Hutan Pantai English Fix

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Chapter IIntroductionA. BackgroundBaluran National Park national park is a complex nature conservation area. Baluran National Park national park habitat is very different from other regions of Java Island. The climate area is due to its geographical position is also caused by the physical arrangement of chemically fertile soil but do not have the ability to store water is good, especially in the area lowlands. Whereas, in the mountains as a result of volcanic eruptions thousands of years ago in Baluran National Parknational parkalso creates many rivers and streams that lead to the entire radial region Baluran National Parknational park , even a spring coming out of the mountain peaks glaze.The physical condition of a typical Baluran National Parknational parkeventually create many various types of vegetation ranging from evergreen forest types, forest season, coastal forest, mangroves, sea grass , savanna and coral reefs. Many types of vegetation createsmany diversity of plants and infauna, especially in coastal forests. In addition to the diversity of plants and infauna also present symbiosis between them.Coastal Forest inBaluran National Parknational parkconsists of black sand, small black coast stone, or rock bevel, depending on the area. The coastal vegetation is formed of Barringtonia, which grows between Pandean and TanjungCandibang and in LabuhanMerak, Pandanustectorius in TanjungBendi, Pemphisacidula in Air Karang, Acrophora, Poriteslutea,Serioptophorahisterix and Stylophora species.Coastal forest Baluran National Parkhas thepotential ofbiodiversityis quitehigh of flora, fauna, and both interaction includingthe beauty ofnatural scenery.The temperature varies between 27,2C 30,9C, humidity 77%, wind velocity 7 knot and the wind direction is influenced by strong south east wind. This condition match with the dominancy of flora such as pandaean.B. ProblemWhat is the effect of biotic and abiotic factors to the biodiversity of plant and infauna also that symbiosis in Coastal ForestBaluran National Park National Park?C. Researches questionsa. How is the diversity of plant in Coastal Forest of Baluran National Park National Park?b. How is the diversity of infauna in Coastal Forest of Baluran National Park National Park?c. Is there any influence of abiotic factors in Coastal Forest of Baluran National Park National Park?d. Is there any symbiosis interaction in Coastal Forest of Baluran National Park National Park?D. Objectivesa. To know the diversity of plant vegetation in Coastal Forest of Baluran National Park National Parkb. To know the diversity of infauna in bama Coastal Forest of Baluran National Park National Parkc. To know the influence of abiotic factors to the development of plant and infauna in Coastal Forest of Baluran National Park National Parkd. To know the symbiosis interaction Coastal Forest of Baluran National Park National ParkE. Benefit/ UsesTTop of FormThe usefulness of these observations can provide scientific information about plant diversity of vegetation and infauna including that symbiosis also the influence of abiotic factors in Coastal Forest ecosystem of Baluran National Park National Park.

Chapter IITHEORITICAL FOUNDATIONCoastal Forest of Baluran National ParkA. Coastal forest Coastal forest ecosystem types found in dry areas by the beach with sandy or rocky soil conditions and is located above the highest tide line. In areas like that in general, rarely flooded by sea water, but often exposed to high winds or a gust of salt.Tree species are generally found in coastal forest ecosystems such as Barringtoniaasiatica, Terminaliacatappa, Calophylluminophyllum, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Casuarinaequisetifolia, and the Pisoniagrandis. In addition to these tree species, proved sometimes there is also Hernandiapeltata tree species, Manilkarakauki, and Sterculiafoetida.

