Post on 09-Apr-2018
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Belal M.M Shobaki
G0916111
International
Relation
Human Security
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The Traditional SecurityThe Traditional Security
In the past, the security concept was limited
to traditional issues including keeping the
national security from any risks that may
threaten the state unity geographically,
and its political stability. The security
was connected to owning and managing
power to repel any possible risks, or toreinforce the national security.
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For a long time, the security concept was used to indicate
the security of the state borders against external
aggression, or protecting the national interests in the
foreign politics. And by the end of the cold war, this
concept has become irrelevant for most people, who
consider the insecurity a result from the daily-life
problems, more than being a result from fear of global
problems. for many people, security becomes a symbol of
protection fromh
unger, diseases, unemployment, crimes,social conflict, political repression, and environmental
risks.
ContCont
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There are two essential
components of the security:
Freedom from fear,(traditional).
Freedom from the need, and fear
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The traditional securityThe traditional security-- FreedomFreedom
from fearfrom fear
The traditional concept of security islinked to the state. The notion ofsecurity has traditionally entailed the
protection of the state: its boundaries,
its people, and its institutions
The Human Security Initiative, Available at:
http://www.humansecurityinitiative.org/
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But what is observed in each shift stage in theinternational situation, is that the security concept
is changing and expanding to include other
aspects, which indicates the emergence of new
types of risks that threaten the countries nationalinterests. Arnold Welfers defines the security
concept as the absence of any threat towards
acquired values, it means the absence of fear of
being prejudice to any of these values. Based onwhat is above, we can say that the security concept
extends to include other aspects rather than the
military ones. It includes the economic, cultural
and environmental interests.
But what is observed in each shift stage in theinternational situation, is that the security concept
is changing and expanding to include other
aspects, which indicates the emergence of new
types of risks that threaten the countries nationalinterests. Arnold Welfers defines the security
concept as the absence of any threat towards
acquired values, it means the absence of fear of
being prejudice to any of these values. Based onwhat is above, we can say that the security concept
extends to include other aspects rather than the
military ones. It includes the economic, cultural
and environmental interests.
ContCont
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The Improvement Of the securityThe Improvement Of the security
conceptconcept
The expansion in the security concept appears
clearly in studies criticism, which connect thesecurity concept to wars. John Galtung finds
that security must have a positive
significance; he says that it should beconnected to positive or stable peace rather
than wars.
Zaqaq, Adel, Reformulating the Security Concept, Available at:http://www.geocities.com/adelzeggagh/recon1.html
The expansion in the security concept appears
clearly in studies criticism, which connect thesecurity concept to wars. John Galtung finds
that security must have a positive
significance; he says that it should beconnected to positive or stable peace rather
than wars.
Zaqaq, Adel, Reformulating the Security Concept, Available at:http://www.geocities.com/adelzeggagh/recon1.html
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ContContThe expansion in the security concept remained limited to the
qualitative aspect in terms of security multiple aspects, such
as the economic, water, and environmental security. Then thisconcept expands horizontally to exceed the security
traditional concept that is related to the national state and
interests. With the improvement of the international relations
and the emergence of non-state actors, the security becomes a
concept which the countries cant achieve withoutinternational cooperation, especially after the emergence of
human security such as environmental security.
The expansion in the security concept remained limited to the
qualitative aspect in terms of security multiple aspects, such
as the economic, water, and environmental security. Then thisconcept expands horizontally to exceed the security
traditional concept that is related to the national state and
interests. With the improvement of the international relations
and the emergence of non-state actors, the security becomes a
concept which the countries cant achieve withoutinternational cooperation, especially after the emergence of
human security such as environmental security.
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Security, horizontally and verticallySecurity, horizontally and vertically
The security concept expands vertically in terms of
the aspects it includes, and horizontally in terms of
the space it occupies. It expands from the national tothe regional and then to the international security to
finally the global and human security. Based on this,
the change in the agenda of the international
relations is something expected; it becomes clearerthat the focus of the international community is on
new security issues like the environment issues,
population explosion, immigration, refugees, and
terrorism.
The security concept expands vertically in terms of
the aspects it includes, and horizontally in terms of
the space it occupies. It expands from the national tothe regional and then to the international security to
finally the global and human security. Based on this,
the change in the agenda of the international
relations is something expected; it becomes clearerthat the focus of the international community is on
new security issues like the environment issues,
population explosion, immigration, refugees, and
terrorism.
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N
ew labels of securityN
ew labels of security Human security.
Global security.
comprehensive security.
Mutual security.
