ia - PHS WORLD HISTORYsupport each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at...

transcript

TA

SK

#1

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(M =

Mil

ita

rism

) M

ilit

ari

sm d

en

ote

d a

ris

e i

n m

ilit

ary

exp

en

dit

ure

, a

n i

ncr

ea

se i

n m

ilit

ary

an

d n

ava

l fo

rce

s, m

ore

in

flu

en

ce

of

the

mil

ita

ry m

en

up

on

th

e p

oli

cie

s o

f th

e c

ivil

ian

go

ve

rnm

en

t, a

nd

a p

refe

ren

ce f

or

forc

e a

s a

so

luti

on

to p

rob

lem

s. M

ilit

ari

sm w

as

on

e o

f th

e m

ain

ca

use

s o

f th

e F

irst

Wo

rld

Wa

r.

Aft

er

18

71

, th

e w

ar

atm

osp

he

re e

ng

en

de

red

by

th

e s

ecr

et

all

ian

ces

led

to

an

arm

am

en

ts r

ace

am

on

g t

he

po

we

rs.

Th

e r

ace

wa

s p

art

icu

larl

y s

eri

ou

s b

etw

ee

n 1

90

0 a

nd

19

14

, a

s th

e i

nte

rna

tio

na

l si

tua

tio

n b

eca

me

mu

ch w

ors

e t

ha

n b

efo

re.

Th

ere

wa

s a

sig

nif

ica

nt

rise

in

th

e a

rmy

an

d n

ava

l e

stim

ate

s o

f th

e E

uro

pe

an

po

we

rs i

n t

he

se y

ea

rs.

To

tal

De

fen

se E

xp

en

dit

ure

(in

mil

lio

n £

) b

y G

erm

an

y,

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry,

Ita

ly,

Bri

tain

, F

ran

ce a

nd

Ru

ssia

18

70

1

88

0

18

90

1

90

0

19

10

1

91

4

94

1

30

1

54

2

68

2

89

3

98

It i

s a

lso

im

po

rta

nt

to t

ak

e n

oti

ce o

f th

e f

act

th

at

fro

m 1

91

0 t

o 1

91

4,

wh

ile

Fra

nce

in

cre

ase

d h

er

de

fen

se

exp

en

dit

ure

by

10

%,

Bri

tain

by

13

%,

Ru

ssia

by

39

%,

an

d G

erm

an

y w

as

the

mo

st m

ilit

ari

stic

as

she

incr

ea

sed

by

73

%.

Incr

ea

sed

wa

r e

xpe

nd

itu

re e

na

ble

d a

ll t

he

po

we

rs t

o r

ais

e m

ore

arm

ies

an

d i

mp

rov

e

the

ir b

att

lesh

ips.

A

ll t

he

Co

nti

ne

nta

l E

uro

pe

an

po

we

rs h

ad

op

ted

th

e c

on

scri

pti

on

sy

ste

m s

ince

18

70

. F

ran

ce h

ad

con

scri

pti

on

sin

ce t

he

Re

volu

tio

na

ry W

ars

, A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

sin

ce 1

86

8,

Ge

rma

ny

sin

ce 1

87

0,

Ita

ly s

ince

18

73

an

d R

uss

ia s

ince

18

74

. O

nly

Bri

tain

did

no

t h

ave

co

nsc

rip

tio

n.

Aft

er

18

90

, th

e d

ete

rio

rati

ng

dip

lom

ati

c re

lati

on

s a

mo

ng

th

e p

ow

ers

acc

ele

rate

d t

he

ir m

ilit

ary

exp

an

sio

n p

rog

ram

. F

rom

19

13

to

Ju

ly 1

91

4,

Ge

rma

ny

in

cre

ase

d h

er

sta

nd

ing

fo

rce

s b

y 1

70

,00

0 m

en

. F

ran

ce l

en

gth

en

ed

he

r

pe

rio

d o

f m

ilit

ary

se

rvic

e f

rom

tw

o t

hre

e y

ea

rs.

Ru

ssia

le

ng

the

ne

d h

er

term

of

serv

ice

fro

m t

hre

e t

o

thre

e a

nd

a h

alf

ye

ars

. B

rita

in d

id n

ot

intr

od

uce

co

nsc

rip

tio

n b

ut

ha

d p

rep

are

d h

er

arm

ed

fo

rce

s fo

r b

oth

Eu

rop

ea

n e

xpe

dit

ion

an

d f

or

ho

me

de

fen

se.

In g

en

era

l, a

ll t

he

po

we

rs i

ncr

ea

sed

th

eir

sto

cks

of

arm

s,

pro

du

ced

mo

re m

od

ern

we

ap

on

s o

f w

ar

an

d b

uil

t m

ore

str

ate

gic

ra

ilw

ay

s.

Bri

tain

an

d G

erm

an

y w

ere

th

e c

hie

f ri

vals

at

sea

. U

nd

er

Ad

mir

al

Tir

pit

z, S

tate

Se

cre

tary

of

the

Im

pe

ria

l

Na

val

Off

ice

fro

m 1

89

7,

a l

on

g-t

erm

sh

ipb

uil

din

g p

rog

ram

be

ga

n.

Th

e G

erm

an

Na

vy L

aw

of

18

98

incr

ea

sed

th

e G

erm

an

ba

ttle

ship

s fr

om

nin

e c

ruis

ers

to

tw

elv

e.

In 1

90

0 G

erm

an

y p

ass

ed

a N

avy

La

w

wh

ich

do

ub

led

th

e G

erm

an

ba

ttle

fle

et.

In

cre

ase

d m

ilit

ary

an

d n

ava

l ri

valr

y l

ed

to

th

e b

eli

ef

tha

t w

ar

wa

s co

min

g.