B. Analysis of vegetation To knowthe structureandcomposition ofvegetationinBaluran National Park National Parkwe have to conduct analysis of vegetation. Analysis of vegetationconducted on30plotsthatare spreadevenlyin the regionsecotone.Ecotoneregionisazone(area) transition(transition) orthe junction between twodifferent communitiesandshowtypicalproperties. Ecotoneareais an area thatis verysensitive toenvironmental changes. Environmental changescan affectvegetationstructure andcomposition. AccordingMarsono(1977)that thestructure andcomposition ofvegetationis influencedbyseveralfactors:growingplants andplaces(habitat) in the form of climateandsoil conditionsthe situation. The arrangement andnumber ofspeciescompositioniscontained inaplant community, while thevegetationstructureis definedas anorganizationin thedivulgingof space, stand, vegetation typesorplantassociations(Mueller-DomboisandEllenberg, 1974).Analysis ofvegetationinBaluran National Park national park isdone on-shore mangrove, coastal, lowland,lowlands, savannas, evergreenlowlandandhighland-lowland.C. Distribution of Coastal Forest PlantsBaluran National Park is a conservation area which has a wealth of as many as 444 species of flora consisting of 138 species of trees (7 exotic), 76 species of shrubs (4 exotic species), 37 species of vines (an exotic species), 120 kinds of herbs (9 exotic species) , 6 species of orchids, 13 species of ferns, 52 species of grass and two species of parasites and epiphytes holongan (BTN Baluran National Park, 2009). Of all the types of flora mentioned above, especially those in the National Park there are 423 types of Baluran National Park 87 family is scattered in the region and form a diverse ecosystem (heterogeneous), thus providing its own worth in terms of both economic and ecological (BTN Baluran National Park, , 2005). Several plant species can live more than one type of forest. Gebang types (Coryphautan), Kalamanthang (Anomianthusauritus), and Mimba (Azadirachtaindica) is distributed in the coastal forest, Evergreen and lowlands. Types of Acacia (Acacia nilotica) and Asem (Tamarindusindica) distributed on the beach, savannah and lowland. Kesambi types (Schleicheraoleosa) distributed in the coastal forest, savanna, lowland and highland. Mimba types (Azadirachtaindica) and Kesambi (Schleiceraoleosa) abundant in number and almost evenly inBaluran National Park Distributionin coastal forest When viewedthe development ofexisting vegetationin coastal(littoral), then indeedoften foundtwovegetationformations, namely the formationPescapraeandBarringtoniaformations.1. Pescaprae vegetationThis formation isfound inpiles ofsand thathastheelevationalong thecoast, andmostare found in allthe coastof Indonesia.Compositionof plant specieson theformationpescapraenearly all sameasspecies ofvegetationdominated byIpomoeapescaprae(katang-katang) a species ofcreeper, a lowherbwhose roots areable tobindthe sand. There areother plantspeciescommonlyfound informationssuch asCyperuspenduculatuspescaprae, Cyperusstoloniferus, Thuarealinvoluta, Spinifexlittoralis, Vitextrifolia, Ishaemummuticum, Euphorbiaatoto, Launacasarmontasa, Fimbristylissericea, Canavaliaabtusiofolia, Triumfettarepens, Uignamarina, Ipomeacarnosa, Ipomoeadenticulata, andIpomoealittoralis.2. BarringtoniaformationsBarringtoniaformationsisthe dominantplant speciesin this areais a species oftreeBarringtoniaasiatica. The icon of coastal forest is theBarringtoniaformation. Someof treesthat growon the coastandupof coastforestecosystemareBarringtoniaasiatica, Casuarinaequisetifolia, Terminaliaeatappa, Hibiscustiliaceus, Calophylluminophyllum, Hernandiapeltata, Sterculiafoetida, Manilkarakauki, Cocosnucifera, Crinumasiaticum, Cycasrumphii, Caesalpiniabonducella,coryphautan,Morindacitrifolia, Oehrocarpusovalifolius, Taeealeontopetaloides, Thespesiapopulnea, Tournefortiaargentea, Wedeliabiflora, Ximeniaamericana, Pisoniagrandis, Plueheaindica, Pongamiapinnata, Premnacorymbosa, Premnaobtusifolia, Pemphisacidula, Planchonellaobovata, taccadaScaevola, Scaevolafrutescens, Desmodiumumbellatum,Dodonaeaviscesa, Sophoratomentosa, Erythrinavariegata, Guettardaspeciosa, bidurPandanus, Pandanustectorius, andNephrolepisbiserrata.