Security Partnership.
Samouhi Fawq eladah, A Dictionary of Diplomacy and International Affairs, (Beirut
Lebanon library,1996), 389,
Zaqaq, Adel.
Samouhi fawq eladah, 274
Human security.
Global security.
comprehensive security.
Mutual security.
Security Partnership.
Samouhi Fawq eladah, A Dictionary of Diplomacy and International Affairs, (Beirut
Lebanon library,1996), 389,
Zaqaq, Adel.
Samouhi fawq eladah, 274
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Globalization and humanGlobalization and human
securitysecurity
Globalization has a role in the emergence of
the human security concept, due to openingborders between countries to facilitate moving
trade, and creating the global economy. The
international economy studies show that theeconomic globalization may create unstable
economic systems.Arafa, Khadija,shifts in the concept of security, human first, 2003, Available at:
www.islamonline.net/arabic/ mafaheem/2003/09/article01.shtml
Globalization has a role in the emergence of
the human security concept, due to openingborders between countries to facilitate moving
trade, and creating the global economy. The
international economy studies show that theeconomic globalization may create unstable
economic systems.Arafa, Khadija,shifts in the concept of security, human first, 2003, Available at:
www.islamonline.net/arabic/ mafaheem/2003/09/article01.shtml
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Human SecurityHuman Security
Human security as a concept evolved out of a1994 United Nations Development Programme
Human Development Reportby Dr. Mahbub ul Haq.
The report defined it as a universal concern, based
on an interdependent reality, people-centred and
focussing on early prevention, rather than later
intervention. It covers seven key areas of security:
economic, food, health, environmental, personal,
community and political security.
Dennis Altman and Gerhard Hoffstaedter, What is human security,( Australia: La Trobe University),
Available at: www.latrobe.edu.au/humansecurity/assets/downloads/what-is.pdf
UNDP Human Development report 1994
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ContCont
Human security can be a bridge between national concernsand international and globalised problems. The nation states
remain key players in delivering human security, assisted and
critiqued by civil society and non-governmental agencies.As Winslow and Erikson (2004) argue, human security offers
a means of getting back to basics in studying identity
networks and their functions. This opens new and
interdisciplinary avenues of enquiry in how peoples
relational security can be conceptualised. This will, in time,have policy impact, especially in light of changes in the
delivery of development aid and assistance.Dennis Altman and Gerhard Hoffstaedter, What is human security,( Australia: La Trobe
University),Available at: www.latrobe.edu.au/humansecurity/assets/downloads/what-is.pdf
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Human security focuses on the protection of
individuals, rather than defending the physical and
political integrity of states from external military
threats the traditional goal of national security.
Ideally, national security and human securityshould be mutually reinforcing, but in the last 100
years far more people have died as a direct or
indirect consequence of the actions of their own
governments or rebel forces in civil wars thanhave been killed by invading foreign armies.
Acting in the name of national security,
governments can pose profound threats to human
security.
Alkire, Sabina,A Conceptual Framework forHuman Security, (U.K: Centrefor Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity, CRISE, 2003)
ContCont
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Comprehens
ive and
global
Based on
prevention
Integral
Involve
d in
human
lifestyle
Human security features
UNDP Human Development report 1994
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Every day, 2 million tons of human waste are disposed of in water
courses.
In developing countries, 70 percent of industrial wastes are dumped
untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply.
Contribution of the food sector to the production of organic water
pollutants:
- High income countries: 40 percent
- Low-income countries: 54 percent
Projected increases in fertilizer use for food production and in
wastewater effluents over the next three decades suggest therewill be a 10-20 per cent global increase in river nitrogen flows
to coastal ecosystems.Between 1991 and 2000 over 665,000 people died in 2,557 natural disasters
of which 90 percent were water-related events.World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) , Available at:
http://www.unwater.org/statistics_pollu.html
Water securityWater security
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Ibid.
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Water securityWater security
Figures of the specialized research centers indicate that water
is available on the global level; this raises questions about the
challenges that face the global water security. But these
questions fade when we know that water is rare in manyregions, meaning that the water global distribution is not
equal which is a part of water challenges.
The quantity of water on earth is only 1360 million cubic
kilometers.The fresh water is 37 million cubic kilometers.
Rivers and glaciers are 75%.
7 million cubic kilometer are groundwater.
Ashram, Mahmoud, Water economies in the world, (Lebanon: Arab unity center,2001) 28.
