Post on 06-Feb-2016
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History of Engineering
What is Engineering?
Engineers use their knowledge of math and natural sciences to create, using the materialsand forces of nature,solutions to problemsthat affect mankind
What problems did the first “engineers” solve?
Safety Fortifications Walls
Water Wells Canals
Food Canals Irrigation
Earliest Engineers?
3300 b.c. - Egyptians develop dikes and canals.
Archeological records show the builders used primitive surveying instruments to lay out the canals.
Next, the King’s Monuments!
2700 b.c. - Imhotep builds first pyramid at Sakkara
2500 b.c. - Great Pyramids built at Giza
Depends heavily on labor - time is not a concern
The People’s Comfort 2000 b.c. - Sumerian builders develop
canals, temples, city walls 1800 b.c. - Hammarubi develops first
building code in Babylonia 700 b.c. - Assyrians develop the first
public water supply - 30 miles of canals to feed Ninevah. (First use of concrete!)
200 b.c. - Water supply to Pergamum includes an elevated reservoir, line pressure over 300 psi.
Trade! 450 b.c. - Greek
architectons build harbor at Samos
200 b.c. - 3300 foot long tunnel through solid limestone at Samos
Ship building, light houses, etc.
Conquest! 312 b.c. - Romans build
Appian Way 214 b.c. Chinese build
1700 mile long wall Conquest of other lands
leads to sharing of knowledge Moors in Spain Roman influence
throughout the west
Roman Creations 312 b.c. - Appian Way, Aqua Appius 17 b.c. - Aggripa builds Pantheon 98 a.d. - Alcantra bridge in Spain
175 feet high, 600 feet long dry masonry construction
122 a.d. - Hadrian’s Wall Roman cities were planned,
developed to fit the surrounding environment
Other Cultures Mayan: 12,000 B.C. to 1600 AD
Teotihuacan in central Mexico had a population of 200,000 in 350 AD.
Calendars, roads, temples, chariots Chinese: 21,000 B.C. to present
Shang Dynasty: 1700 BC – writing Han Dynasty: 200 BC – universities Silk, paper, gunpowder, printing
Western Development 500 - 1300 a.d. - Middle Ages
Little development Castles, windmills, ship building Cathedrals
1100 - 1200 a.d. - Term engineer arises Based on “in generare” - to create Often built “engines of war”
Western Development 1300 - 1750 a.d. - Great scientific
advances Previous - trial & error Sometimes ran afoul of the church
1747 - French build first Engineering school
1771 - the term “Civil Engineering” is used
1780 - James Watt builds practical steam engine - Mechanical Engineering
Western Development 1800 (?) - Eli Whitney introduces
mass production in factories - beginnings of Industrial Engineering
1844 - Samuel Morse invents the telegraph - Electrical Engineering
1885 - Karl Benz begins production of gasoline driven automobiles.
The Pace Increases 1903 - Wright Brother fly at Kitty
Hawk 1917 - Commercial air-mail service 1930 – 43 Airlines in the US 1957 – Sputnik 1961 – Manned space flight 1969 – Moon landing!
Why Study History?
Keeps our perspective on the “impossible”.
Avoid repeating mistakes. Shows us the importance of
“mundane” developments. Helps us see how historical
cultural differences may impact modern solutions.
“Its all been done”
In the late 1800’s, the head of the U.S. Patent Office appealed to Congress to close his office, saying “Everything that can ever be invented, has been.”
Lesson from the Past
Ankor Wat built by Suryavarman II (1113-c. 1150)
Most visible remnant of a highly productive society
May have been wiped out buy Malaria
Who stopped “the Plague”
City life in England in 1842 Shift from agricultural to industrial
production Overcrowding rampant Child laborers Average age of death
Gentry - 43 Tradesman - 30 Laborers 22
For every death by old age or violence, 8 died from disease
Sanitary Conditions People living in basements,
streets. Water from public wells
or pumped from river to shared standpipes.
Sewage, trash throwninto gutters.
In London the Thamesbegan to stink.
A New Plague Arrives
Cholera arrives from India. In Paris, 7000 die in 18 days. Britain's industrialized
cities lose 22,000. Doctors disagree on treatment. Under medical care,
25%-59% of patients died.
The Plague Ends Insurance Actuaries determine
that the closer you live to the Thames, the higher your risk of dying.
Laws forbid pumpingdrinking water from the Thames.
New sewers. The plague ends!