Th

e G

erm

an

ru

lin

g g

rou

p f

elt

tha

t o

nly

th

rou

gh

a w

ar

cou

ld G

erm

an

y b

eco

me

a w

orl

d p

ow

er.

Mil

ita

ry p

rep

ara

tio

ns

by

oth

er

na

tio

ns

stre

ng

the

ne

d t

his

be

lie

f. A

s a

re

sult

of

the

arm

am

en

ts r

ace

, a

ll t

he

Eu

rop

ea

n p

ow

ers

we

re p

rep

are

d f

or

a

wa

r b

y 1

91

4.

----

---

So

urc

e m

od

ifie

d f

rom

: h

ttp

://s

pa

rta

cus-

ed

uca

tio

na

l.co

m/F

WW

cost

s.h

tm

1.

Wh

at

is m

ilit

ari

sm?

__

_

__

2

. W

ha

t h

ap

pe

ne

d a

fte

r 1

87

1?

__

3

. H

ow

mu

ch d

id d

efe

nse

exp

en

dit

ure

in

cre

ase

be

twe

en

18

70

an

d 1

91

4?

__

4

. W

hic

h n

ati

on

in

cre

ase

d i

ts m

ilit

ary

sp

en

din

g t

he

mo

st

an

d b

y h

ow

mu

ch?

__

5

. W

hic

h n

ati

on

s a

do

pte

d t

he

co

nsc

rip

tio

n s

yst

em

an

d

wh

en

did

th

ey

ad

op

t it

?

__

6

. W

ha

t ch

an

ge

s d

id c

ou

ntr

ies

ma

ke

to

th

eir

arm

ies?

__

7

. H

ow

did

Ge

rma

ny

an

d B

rita

in c

om

pe

te?

__

8

. W

ha

t d

id t

he

ru

lin

g g

rou

p o

f G

erm

an

y b

elie

ve?

__

9

. W

ha

t d

id t

his

arm

s ra

ce r

esu

lt i

n?

__

1

TA

SK

#2

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(M =

Mil

ita

rism

)

Ta

ble

de

mo

nst

rati

ng

na

va

l st

ren

gth

of

Eu

rop

ea

n P

ow

ers

in

19

14

Co

un

try

P

ers

on

ne

l La

rge

Na

val

Ve

sse

ls (

Dre

ad

no

ug

hts

) T

on

na

ge

Ru

ssia

5

4,0

00

4

3

28

,00

0

Fra

nce

6

8,0

00

1

0

73

1,0

00

Bri

tain

2

09

,00

0

29

2

,20

5,0

00

TO

TA

L 3

31

,00

0

43

3

,26

4,0

00

Ge

rma

ny

7

9,0

00

1

7

1,0

19

,00

0

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry

16

,00

0

4

24

9,0

00

TO

TA

L 9

5,0

00

2

1

1,2

68

,00

0

Th

e d

esc

en

t in

to t

he

Fir

st W

orl

d w

ar

wa

s n

ot

just

dri

ve

n b

y n

ew

we

ap

on

s a

nd

th

e a

rms

race

: it

wa

s

als

o f

ue

lle

d b

y t

he

pe

rva

siv

e c

ult

ure

of

mil

ita

rism

th

at

reig

ne

d i

n m

an

y p

art

s o

f E

uro

pe

. A

fte

r 1

90

7,

mil

ita

rism

wa

s a

s e

vid

en

t in

an

in

cre

ase

in

mil

ita

ry i

nfl

ue

nce

on

po

licy

ma

kin

g.

Th

e g

ov

ern

me

nts

an

d

ari

sto

cra

cie

s o

f th

e G

rea

t P

ow

ers

we

re s

tro

ng

ly i

nfl

ue

nce

d a

nd

in

so

me

ca

ses

do

min

ate

d b

y m

ilit

ary

eli

tes.

Ra

the

r th

an

wo

rkin

g a

s se

rva

nts

of

civ

ilia

n g

ov

ern

me

nts

, g

en

era

ls a

nd

ad

mir

als

be

cam

e d

e

fact

o g

ov

ern

me

nt

min

iste

rs.

Th

ese

me

n f

ue

lle

d t

he

arm

s ra

ce b

y d

em

an

din

g i

ncr

ea

ses

in d

efe

nse

spe

nd

ing

; th

ey

als

o c

on

trib

ute

d t

o t

he

mo

od

fo

r w

ar

by

dra

win

g u

p w

ar

pla

ns

an

d p

rom

oti

ng

mil

ita

ry s

olu

tio

ns

to p

oli

tica

l a

nd

dip

lom

ati

c p

rob

lem

s. A

s th

e f

orm

er

Ge

rma

n a

rmy

off

ice

r A

lfre

d

Va

gts

wo

uld

la

ter

wri

te,

mil

ita

rism

wa

s “a

do

min

ati

on

of

the

mil

ita

ry m

an

ove

r th

e c

ivil

ian

, a

n u

nd

ue

pre

po

nd

era

nce

of

mil

ita

ry d

em

an

ds

[an

d]

an

em

ph

asi

s o

n m

ilit

ary

co

nsi

de

rati

on

s.”

T

his

mil

ita

rist

ic c

ult

ure

wa

s st

ron

ge

st i

n G

erm

an

y.

Th

e G

erm

an

arm

y w

as

form

ed

fro

m t

he

old

Pru

ssia

n a

rmy

an

d w

as

the

refo

re d

om

ina

ted

by

th

e J

un

kers

, a

sm

all

bu

t p

ow

erf

ul

gro

up

of

Pru

ssia

n

ari

sto

cra

ts.

Pru

ssia

ha

d b

ee

n t

he

mo

st p

ow

erf

ul

of

the

Ge

rma

nic

sta

tes

pri

or

to u

nif

ica

tio

n,

bo

th i

n

po

liti

cal

an

d m

ilit

ary

te

rms.