D. Abiotic factorsAbiotic environment often also referred to the physical environment, it affects the lives of organisms. Here some example abiotic factors in the ecosystem.1. water Water is essential for all organisms. Most of our earth is water, because water covers nearly 71% of the earth's surface. However, most of the water contained in the sea as salt water and the layers of ice (in polar and mountain peaks). In addition there is also water in the form of clouds, rain, river water, fresh water, moisture, etc.. All the water that is in the earth's surface moves follow a cycle called the water cycle (cycle hiodrologi) .2. air air in the atmosphere consists of a mixture of various gases such as nitrogen (78.08%), oxygen (20.95%), argon (0.93%), CO2 (0.038%), and other gas of 1%. Various gas plays an important role in the life of the organism, for example oxygen. Availability of oxygen is determined by the presence of chlorophyll plants during photosynthesis, and the lack of oxygen would affect the living things that exist within ecosystems tersebut.3. Temperature The air is also very closely related to temperature great influence on living organisms. Ecosystems that have a high temperature will have a variety of different organisms in ecosystems with low temperature .Temperature will also affect the activities taking place in the ecosystem, such as energy flow.

E. Symbiosis Most of the interactions between species involve food: competing for the same food supply eating (predation) avoiding being eaten (avoiding predation) These interactions are often brief. There are many cases, however, where two species live in close association for long periods. Such associations are called symbiotic ("living together"). In symbiosis, at least one member of the pair benefits from the relationship. The other member may be : injured ( = parasitism) relatively unaffected ( = commensalism) may also benefit ( = mutualism). (Some people restrict the term symbiosis to only these mutually beneficial interactions, but we shall not.) Ant-acacia mutualismIn this relationship found most commonly in Baluran National Park Coastal Forest, the ant hollows out the large thorns of the plant for nests, feed on sweet secretions from the four nectaries at the base of each petiole and on the protein rich Beltian bodies found on the tips of the leaves, which together provide an almost complete diet for the ant. The ants in return protect these trees from invertebrate as well as vertebrate herbivores.With any movement of the branch, the ants emerge releasing a nasty odor as well as physically attacking the surprised herbivore. They are quite effective.Baluran ants and acacia trees get along great: The ants live in the acacia's special swollen thorns and pay the tree by attacking leaf-eating insects. But the ants steer clear of bees and other insects that pollinate the acacia's flowers, allowing the tree to reproduce, which in turn keeps alive the symbiotic relationship. why the ants turn up their feelers at pollinators: The tree exudes a chemical that tells ants to keep away. The findings, reported in Nature, show how a plant has evolved a way to thwart a potential conflict with a symbiotic insect.

CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY

Time and Place of ObservationsDay/ date: 26th of May 2012 Time: 07.00 16. 30 WIBPlace: Coastal Forest at Baluran National ParkSample Method: Sampling methods that were used are quadrant and line transect. Quadrant method was used to conduct vegetation analysis, meanwhile line transect was used to determine zonation of coastal forest at Baluran National Park.

35 mThe size of each group of samples taken is 35 meter width, and length of each group is determined from the lips of the coastal forest to the border with the coastal mangrove forests. Quadrant samples of each small group at least consist of 3 quadrants with size 15x15 meters. Quadrant is selected by zoning, see the state near the border of the transition forest, in the middle and the border of mangrove forest. Quadrant size is determined based on preliminary calculations 20% of the area that we will take the location of the sample. This observation is biotic observation that includes vegetation analysis, vertical analysis, the diversity of infauna and action interaction. While abiotic factors that we observed are temperature, wind speed, humidity, evaporation, light intensity. Edaphic factors consist of humidity, temperature, pH, and air in the soil.15mx15m15mx15m15mx15m

Border of coastal forest with mangroveBorder of transition forest with coastal forest