Figures of the specialized research centers indicate that water
is available on the global level; this raises questions about the
challenges that face the global water security. But these
questions fade when we know that water is rare in manyregions, meaning that the water global distribution is not
equal which is a part of water challenges.
The quantity of water on earth is only 1360 million cubic
kilometers.The fresh water is 37 million cubic kilometers.
Rivers and glaciers are 75%.
7 million cubic kilometer are groundwater.
Ashram, Mahmoud, Water economies in the world, (Lebanon: Arab unity center,2001) 28.
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The most important challenges of waterThe most important challenges of water
securitysecurity
High water costs:
The water high cost as a result of the high cost
of extracting, desalinating or distributingwater, constitute a heavy burden. What makes
these high costs a global issue is that the
countries which suffer from high cost of water
are not distributed on different places; they all
are within the same region. Moreover, they
often rely on common resources of water
which makes conflicts something possible.
High water costs:
The water high cost as a result of the high cost
of extracting, desalinating or distributingwater, constitute a heavy burden. What makes
these high costs a global issue is that the
countries which suffer from high cost of water
are not distributed on different places; they all
are within the same region. Moreover, they
often rely on common resources of water
which makes conflicts something possible.
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The most important challenges ofThe most important challenges of
water securitywater security
The challenges of water supply management:
Water supply management includes: the search for new waterresources on both local and international levels. Water supply
management requires developing world irrigation investment,
and encouraging international donors (like: the World Bank)
to increase the water investment projects loans, such as
dams, the infrastructure for water distribution, developing theuse of groundwater in the farms, making maximum use of
surface water, and desalinating water.
Ibid, 39.
Ibid, 40-53
The challenges of water supply management:
Water supply management includes: the search for new waterresources on both local and international levels. Water supply
management requires developing world irrigation investment,
and encouraging international donors (like: the World Bank)
to increase the water investment projects loans, such as
dams, the infrastructure for water distribution, developing theuse of groundwater in the farms, making maximum use of
surface water, and desalinating water.
Ibid, 39.
Ibid, 40-53
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The most important challenges ofThe most important challenges of
water securitywater security
Challenges of water demand management:
Water demand management includes new policies
aim at using water effectively in a way reduces thewasted water amount. What makes this part (water
demand management) important is the high rate of
water loss, which is distributed on surface
evaporation, plants transpiration and pollution ofsurface water and groundwater.
Ibid, 54.
Challenges of water demand management:
Water demand management includes new policies
aim at using water effectively in a way reduces thewasted water amount. What makes this part (water
demand management) important is the high rate of
water loss, which is distributed on surface
evaporation, plants transpiration and pollution ofsurface water and groundwater.
Ibid, 54.
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The most important challenges ofThe most important challenges of
water securitywater security
Water problem extends to include other global
issues. For instance, any country may sufferfrom water scarcity but the reason may be the
water pollution by human activities which are
carried out in many countries of the world,
and their impact extends to other countries.
Water problem extends to include other global
issues. For instance, any country may sufferfrom water scarcity but the reason may be the
water pollution by human activities which are
carried out in many countries of the world,
and their impact extends to other countries.
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The most important challenges ofThe most important challenges of
water securitywater security
Water scarcity in some regions means a threat
to the food security of many countries which
rely on each others. So, this problem cant be
considered local, and due to the complex
overlap in the countries relations, it becomes
impossible to separate the countriesproblems. This requires establishing
institutions to face such problems
internationally.
Water scarcity in some regions means a threat
to the food security of many countries which
rely on each others. So, this problem cant be
considered local, and due to the complex
overlap in the countries relations, it becomes
impossible to separate the countriesproblems. This requires establishing
institutions to face such problems
internationally.
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GLOBALHUNGER
925 million people do not have enough to eat - more than the populations
of USA, Canada and the European Union;(Source:FAO news release, 14 September 2010)
98 percent of the world's hungry live in developing countries;
(Source:FAO news release, 2010)
Asia and the Pacific region is home to over half the worlds population and
nearly two thirds of the worlds hungry people;(Source:FAO news release, 2010)
Women make up a little over half of the world's population, but they
account for over 60 percent of the worlds hungry.
(Source: Strengthening efforts to eradicate hunger..., ECOSOC, 2007)
65 percent of the world's hungry live in only seven countries: India,China, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan
and Ethiopia.
(Source:FAO news release, 2010)
World Food Programme, Hunger, 2010, Available at: http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats
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Food SecurityFood Security
Food security is considered one of the most
important issues in the world. International
organizations show an increase interest in this issue,such as; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
which concerns with the development studies in this
aspect. In addition to the international committees
like Committee on World Food Security (CFS),which concerns with hunger issues and poverty.