Th

e P

russ

ian

arm

y h

ad

be

en

re

form

ed

an

d m

od

ern

ize

d b

y F

ield

Ma

rsh

al

vo

n M

olt

ke

in

th

e 1

85

0s.

Un

de

r v

on

Mo

ltk

e’s

co

mm

an

d t

he

Pru

ssia

ns

de

velo

pe

d a

rig

oro

us

tra

inin

g

reg

ime

fo

r o

ffic

ers

; th

ey

als

o i

nco

rpo

rate

d n

ew

we

ap

on

ry a

nd

co

mm

un

ica

tio

n t

ech

no

log

ies

into

the

ir m

ilit

ary

str

ate

gy

. A

fte

r 1

87

1 t

he

Pru

ssia

n a

rmy

form

ed

th

e c

ore

of

the

ne

w G

erm

an

im

pe

ria

l

arm

y.

Th

e K

ais

er

wa

s th

e s

up

rem

e c

om

ma

nd

er

of

the

arm

y;

he

re

lie

d o

n a

mil

ita

ry c

ou

nci

l a

nd

ch

ief

of

ge

ne

ral

sta

ff,

ma

de

up

of

Jun

ke

r a

rist

ocr

ats

an

d c

are

er

off

ice

rs.

Th

e R

eic

hst

ag

, G

erm

an

y’s

ele

cte

d

civ

ilia

n p

arl

iam

en

t, e

xerc

ise

d v

ery

lit

tle

sa

y in

mil

ita

ry m

att

ers

. In

ma

ny

re

spe

cts

the

Ge

rma

ny

mil

ita

ry e

xist

ed

as

a p

art

of

the

go

ve

rnm

en

t, r

ath

er

tha

n b

ein

g a

se

rva

nt

of

the

go

ve

rnm

en

t.

Ge

rma

n A

dm

ira

l M

ulle

r e

xpre

sse

d t

he

fo

llo

win

g a

bo

ut

the

in

ev

ita

bil

ity

of

wa

r in

an

exc

erp

t fr

om

his

dia

ry o

n D

ece

mb

er

8,

19

12

: “G

en

era

l v

on

Mo

ltk

e [

he

ad

of

the

arm

y]

said

: I

be

lieve

wa

r is

un

av

oid

ab

le;

wa

r th

e s

oo

ne

r th

e b

ett

er.

B

ut

we

ou

gh

t to

do

mo

re t

o p

ress

to

pre

pa

re t

he

po

pu

lari

ty o

f a

wa

r a

ga

inst

Ru

ssia

.

Th

e K

ais

er

sup

po

rte

d t

his

.

Tir

pit

z [h

ea

d o

f th

e n

av

y]

said

th

at

the

na

vy

wo

uld

pre

fer

to s

ee

th

e p

ost

po

ne

me

nt

of

the

gre

at

fig

ht

for

on

e a

nd

a h

alf

ye

ars

.”

1.

Ba

sed

on

th

e t

ab

le d

em

on

stra

tin

g n

av

al

stre

ng

th,

wh

ich

all

ian

ce

ha

d t

he

la

rge

st n

av

y?

Ple

ase

in

clu

de

sp

eci

fic

nu

mb

ers

as

yo

ur

pro

of.

__

_

__

2.

Ho

w w

as

the

pe

rva

siv

e c

ult

ure

of

mil

ita

rism

ev

ide

nt

aft

er

19

07

?

__

3.

Wh

at

role

did

th

e m

ilit

ary

sta

rt t

o p

lay

in

civ

ilia

n g

ov

ern

me

nts

du

rin

g t

his

pe

rio

d?

__

_

__

4.

Ho

w d

id f

orm

er

Ge

rma

n a

rmy

off

ice

r A

lfre

d V

ag

ts d

esc

rib

e

mil

ita

rism

in

Ge

rma

ny

? _

__

5.

Wh

o w

ere

th

e J

un

kers

an

d w

hy

we

re t

he

y i

mp

ort

an

t? _

__

_

__

6.

Ho

w d

oe

s th

e e

xce

rpt

fro

m t

he

dia

ry o

f G

erm

an

Ad

mir

al M

ull

er

exp

ress

th

e G

erm

an

att

itu

de

to

wa

rds

wa

r? P

lea

se i

ncl

ud

e a

spe

cifi

c q

uo

tati

on

fro

m t

he

exc

erp

t a

s p

roo

f o

f y

ou

r a

nsw

er.

__

2

TA

SK

#3

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(A =

All

ian

ces)

T

he

re w

as

no

sin

gle

ca

use

fo

r th

e G

rea

t W

ar,

as

Wo

rld

Wa

r I

wa

s fi

rst

call

ed

. D

uri

ng

th

e e

arl

y m

on

ths

of

19

14

, fe

w p

eo

ple

th

ou

gh

t a

bo

ut

wa

r.

Eu

rop

ea

ns

we

re e

njo

yin

g p

ea

cefu

l ti

me

s.

Wh

at

wa

s in

ten

de

d a

s a

stri

ctly

lim

ite

d w

ar

- a

bri

ef

wa

r -

be

twe

en

acc

use

r a

nd

acc

use

d,

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry a

nd

Se

rbia

, ra

pid

ly

esc

ala

ted

in

to s

om

eth

ing

th

at

wa

s b

ey

on

d t

he

exp

ect

ati

on

s o

f e

ve

n t

he

mo

st w

arl

ike

min

iste

rs i

n B

erl

in

(an

d c

ert

ain

ly V

ien

na

, w

hic

h q

uic

kly

be

cam

e a

larm

ed

at

spir

ali

ng

ev

en

ts i

n l

ate

Ju

ly a

nd

so

ug

ht

Ge

rma

n

rea

ssu

ran

ces)

. H

avi

ng

all

ies

wa

s a

sig

n o

f st

ren

gth

, so

Eu

rop

ea

n c

ou

ntr

ies

form

ed

all

ian

ces.