Apparatus and substancesNo. Observation Measure Apparatus MaterialSenses

1.Biotic Vegetation analysis -Meters-rope-Quadrant 15x15 meters-Specimen bagEyes

Vertical analysis-MetersEyes

Diversity of infauna-Specimen bag-shovel-strainereyes

2.ClimaticWind speedAnemometer

Humidity Dry-wet thermometer WaterEyes

EvaporationEvaporimeterEyes

TemperatureThermometerEyes

Light intensityLuxmeterEyes

3.EdaphicTemperatureThermometer

HumiditySoil Tester

Soil pHSoil Tester

Air in the soilFilter paperPippeteSoil corerHClKCNSK3Fe(CN)6

Procedure1. Vegetation analysisa. Measure total area of coastal forest at Baluran National Park.b. The total area is divided into 5 sub-area with 35 meter width, and length of each sub-area is determined from the lips of the coastal forest to the border with the coastal mangrove forests.c. Make 3 quadrants with size 15 meter x 15 meter in each sub-area. Quadrant is selected by zonation, see the state near the border of the transition forest, in the middle and the border of mangrove forest. Quadrant size is determined based on preliminary calculations 20% of the area.d. Conduct vegetation analysis in each quadrant by identifying name and amount of vegetation.e. Calculate density, relative density, frequency, relative frequency, dominancy, relative dominancy to get important value index2. Vertical analysisa. Make a quadrant 25cm x 25cmb. Conduct vertical analysis by using quadrant 25cm x 25cm for each trees from 0m height until 1.9meter heightc. Observe and identify vegetation that present on the treesd. Write down the result on the observation tablee. Repeat step a-d for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all sub-area3. Diversity of Infaunaa. Put 1 quadrant 25cm x 25 cm in each quadrant 15m x 15mb. Dig the soil by using shovel until 25cm depth c. Take the soil and put into speciment bagd. Sort the soil by using strainer e. Observe the organisms that present on the soilf. Write down the result on the observation tableg. Repeat step a-f for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all sub-area4. Wind speeda. Turn on anemometerb. Anemometer is directed toward wind directionc. Observe the number that appears on the screen for about 5 minutesd. Do this observation with 3 times replicatione. Write down the result on the observation tablef. Repeat step a-e for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all sub-area5. Air humiditya. Pour small amount of water into wet-thermometer tubeb. Wait until 5 minutesc. Observe the scale that appears on dry thermometer and wet thermometerd. Calculate the range and see the number of air humidity on the table that provided in dry-wet thermometere. Do this observation with 3 times replicationf. Write down the result on the observation tableg. Repeat step a-e for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all sub-area6. Evaporationa. Turn on evaporimeterb. Wait until 5 minutesc. See the scale that appearsd. Do this observation with 3 times replicatione. Write down the result on the observation tablef. Repeat step a-e for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all sub-area7. Air temperaturea. Hold the thermometer by your hand or hang it on on the tree branch (do not touch the mercury)b. Wait until 5 minutesc. See the number that appears on the scaled. Do this observation with 3 times replicatione. Write down the result on the observation tablef. Repeat step a-e for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all sub-area8. Light intensitya. Turn on luxmeterb. Open the sensor of lightc. Set the range while the sensor is directed to the lightd. Wait until 5 minutesg. Press hold button and see the number that appears on the scaleh. Do this observation with 3 times replicationi. Write down the result on the observation tablej. Repeat step a-i for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all sub-area9. Soil Temperaturea. Put thermometer into the soil for about 5cm-10cm depthb. Wait until 5 minutesc. See the number that appears on the scaled. Do this observation with 3 times replicatione. Write down the result on the observation tablef. Repeat step a-e for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all sub-area10. Soil humiditya. Put soil tester into the soil until the sensor is covered by soil surfaceb. Hold the white button on soil tester for about 5 minutesc. See the number that appears on the scaled. Do this observation with 3 times replicatione. Write down the result on the observation tablef. Repeat step a-e for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all sub-area11. Soil pHa. Put soil tester into the soil until the sensor is covered by soil surfaceb. Wait for about 5 minutesc. See the number that appears on the scaled. Do this observation with 3 times replicatione. Write down the result on the observation tablef. Repeat step a-e for each quadrant 15m x 15m in all sub-area12. Air in the soila. Prepare 2 filter papersb. Fold it into 2 parts, right side for K3Fe(CN)6 and left side for KCNSc. Take soil sample until 15cm depth by using soil corerd. Pack the soil tightlye. Put the soil at both side of filter paperf. Give 2 drops of HCl on each sampleg. Fold filter paper and press it until HCl is filteredh. Drop KCNS to the left side and K3Fe(CN)6 to the right sidei. Observe color changing that happenj. Write down the result on the observation table

CHAPTER 4RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Observation Result