Committee on World Food Security, 29th meeting, Rome, 12th -16th May 2003, Available at:
http://www1.fao.org/ar-cp/unfao/bodies/cfs/cfs29/CFS2003-a.htm
Mansour, Mamdouh, The policies of International Alliance, (Cairo: Madbouly, 1997) 68
Food security is considered one of the most
important issues in the world. International
organizations show an increase interest in this issue,such as; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
which concerns with the development studies in this
aspect. In addition to the international committees
like Committee on World Food Security (CFS),which concerns with hunger issues and poverty.
Committee on World Food Security, 29th meeting, Rome, 12th -16th May 2003, Available at:
http://www1.fao.org/ar-cp/unfao/bodies/cfs/cfs29/CFS2003-a.htm
Mansour, Mamdouh, The policies of International Alliance, (Cairo: Madbouly, 1997) 68
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Reinforcing the regional and international commitment to face
hunger.
Creating a discussion forum on the alternatives solutions to
reduce hunger.
Encouraging countries to take mutual measures between
governments and international organizations.
Ibid.
Increasing the countries participation and contribution in
this activity.
The goals of the international
cooperation against hunger
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Environmental SecurityEnvironmental Security
This regional and international concern in the environment
problems appeared through strategic studies under the term
the environment security. This concept deals with two main
points:
First: the environmental factors which lead to conflicts.Second: the global environmental degradation and its impact
on the communities luxury and the economical development.
The studies discuss the assumption that the increasing
pressure on supporting life systems on earth, and theexcessive consumption of the renewal natural resources,
threaten human health and luxury.Abdulhadi, Nawel, Environmental Security, Available at:Environmental Security, Available at:
www.policemc.gov.bh/reports/2008/...9.../633589849991698529.doc
Garrett Hardin, "The Tragedy of the Commons", Science, Vol. 162, No. 3859 (December 13,
1968),
This regional and international concern in the environment
problems appeared through strategic studies under the term
the environment security. This concept deals with two main
points:
First: the environmental factors which lead to conflicts.Second: the global environmental degradation and its impact
on the communities luxury and the economical development.
The studies discuss the assumption that the increasing
pressure on supporting life systems on earth, and theexcessive consumption of the renewal natural resources,
threaten human health and luxury.Abdulhadi, Nawel, Environmental Security, Available at:Environmental Security, Available at:
www.policemc.gov.bh/reports/2008/...9.../633589849991698529.doc
Garrett Hardin, "The Tragedy of the Commons", Science, Vol. 162, No. 3859 (December 13,
1968),
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Security from TerrorismSecurity from Terrorism
Traditional in terms of fearing, and nonTraditional in terms of fearing, and non-- traditional intraditional interms of the new players (terms of the new players (non state actors)non state actors)
Despite the fact that terrorism is not the most
dangerous security issues on the international level,it captures the attention of the international
community. The international fusions took many
procedures to face what is called terrorism. This
may because terrorism issue is connected to politicalinterests.
Despite the fact that terrorism is not the most
dangerous security issues on the international level,it captures the attention of the international
community. The international fusions took many
procedures to face what is called terrorism. This
may because terrorism issue is connected to politicalinterests.
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Security from TerrorismSecurity from Terrorism
Also, it should be noted that targeting great powers in the
world by terrorism, is the main reason of being the most
important issue in the international agenda. Many countries
form its policy according to its relation with superpowers; in
this case, the U.S.A leads the international campaign against
terrorism based on its interests and political view. This means
that most countries support America to protect their interestswith it.Mustafa, Nadia, The attacks on U.S and the world future, 2001, Available at:
http://www.islamonline.net/arabic/politics/2001/09/article14.shtml
Robert Hutchindz, the world in 2020, How does the CIA see it?, 2005, Available at:www.islamonline.net/Arabic/ politics/2005/02/article08.shtml
Also, it should be noted that targeting great powers in the
world by terrorism, is the main reason of being the most
important issue in the international agenda. Many countries
form its policy according to its relation with superpowers; in
this case, the U.S.A leads the international campaign against
terrorism based on its interests and political view. This means
that most countries support America to protect their interestswith it.Mustafa, Nadia, The attacks on U.S and the world future, 2001, Available at:
http://www.islamonline.net/arabic/politics/2001/09/article14.shtml
Robert Hutchindz, the world in 2020, How does the CIA see it?, 2005, Available at:www.islamonline.net/Arabic/ politics/2005/02/article08.shtml
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