A

n a

llia

nce

is

an

ag

ree

me

nt

ma

de

be

twe

en

tw

o o

r m

ore

co

un

trie

s to

giv

e e

ach

oth

er

he

lp i

f it

is

ne

ed

. W

he

n a

llia

nce

is

sig

ne

d,

tho

se c

ou

ntr

ies

be

com

e k

no

wn

as

All

ies.

M

em

be

rs o

f a

n a

llia

nce

ag

ree

d t

o h

elp

on

e a

no

the

r in

tim

es

of

tro

ub

le.

Th

e a

llia

nce

s a

llo

we

d n

ati

on

s to

ta

ke

mo

re r

isk

s b

eca

use

th

ey

kn

ew

th

ey

ha

d s

up

po

rt.

B

y 1

91

4,

the

re w

ere

tw

o m

ajo

r a

llia

nce

s.

On

e w

as

the

Tri

ple

All

ian

ce.

Its

me

mb

ers

we

re G

erm

an

y,

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry,

an

d I

taly

. I

n 1

87

9 G

erm

an

y a

nd

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry a

gre

ed

to

fo

rm a

Du

al

All

ian

ce.

Th

is

be

cam

e t

he

Tri

ple

All

ian

ce w

he

n i

n 1

88

2 i

t w

as

exp

an

de

d t

o i

ncl

ud

e I

taly

. T

he

th

ree

co

un

trie

s a

gre

ed

to

sup

po

rt e

ach

oth

er

if a

tta

cke

d b

y e

ith

er

Fra

nce

or

Ru

ssia

. It

wa

s re

ne

we

d a

t fi

ve-y

ea

rly

in

terv

als

. T

he

form

ati

on

of

the

Tri

ple

En

ten

te i

n 1

90

7 b

y B

rita

in,

Fra

nce

an

d R

uss

ia,

rein

forc

ed

th

e n

ee

d f

or

the

all

ian

ce.

Ta

ble

1:

Tri

ple

All

ian

ce C

ou

ntr

y S

tati

stic

s

Co

un

try

Po

pu

lati

on

S

old

iers

B

att

lesh

ips

Fo

reig

n T

rad

e (

£)

Ste

el

Pro

du

ctio

n

Ge

rma

ny

65

,00

0,0

00

8

,50

0,0

00

3

7

1,0

30

,38

0,0

00

1

7,0

24

,00

0 t

on

s

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry 4

9,8

82

,23

1

3,0

00

,00

0

16

1

98

,71

2,0

00

2

,64

2,0

00

to

ns

Fra

nce

fe

lt t

hre

ate

ne

d b

y t

his

all

ian

ce.

Bri

tain

wa

s a

lso

co

nce

rne

d b

y t

he

gro

wth

in

th

e G

erm

an

Na

vy a

nd

in 1

90

4 t

he

tw

o c

ou

ntr

ies

sig

ne

d t

he

En

ten

te C

ord

iale

(fr

ien

dly

un

de

rsta

nd

ing

). T

he

ob

ject

ive

of

the

all

ian

ce w

as

to e

nco

ura

ge

co

-op

era

tio

n a

ga

inst

th

e p

erc

eiv

ed

th

rea

t o

f G

erm

an

y.

Th

ree

ye

ars

la

ter,

Ru

ssia

, fe

ari

ng

th

e g

row

th i

n t

he

Ge

rma

n A

rmy

, jo

ine

d B

rita

in a

nd

Fra

nce

to

fo

rm t

he

Tri

ple

En

ten

te.

Th

e R

uss

ian

go

vern

me

nt

wa

s a

lso

co

nce

rne

d a

bo

ut

the

po

ssib

ilit

y o

f A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

incr

ea

sin

g t

he

siz

e o

f it

s e

mp

ire

. It

th

ere

fore

ma

de

pro

mis

es

to h

elp

Se

rbia

if

it w

as

att

ack

ed

by

me

mb

ers

of

the

Tri

ple

All

ian

ce.

Ta

ble

2:

Tri

ple

En

ten

te C

ou

ntr

y S

tati

stic

s

Co

un

try

Po

pu

lati

on

S

old

iers

B

att

lesh

ips

Fo

reig

n T

rad

e (

£)

Ste

el

Pro

du

ctio

n

Gre

at

Bri

tain

4

6,4

07

,03

7

71

1,0

00

5

7

1,2

23

,15

2,0

00

6

,90

3,0

00

to

ns

Fra

nce

3

9,6

01

,50

9

3,5

00

,00

0 1

9

42

4,0

00

,00

0

4,3

33

,00

0 t

on

s

Ru

ssia

1

67

,00

0,0

00

4,4

23

,00

0 4

1

90

,24

7,0

00

4

,41

6,0

00

to

ns

----

---

So

urc

e m

od

ifie

d f

rom

: h

ttp

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pa

rta

cus-

ed

uca

tio

na

l.co

m/F

WW

en

ten

te.h

tm a

nd

htt

p:/

/sp

art

acu

s-

ed

uca

tio

na

l.co

m/F

WW

trip

le.h

tm

1.

Wh

at

wa

s E

uro

pe

lik

e b

efo

re t

he

wa

r? _

__

_

__

_

2.

Wh

at

we

re a

llia

nce

s a

sig

n o

f? _

__

_

3.

Wh

at

is a

n a

llia

nce

? _

__

_

4.

Wh

at

do

all

ies

ag

ree

to

do

? _

__

_

5.

Wh

ich

co

un

trie

s w

ere

pa

rt o

f th

e T

rip

le A

llia

nce

?

__

_

6.

Wh

at

did

th

ese

co

un

trie

s a

gre

e t

o?

__

_

__

_

7.