Abiotic Factors (Climatic)Table xx Air Temperature of Coastal Forest at Baluran National ParkObservation SpotTemperature (oC)Average Temperature (oC)

A12929,33

B13030

C13030

D12929,33

E12828,67

Average Temperature (oC)29,47

Table xx wind speed of Coastal Forest at Baluran National ParkObservation SpotWind speed (m/s)Average wind speed (m/s)

A10,10,1

B10,10,13

C10,20,067

Average wind speed (m/s)0,059

Table xx Humidity of Coastal Forest at Baluran National ParkObservation SpotHumidity (%)

Average humidity (%)

A16668

B17270

C16669,3

D17068

E1236669

Average Humidity(%)68,8

Table xx Evaporation of Coastal Forest at Baluran National ParkObservation spotEvaporation (ml/minute/4cm2)Average Evaporation (ml/minute/4cm2)

A100,007

B10,020,02

C100,003

D10,020,007

E100,003

Average Evaporation (ml/menit/4cm2)0,008

Table xx Light Intensity of Coastal Forest at Baluran National ParkObservation SpotLight Intensity (lux)Average Light Intensity (lux)

A1130316

B1366552

C1425627

D1611613

E1357477

Average Light Intensity (lux)517

Abiotic Factors (Edaphic)Table xx Soil Temperature of Coastal Forest at Baluran National ParkObservation SpotSoil Temperature (oC)Average Soil Temperature (oC)

A125,7 26

B125 27,4

C129 27,3

D127,2 26,7

E12121,2

Average Soil Temperature (oC)25,7

Table xx Soil pH of Coastal Forest at Baluran National ParkPlotpHAverage

A16,46,86,86,67

A976,86,46,73

B476,86,86,87

C46,86,876,87

IPSE776,86,93

Average6,85

Table xx Soil Humidity of Coastal Forest at Baluran National ParkPlotSoil Humidity (%)Average (%)

A195909091,67

A985908085

B480859085

C490858586,67

IPSE75808580

Average (%)85,68

Table xx Air in the Soil of Coastal Forest at Baluran National ParkObservation SpotAir in the SoilAverage

A1A littleA little

2A little

3A little

B1A littleA little

2A little

3A little

C1A littleA little

2A little

3A little

AverageA little

Table xx Soil Organic Matter (SOM) of Coastal Forest at Baluran National ParkCoastal ForestReplicationAverageml ferro sampleml fero blangkoPercentage SOM

Plot 126232424,31,058 ml10(1-0,131)X1,34= 11,644

Plot 2252321231 ml8 ml10(1-0,125)X1,34= 11,725

Plot 339394039,331,22 ml8 ml10(1-0,1525)X1,34= 11,356

Conclusion Table ClimaticTemperature (oC)29,47

Wind speed (m/s)0,059

Humidity (%)68,,8

Evaporation (ml/minute/4cm2)0,008

Light Intensity (lux)517

EdaphicHumidity (%)85,68

Temperature (oC)25,7

pH6,85

Air in the SoilA Little

Soil Organic Matter11.575%

Biotic FactorsVertical Analysis Quadrant Area: 25 cm x 25 cmHeight : 0-1,9 mnoPlant NameAmountExplanation

1Graphis sp. 72Found until 5 m height

2Graphis scripta 32Found above soil surface + 10m height

3Bassidiomycetes12

4Lichen Colony76

5Moss Colony54Found until 3 m height

6Caloplaca sp. 21Found above soil surface + 20m height

7Ganoderma sp. 4found 0,5m from soil surface

Vegetation AnalysisQuadrant Ares: 15 m x 15 mNo.Plant NameObservation SpotAmountDensityKR (%)FrequencyFR (%)DominancyDR (%)INP

