed on 21-10-10.

Groundwater Contamination Hazard Potential Rating of Municipal Solid Waste

Dumps and Landfills

,http://www.swlf.ait.ac.th/IntlConf/Data/ICSSWM%20web/FullPaper/Session%20VI

%20A/6_A1%20_RK%20Singh_.pdf, accessed on 21-10-10.

Assessment of groundwater pollution potential through remote sensing and gis

technique a case study for anekal taluk, bangalore urban district, india.

http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXIII/congress/part7/258_XXXIII-part7.pdf,

accessed on 21-10-10.


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Thank you

Groundwater Contamination through waste disposal

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