Ba

sed

on

th

e i

nfo

rma

tio

n f

rom

Ta

ble

1,

wh

ich

co

un

try

wa

s

mo

re p

ow

erf

ul,

Ge

rma

ny

or

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry?

E

xpla

in y

ou

r

an

swe

r. _

__

_

__

_

8.

Wh

ich

co

un

trie

s w

ere

pa

rt o

f th

e T

rip

le E

nte

?

__

_

9.

Wh

y d

id F

ran

ce w

an

t a

n a

llia

nce

?

__

_

__

_

10

. W

hy

did

Bri

tain

wa

nt

an

all

ian

ce?

__

_

__

_

11

. W

hy

did

Ru

ssia

wa

nt

an

all

ian

ce?

__

_

__

_

12

. W

ha

t p

rom

ise

did

Ru

ssia

ma

ke

?

__

_

__

_

13

. B

ase

d o

n t

he

in

form

ati

on

fro

m T

ab

le 2

, w

hic

h c

ou

ntr

y h

as

the

larg

est

arm

y (

incl

ud

e t

he

siz

e o

f th

e a

rmy

in

yo

ur

an

swe

r)?

__

_

14

. B

ase

d o

n t

he

in

form

ati

on

fro

m T

ab

le 2

, w

hic

h c

ou

ntr

y h

as

the

larg

est

na

vy (

incl

ud

e t

he

siz

e o

f th

e n

avy

in

yo

ur

an

swe

r)?

__

_

15

. B

ase

d o

n t

he

in

form

ati

on

fro

m T

ab

le 2

, w

hic

h c

ou

ntr

y w

as

the

rich

est

(in

clu

de

th

e a

mo

un

t o

f w

ea

lth

in

yo

ur

an

swe

r)?

__

_

3

TA

SK

#4

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(A =

All

ian

ces)

1.

Ple

ase

la

be

l th

e f

oll

ow

ing

co

un

trie

s:

Alb

an

ia

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry

No

rwa

y

Be

lgiu

m

Ott

om

an

Em

pir

e

Bu

lga

ria

R

om

an

ia

De

nm

ark

R

uss

ia

Fra

nce

S

erb

ia

Ge

rma

n

Sp

ain

Gre

ece

S

we

de

n

Ita

ly

Sw

itze

rla

nd

Mo

nte

ne

gro

2.

Co

lor

the

co

un

trie

s o

f th

e T

rip

le A

llia

nce

(A

ust

ria

-

Hu

ng

ary

, G

erm

an

y,

an

d I

taly

) o

ne

co

lor.

3.

Co

lor

the

co

un

trie

s o

f th

e T

rip

le E

nte

(E

ng

lan

d,

Fra

nce

, a

nd

Ru

ssia

) a

dif

fere

nt

colo

r.

Th

e a

bo

ve

po

liti

cal

cart

oo

n v

isu

al

de

pic

ts t

he

co

nse

qu

en

ces

of

the

all

ian

ce s

yste

m.

4.

Co

lor

ea

ch u

nif

orm

of

the

fig

ure

s a

bo

ve

th

e s

am

e c

olo

r a

s yo

u c

olo

red

th

em

on

th

e

ma

p o

n t

he

le

ft.

5.

Wh

at

is S

erb

ia s

ay

ing

to

Au

stri

a a

nd

wh

y i

s it

sa

yin

g t

ha

t? _

__

6.

Wh

at

is A

ust

ria

sa

yin

g t

o S

erb

ia a

nd

wh

y is

it

say

ing

th

at?

__

_

__

7.

Wh

at

is R

uss

ia s

ay

ing

to

Au

stri

a a

nd

wh

y i

s it

sa

yin

g t

ha

t? _

__

8.

Wh

at

is G

erm

an

y s

ay

ing

to

Ru

ssia

an

d w

hy

is

it s

ay

ing

th

at?

__

9.

Wh

at

is F

ran

ce s

ay

ing

to

Ge

rma

ny

an

d w

hy

is

it s

ay

ing

th

at?

__

_

__

10

. W

ho

do

yo

u t

hin

k i

s th

e l

ast

co

un

try

in

th

e l

ine

? _

__

4

TA

SK

#5

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(I =

Im

pe

ria

lism

) A

fa

cto

r w

hic

h c

on

trib

ute

d t

o t

he

in

cre

ase

in

riv

alr

y i

n E

uro

pe

wa

s im

pe

ria

lism

. J

ust

as

ma

ny

mis

tak

en

ly h

op

ed

tha

t th

e s

yst

em

of

all

ian

ces

wo

uld

pre

ve

nt

wa

r, s

o t

oo

did

ma

ny

ho

pe

th

e e

con

om

ic i

nte

rde

pe

nd

en

ce c

rea

ted

by

Im

pe

ria

lism

wo

uld

als

o d

isco

ura

ge

wa

r.

In 1

91

0,

No

rma

n A

ng

ell

, a

n E

ng

lish

wri

ter

an

d p

olit

icia

n,

wro

te t

he

Gre

at

Illu

sio

n i

n w

hic

h h

e e

xpla

ins

the

fu

tili

ty o

f E

uro

pe

an

po

we

rs g

oin

g t

o w

ar

ag

ain

st o

ne

an

oth

er.

A

s p

art

of

his

arg

um

en

t, h

e e

xpla

ins

wh

at

mo

tiv

ate

s th

ese

na

tio

ns

to a

cqu

ire

an

em

pir

e:

(R

em

be

r to

ma

rk t

he

te

xt)

“Wh

at

are

th

e f

un

da

me

nta

l m

oti

ve

s th

at

exp

lain

th

e p

rese

nt

riva

lry o

f a

rma

me

nts

in

Eu

rop

e,

no

tab

ly t

he

An

glo

-Ge

rma

n?