1. Calophyllum inophyllum--268700,31240,55,60,050,530,1

2 Buchanania arborescens--122230,10,80,55,60,020,26,6

3 Corypha utan299420401830,816.5111,10,121,218,8

4 Scheichera oleosa--2-20,0080,10,252,80,010,13

5 Terminalia cattapa--4-40,020,20,252,80,0030,033,03

6 Azadirachta indica--3-30,010,080,252,80,0020,022,9

7 Acacia nilotica--424280,120,960,55,60,020,26,76

8 Syzygium polyanthum-24343754331,9215,30,758,30,292,926,5

9 Hibiscus tiliaceus--20-200,090,70,252,80,010,13,6

10Caesalpiniaceae-3-11140,060,50,55,60,0090,096,19

11Ropaya exandra---35350,161,30,252,80,020,24,3

12Ipomoea pes caprae7542-721850,836,630,758,30,131,316,23

13Calamus rotang-6--60,030,20,252,80,0040,043,04

14Lantana camara-1--10,0040,030,252,80,00070,0072,83

15Streblus asper4---40,020,20,252,80,0030,033,03

16Shizigium brahida53---530,241,90,252,80,040,45,1

17Hibiscus sp.29---290,131,030,252,80,020,24,03

19Azederatha indica17---170,080,70,252,80,010,13,6

20Osmum gratisimum11---110,050,40,252,80,0070,073,27

21Epathium odorathum13---130,060.50,252,80,0090,093,39

22Poaceae14---140,060,50,252,80,0090,093,39

23Verbenaceae-65--650,292,30,252,80,040,45,5

24Anacardiaceae-238--2381,068,40,252,80,161,612,8

25Ficus hispida24---240,10,80,252,80,0160,163,76

26Arcidia sp.3---30,010,080,252,80,0020,022,9

Jumlah147812,51299,98

Zonation Metode: Line TransectLength Most Dominant Plant

20Shizigium brahidaVerbenaceaeCorypha utanArecaceaBuchanania arborescens

40Hibiscus sp.Corypha utanCorypha utanCorypha utanCorypha utan

60Ipomea pescapreAnacardiaceaeCorypha utanCorypha utanTerminalia cattapa

80Ipomea pescapraeIpomoea pescapreCorypha utanIpomea pescaprae

100--Syzygium polyanthumIpomea pescaprae-

Action Interaction NoSpecies 1Species 2Action InteractionFigure

1.MonkeyAcacia nyloticaMutualism Seed of Acacia nylotica is consumed by monkey. While monkey take a role in dispersion of Acacia nylotica.

2.FungiAlga MutualismFungi obtain food from photosynthetic process of aga because alga is autothrop organism. Meanwhile, heterothropic fungi provide water, mineral, conduct gas circulation and protect alga. This symbiosis is known as lichen LichenSource: personal documentation

3ButterflyFlowerMutualismButterfly gets nectar from flower as food source. Meanwhile flower get help from butterfly in polination process.ButterflySource: personal documentation

4FungiTreeParasitismFungi live as parasite in tree. Fungi get food from its host/ stem of tree. Ganoderma sp.Source: personal documentation

5Ipomoea pes capraeAcacia nyloticaCompetition-Ipomea pescapreSource: personal documentation

6.Corypha utanCalamus rotangCompetitionCalamus rotang is climbing liana or hanging Corypha utan. Calamus rotang usually not parasite but it could weaken another plant and compete against the light.

7.AnacardiaceaeCucurbitaceaeCompetitionCucurbitaceae is climbing liana or hanging Anacardiaceae. Cucurbitaceae usually not parasite but it could weaken another plant and compete against the light.

8.AntCorypha utan Ants stay alive on a tree branch Corypha utan. Ants do not interfere or take nutrients from Corypha utan.

9.TermitesAnacardiaceae ComensalismTermites live ride, making a house on a tree branch of Anacardiaceae. Termites Ants do not interfere or take nutrients from Anacardiaceae.

Infauna diversityMethod: Quadrant 25 cm x 25 cm with 25 cm depthNoLine / Quadrant / TitikWidth of Litter (cm)Taxa InfaunaAmount

1.2/Quadrant 1-Oppia quadricarinata1

Compodea staphylinus1

Necrophloeophagus longicornis1

2.2/Quadrant 2-Formicidae2

Lumbricidae10

Myrmyeleontidae1

3.2/Quadrant 3-Ocypodidae 1

Collembola1

41/Quadrant 13 cmLarva Diptera 2

Chilopoda sp.2

Lumbricidae11

51/Quadrant 22 cmFormica sp.9

Lumbricidae6

Larva insect1

Chilopoda sp.1

61/Quadrant 3-Formicidae 2

Lumbricidae11

Chilopoda sp.3

Amount64

DISCUSSION

Abiotic factorsBased on the climatic factors observation, the temperature was about 29.47 C, it is quite hot. It could be occurs because the location of the coastal forest near of the marine area.And for the light intensity was about 517 lux with a range of 100.Wind speed was about 0.059 m / s, we got the lower number of wind speed and light intensity because the most of the trees in there has a big canopy and it will block the wind to pass through the trees.And it will affect the humidity. Humidity is about 68.8%.the number is quite high due to the situation in the area covered by canopy and the distance between each tree is quite closed. The water evaporation in the coastal forest was about 0.008 cm2 ml/minutes/4.We got the lower number of water evaporation due the the coastal forest humidity is big and has a lower light intensity.Beside the climatic factors, we observed edafic factors.It can be determine the soil condition as a life-supporting plants and soil microorganisms in coastal forests.Soil moisture of about 85.68%, this happens because the high water content in the area so the soil becomes very humid. And also trees Canopy affect this factor, because canopy affect the light intensity, humidity and wind speed that also affect to the soil moisture.For the soil pH we got the number about 6.85.The normal pH of the soil for the development of microorganisms to develop optimally and make it easier for plants to absorb nutrients contained in soil.Soil Temperature was about 25.7 C.These temperatures correspond to optimal living microorganisms both plants and animals infauna.All area in coastal forest has a poor oxygen and contained Ferro, it can be seen by the color changing become blue when we drop K3Fe(CO)2. It can conclude that the soil condition is not good. The soil has a poor oxygen due to several factors, the first is the type of soil is mud, it can affect the bonding air in the soil and the existence of microorganism in the soil.

Biotic factorsTo observe biotic factors we observed the vegetation analysis. We used a quadran method with 15 m x 15 m square with a minimum area of customized place to be observed. Based on our observations, plants with the highest IIV value is Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum), its about 30.1.it can be seen from the high value of the relative frequency and relative density for plant Nyamplung.Another plant that has the highest IIV is Manting (Syzygium polyanthum), its about 26.5.This plant is easy to find at some point of observation area.Beside that there was plants Gebang (Corypha utan) , its about18.8 IIV.These herbs are easily found at any observation area and the numbers are dominating in a certain zone in the region.Besides the typical plants Ipomea prescapre coastal forest has amount of IIV is 16.23.This plant is found in as many as 185 three-point observations.These plants are found near the mangroves area.Plants of the family Anacardiaceae has a score of IIV is about 12.8.An unknown species of plants are found a lot is about the 238 species in one of the observation area.Plants Acacia (Acacia nilotica) is commonly found in savanna areas were also found in coastal forests.Although the plant is only found as many as 28 species in the two observation area, Acacia has a value of IIV is about 6.76.Popohan plants (Buchanania arborescens) has a fairly high INP value is 6.6.This plant is found in the two observation area is about 23 trees.Besides the plants already mentioned above there are still some existing plants in the coastal forest plants, like plants of family Caesalpiniaceae has IIV is about 6.19. Plants of the family Verbenaceae has IIV about 5.5.Shizigium brahida has IIV 5.1.Ropaya exandra has IIV 4.3.Hibiscus sp has IIV 4.03.Ficus hispida has INP 3.76.Azederatha indica has IIV 3.6.Sea hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus) has IIV 3.6.Epathium odorathum has IIV 3.39.Osmum gratisimum has IIV 3.27.Calamus rontang has IIV 3.04.Ketapang (Terminalia cattapa) has IIV 3.03.Streblus asper has IIV 3.03.Kesambi (Scheichera oleosa) has IIV 3.Neem (Azadirachta indica) has IIV 2.9.Arcidia sp has IIV 2.9.Lantana camara has IIV 2.84.On observations about the zoning of the most dominant plant in coastal forests, we divide the area into five parts, the first area has a wide 0-20 m, the second 20-40 m, the third 40 - 60m, the fourth 60 - 80m and the fifth 80 - 100m.Because the shape of the area is winding then there are some places that can only be measured until meters of 60 and 80.We divided into five sections for ease in analyzing and calculating the diversity of existing plants.In the first part is an area close to the road. It has plants variety and has dominate in each observation area like Shizigium brahida ie, orangutans and Buchanania Corypha arborescens and plants of the family Verbenaceae and Arecacea.In the second part is the 20-40 m from the road, from the fourth observation area is dominated by Corypha utan and on one of the region is dominated by Hibiscus sp.In this section we have seen the same dominance in some point of observation.In part three, two observation area are still dominated by plants Corypha utan and at other points are dominated by Terminalia cattapa and plants of the family Anacardiaceae.In the point A, is dominated by plants typical of the coastal forest prescapre Ipomea.On the fourth or zoning area between 60-80 m, has dominant plants of Ipomea prescapre at three observation points.At one point observation of plants that dominate still Corypha utan.On the fifth part for zoning only two observation area that we observed, those are C and D area.At area C the plants that dominate was the Syzygium polyanthum while at point D, the plants that dominate was the Ipomea prescapre.We conclude that the plants that growth close to the mangrove forest is Ipomea prescapre.On this observation, we did the vertical analysis contained in some trees in coastal forests.A tree sampled comes from different quadrants.Vertical analysis of the observations we observed only up to a height of 2m.The abundant species is lichen.The name of the lichen are Graphis sp., Graphis scripta, and Caloplaca sp.In general, this lichen is located at a height of 0-3 meters.The higher the tree the density of lichen will decreases, it can be seen from the diminishing number of colonies.The intensity of light affects the density of lichen, the higher the trees, the greater the intensity of light. We can see colonies that are still visible to a height of +10 m is Calopaca sp.