Ea

ch n

ati

on

ple

ad

s th

e n

ee

d f

or

de

fen

ce;

bu

t th

is

imp

lie

s th

at

som

eo

ne

is

lik

ely

to

att

ack

, a

nd

ha

s th

ere

fore

a p

resu

me

d i

nte

rest

in

so

do

ing

. W

ha

t a

re t

he

mo

tive

s w

hic

h e

ach

Sta

te t

hu

s fe

ars

its

ne

igh

bo

rs m

ay o

be

y?

T

he

y a

re b

ase

d o

n t

he

un

ive

rsa

l a

ssu

mp

tio

n t

ha

t a

na

tio

n,

in o

rde

r to

fin

d o

utl

ets

fo

r

exp

an

din

g p

op

ula

tio

n a

nd

in

cre

asi

ng

in

du

stry

, o

r si

mp

ly t

o e

nsu

re t

he

be

st c

on

dit

ion

s

po

ssib

le f

or

its

pe

op

le,

is n

ece

ssa

rily

pu

she

d t

o t

err

ito

ria

l e

xp

an

sio

n a

nd

th

e e

xerc

ise

of

po

liti

cal

forc

e a

ga

inst

oth

ers

....

It

is a

ssu

me

d t

ha

t a

na

tio

n's

re

lati

ve

pro

spe

rity

is

bro

ad

ly

de

term

ine

d b

y i

ts p

oli

tica

l p

ow

er;

th

at

na

tio

ns

be

ing

co

mp

eti

ng

un

its,

ad

va

nta

ge

in

th

e

last

re

sort

go

es

to t

he

po

sse

sso

r o

f p

rep

on

de

ran

t m

ilit

ary

fo

rce

, th

e w

ea

ke

r g

oe

s to

th

e

wa

ll,

as

in t

he

oth

er

form

s o

f th

e s

tru

gg

le f

or

life

.”

As

An

ge

ll e

xpla

ins,

Gre

at

Bri

tain

, G

erm

an

y a

nd

Fra

nce

ne

ed

fo

reig

n m

ark

ets

aft

er

the

in

cre

ase

in

ma

nu

fact

uri

ng

ca

use

d b

y t

he

In

du

stri

al

Re

volu

tio

n.

Th

ese

co

un

trie

s co

mp

ete

d f

or

eco

no

mic

exp

an

sio

n i

n

pla

ces

lik

e A

fric

a.

Alt

ho

ug

h B

rita

in a

nd

Fra

nce

re

solv

ed

th

eir

dif

fere

nce

s in

Afr

ica

, se

vera

l cr

ise

s

fore

sha

do

win

g t

he

wa

r in

volv

ed

th

e c

lash

of

Ge

rma

ny

ag

ain

st B

rita

in a

nd

Fra

nce

in

No

rth

Afr

ica

. In

th

e

Mid

dle

Ea

st,

the

cru

mb

lin

g O

tto

ma

n E

mp

ire

wa

s a

llu

rin

g t

o A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

, th

e B

alk

an

s a

nd

Ru

ssia

. T

he

ma

jor

pro

ble

m f

or

Ge

rma

ny

wa

s th

ey

we

re o

ne

of

the

la

st E

uro

pe

an

po

we

rs t

o j

oin

th

e r

ace

fo

r

colo

nie

s.

Ka

ise

r W

ilh

elm

II

wa

s fi

nd

ing

him

self

la

rge

ly f

rust

rate

d i

n h

is d

esi

re t

o c

arv

e o

ut

a g

ran

d

imp

eri

al

role

fo

r G

erm

an

y.

Wh

ile

he

de

sire

d "

a p

lace

in

th

e s

un

", h

e f

ou

nd

th

at

all

of

the

bri

gh

t a

rea

s h

ad

be

en

alr

ea

dy

sn

ap

pe

d u

p b

y t

he

oth

er

colo

nia

l p

ow

ers

, le

av

ing

him

on

ly w

ith

a p

lace

in

th

e s

ha

de

.

Th

ere

fore

, th

ey

on

ly w

ay

Ge

rma

ny

co

uld

ga

in a

n e

mp

ire

to

riv

al

tha

t o

f F

ran

ce a

nd

Gre

at

Bri

tain

wa

s to

tak

e t

err

ito

rie

s fr

om

oth

er

Eu

rop

ea

n p

ow

ers

by

fo

rce

.

Ge

rma

n T

err

ito

ria

l C

laim

s, 1

91

4

B

riti

sh &

Fre

nch

Te

rrit

ori

al

Cla

ims,

19

14

1.

Ho

w d

id m

an

y h

op

e t

ha

t Im

pe

ria

lism

co

uld

pre

ven

t w

ar?

__

_

__

_

__

_

2.

Wh

at

did

No

rma

n A

ng

ell

wri

te a

bo

ut?

__

_

__

_

3.

Acc

ord

ing

to

An

ge

ll,

wh

at

wa

s th

e f

un

da

me

nta

l m

oti

ve

fo

r th

e

riva

lry

be

twe

en

Eu

rop

ea

n n

ati

on

s?

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

4.

Acc

ord

ing

to

An

ge

ll,

wh

at

mo

tiva

ted

Im

pe

ria

lism

?

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

5.

Wh

at

we

re E

uro

pe

an

co

un

trie

s co

mp

eti

ng

fo

r? _

__

_

__

_

6.

Wh

ich

em

pir

e w

as

cru

mb

lin

g?

__

7.

Wh

y w

as

Ka

ise

r W

ilh

elm

II

(Wil

ly)

fru

stra

ted

? _

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

8.

Wh

at

did

Ge

rma

ny

ne

ed

to

do

to

exp

an

d i

ts e

mp

ire

? _

__

_

__

_

9.

Ple

ase

co

mp

are

th

e t

err

ito

ria

l cl

aim

s o

f G

erm

an

y a

nd

En

gla

nd

/Fra

nce

in

19

14

usi

ng

th

e m

ap

s b

elo

w.