c. a. b.

Picture (a)&(c) Lichen exist in the tree that has height + 10 meter. (b) Caloplaca sp. dan Graphis sp.

Infauna diversity which can be found in coastal forests such as Chilopoda sp, sp Formica, Oppia quadricarinata, Compodea staphylinus, Necrophloeophagus longicornis, Lumbricus sp., And the larvae of the order Diptera. The diversity of infauna from each quadrant is almost same. The presence of Infauna correlated with soil organic matter content present in the soil. Coastal forest soils have a pH of 6.67 to 6.93, which means the soil pH near normal pH of 7. pH is normal and allows the species alive. In addition to pH, organic matter content of soil also strongly influences the presence of soil infauna. Organic matter in the soil at area 3 is lower than area 1. Litter on areas 1 and 2 more than 3 area close to mangroves. Soil conditions were different between areas 1,2,3. The difference in organic content affect the diversity of infauna present in the soil. Larval insect larvae such as Collembola, Diptera, Drosophilidae is more commonly found in the first area adjacent to the forest transition. A B CPicture (A) and (B) larva Drosophilidae, (C). Isopoda

The interaction action in diverse coastal forest was vary, and the most typical is the parasitism of Ipomea pescapre dan Acacia nilotica. Acacia nilotica has become a plant pest in baluran because it can disturb the balance in other ecosystems. Not only in the savanna ecosystems but also coastal forests. Ipomea pescapre which is a typical coastal forest plants marginalized by the growth of Acacia nilotica is more diffuse and widespread. This is evident from the existence of diminishing pescrape Ipomea in last quadrant.Acacia nilotica and the monkey is one of symbiosis in coastal forests. Action of these interactions include symbiotic mutualism, where abundant of Acacia nilotica can be spread with the help of monkeys, and monkeys can eat acacia seeds.Another symbiosis is between butterflies and flowers, bees and flowers, moss and lichen forming fungi. Symbiosis komensalisme eg liver moss and Ficus sp, where moss makes the trunk Ficus sp as a place to live or where moss attached rhizome, while Ficus sp is not harmed nor benefited. Termites and Corypha utan is one of symbiosis parasitism, where the termites make stem Corypha utan as a place to live or nest. While Corypha utan harmed because the stem is slowly become obsolete.

abPicture (a) and (b) leaf that consist of fungi.

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONCONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Hutan Pantai English Fix

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