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

5

TA

SK

#6

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(I =

Im

pe

ria

lism

)

Be

fore

WW

I, G

erm

an

y w

as

rule

d b

y K

ais

er

Wil

he

lm I

I, t

he

so

n o

f

Fre

de

rick

III

an

d V

icto

ria

, th

e d

au

gh

ter

of

Qu

ee

n V

icto

ria

of

En

gla

nd

.

Wil

he

lm b

eca

me

em

pe

ror

of

Ge

rma

ny

in

18

88

.

Wil

he

lm w

as

an

ov

ert

ly i

mp

eri

ali

stic

an

d m

ilit

ari

stic

ma

n,

an

d

be

lie

ved

fe

rve

ntl

y i

n i

ncr

ea

sin

g t

he

sca

le o

f th

e G

erm

an

em

pir

e

an

d t

he

str

en

gth

of

Ge

rma

ny

's a

rme

d f

orc

es.

In

a n

um

be

r o

f

spe

ech

es,

Ka

ise

r W

ilh

elm

ma

de

it

cle

ar

his

de

sire

to

cre

ate

a

po

we

rfu

l G

erm

an

Em

pir

e.

Bri

tish

Po

liti

cal

Ca

rto

on

de

pic

tin

g t

he

Ge

rma

n K

ais

er’

s d

esi

re

for

a “

Pla

ce i

n t

he

Su

n”

Th

is B

riti

sh p

oli

tica

l ca

rto

on

de

pic

ts w

ha

t th

e B

riti

sh b

elie

ve

is

the

Ka

ise

r’s

dre

am

of

est

ab

lish

ing

th

e G

erm

an

“p

lace

in

th

e

sun

” b

y c

on

qu

eri

ng

th

e w

orl

d.

Re

me

mb

er

to m

ark

bo

th t

ex

ts b

elo

w

Sp

ee

ch b

y G

erm

an

Ka

ise

r W

ilh

elm

, 1

90

1

“We

ha

ve

co

nq

ue

red

fo

r o

urs

elv

es

a p

lace

in

th

e s

un

.

It w

ill

no

w b

e m

y

task

to

se

e t

o i

t th

at

this

pla

ce i

n t

he

su

n s

ha

ll r

em

ain

ou

r u

nd

isp

ute

d

po

sse

ssio

n,

in o

rde

r th

at

the

su

n's

ra

ys

ma

y f

all

fru

itfu

lly

up

on

ou

r a

ctiv

ity

an

d t

rad

e i

n f

ore

ign

pa

rts.

..

Th

e m

ore

Ge

rma

ns

go

ou

t u

po

n t

he

wa

ters

,

wh

eth

er

it b

e i

n j

ou

rne

ys

acr

oss

th

e o

cea

n,

or

in t

he

se

rvic

e o

f th

e b

att

le

fla

g,

so m

uch

th

e b

ett

er

it w

ill b

e f

or

us.

”

Ka

ise

r W

ilh

elm

II

ga

ve

an

in

terv

iew

to

th

e B

riti

sh n

ew

spa

pe

r th

e D

ail

y T

ele

gra

ph

th

at

wa

s

pu

bli

she

d o

n O

cto

be

r 2

8,

19

08

.

“Ge

rma

ny

is

a y

ou

ng

an

d g

row

ing

em

pir

e.

Sh

e h

as

a w

orl

d-w

ide

com

me

rce

wh

ich

is

rap

idly

exp

an

din

g a

nd

to

wh

ich

th

e le

git

ima

te

am

bit

ion

of

pa

trio

tic

Ge

rma

ns

refu

ses

to a

ssig

n a

ny

bo

un

ds.

Ge

rma

ny

mu

st h

av

e a

po

we

rfu

l fl

ee

t to

pro

tect

th

at

com

me

rce

an

d h

er

ma

nif

old

inte

rest

s in

ev

en

th

e m

ost

dis

tan

t se

as.

Sh

e e

xpe

cts

tho

se i

nte

rest

s to

go

on

gro

win

g,

an

d s

he

mu

st b

e a

ble

to

ch

am

pio

n t

he

m m

an

full

y i

n a

ny

qu

art

er

of

the

glo

be

. H

er

ho

rizo

ns

stre

tch

fa

r a

wa

y.

Sh

e m

ust

be

pre

pa

red

for

an

y e

ve

ntu

ali

tie

s in

th

e F

ar

Ea

st.

Wh

o c

an

fo

rese

e w

ha

t m

ay

ta

ke

pla

ce

in t

he

Pa

cifi

c in

th

e d

ay

s to

co

me

, d

ay

s n

ot

so d

ista

nt

as

som

e b

eli

ev

e,

bu

t

da

ys

at

an

y r

ate

, fo

r w

hic

h a

ll E

uro

pe

an

po

we

rs w

ith

Fa

r E

ast

ern

in

tere

sts

ou

gh

t st

ea

dil

y t

o p

rep

are

?”

1.

Wh

o w

as

Ka

ise

r W

ilh

elm

II?

__

2.

Wh

at

wa

s K

ais

er

Wil

he

lm I

I’s

go

al

for

his

co

un

try?

__

3.

Wh

at

is d

ep

icte

d i

n t

he

po

liti

cal

cart

oo

n o

n t

he

le

ft?

__

4.

Wh

at

is K

ais

er

Wil

he

lm’s

ce

ntr

al

cla

im i

n t

he

sp

ee

ch h

e g

av

e i

n

19

01

? _

__

5.

Ho

w d

oe

s K

ais

er

Wil

he

lm d

esc

rib

e G

erm

an

y i

n t

he

in

terv

iew

he

ga

ve

to

th

e D

aily

Te

leg

rap

h in

19

08

? _

__

6.

Wh

at

is K

ais

er

Wil

he

lm’s

ce

ntr

al

cla

im i

n t

he

in

terv

iew

he

ga

ve t

o

the

Da

ily

Te

leg

rap

h i

n 1

90

8?

__

_

__

6

TA

SK

#7

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(N =

Na

tio

na

lism

) N

ati

on

ali

sm w

as

als

o s

tro

ng

in

Eu

rop

e a

nd

is

con

sid

ere

d o

ne

of

the

fo

ur

ma

in c

au

ses

of

Wo

rld

Wa

r I.

I

n

Eu

rop

e a

t th

is t

ime

, th

ere

we

re t

wo

ma

in t

yp

es

of

na

tio

na

lism

at

wo

rk:

1.

Th

e d

esi

re o

f su

bje

ct p

eo

ple

s fo

r in

de

pe

nd

en

ce.

Th

is d

esi

re l

ed

to

a s

eri

es

of

na

tio

na

l st

rug

gle

s fo

r

ind

ep

en

de

nce

am

on

g t

he

Ba

lka

n p

eo

ple

s. O

the

r p

ow

ers

go

t in

volv

ed

an

d c

au

sed

mu

ch i

nst

ab

ilit

y.

2.

Th

e d

esi

re o

f in

de

pe

nd

en

t n

ati

on

s fo

r d

om

ina

nce

an

d p

rest

ige

. A

s th

ese

po

we

rs t

ry t

o d

om

ina

te e

ach

oth

er

in E

uro

pe

, th

eir

riv

alr

ies

ma

y b

e r

eg

ard

ed

as

on

e o

f th

e c

au

ses

of

the

Fir

st W

orl

d W

ar.

Na

tio

na

lism

in

Ge

rma

ny

Ge

rma

ny

wa

s u

nit

ed

in

18

71

as

a r

esu

lt o

f th

e F

ran

co-P

russ

ian

Wa

r, a

nd

it

rap

idly

be

cam

e t

he

str

on

ge

st

eco

no

mic

an

d m

ilit

ary

po

we

r in

Eu

rop

e.

Fro

m 1

87

1 t

o 1

89

0,

Ge

rma

ny

wa

nte

d t

o p

rese

rve

its

he

ge

mo

ny

in E

uro

pe

by

fo

rmin

g a

se

rie

s o

f p

ea

cefu

l a

llia

nce

s w

ith

oth

er

po

we

rs.

Aft

er

18

90

, G

erm

an

y w

as

mo

re

ag

gre

ssiv

e.

It w

an

ted

to

bu

ild

up

he

r in

flu

en

ce i

n e

ve

ry p

art

of

the

wo

rld

. G

erm

an

fo

reig

n p

oli

cy i

n t

he

se

ye

ars

wa

s b

est

exp

ress

ed

by

th

e t

erm

'We

ltp

oli

tik

' (W

orl

d P

oli

tics

). B

eca

use

Ge

rma

n a

mb

itio

ns

we

re

ext

en

de

d t

o m

an

y p

art

s o

f th

e g

lob

e,

Ge

rma

ny

ca

me

in

to s

eri

ou

s co

nfl

icts

wit

h a

ll o

the

r m

ajo

r p

ow

ers

of

Eu

rop

e (

exc

ep

t A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

) fr

om

18

90

to

19

14

. T

he

wo

rds

of

the

Na

tio

na

l A

nth

em

fo

r G

erm

an

y c

ap

ture

s th

is s

en

se o

f N

ati

on

ali

sm:

“Ge

rma

ny

, G

erm

an

y a

bo

ve a

ll

Ove

r e

ve

ryth

ing

in

th

e w

orl

d,

Wh

en

it

ste

ad

fast

ly h

old

s to

ge

the

r,

Off

en

sive

ly,

de

fen

sive

ly”

Th

e n

ew

Ka

ise

r, W

ilh

elm

II,

wa

s in

ma

ny

re

spe

cts

the

pe

rso

nif

ica

tio

n o

f la

te 1

80

0s

Ge

rma

ny

: b

oth

we

re

yo

un

g,

inte

nse

ly p

atr

ioti

c, o

bse

sse

d w

ith

mil

ita

rism

an

d e

xpa

nsi

on

, n

erv

ou

s a

bo

ut

the

fu

ture

an

d

de

spe

rate

fo

r n

ati

on

al

succ

ess

. T

he

ma

in o

bst

acl

e t

o t

he

la

tte

r w

as

Bri

tain

, w

hic

h b

eca

me

a p

op

ula

r

targ

et

for

the

Ge

rma

n p

ress

. T

he

Bri

tish

an

d t

he

ir l

ea

de

rs w

ere

gre

ed

y a

nd

hy

po

crit

ica

l: t

he

y m

ain

tain

ed

the

wo

rld

’s l

arg

est

em

pir

e,

wh

ile

de

ny

ing

Ge

rma

ny

an

y c

olo

nia

l g

ain

s. T

he

re w

as

mu

ch c

riti

cism

of

Bri

tain

’s h

ea

vy-h

an

de

d w

ar

ag

ain

st w

hit

e S

ou

th A

fric

an

fa

rme

rs (

the

Se

con

d B

oe

r W

ar

of

18

99

-19

02

);

Be

rlin

we

nt

as

far

as

secr

etl

y s

up

ply

ing

th

e B

oe

rs w

ith

we

ap

on

s a

nd

mu

nit

ion

s.

Na

tio

na

lism

in

Fra

nce

Fra

nce

ha

d b

ee

n t

he

do

min

an

t p

ow

er

in E

uro

pe

fo

r ce

ntu

rie

s. N

ap

ole

on

I a

nd

Na

po

leo

n I

II h

ad

att

em

pte

d t

o d

om

ina

te E

uro

pe

. In

18

71

, F

ran

ce w

as

de

fea

ted

by

Ge

rma

ny

. S

he

ha

d t

o l

ose

tw

o

pro

vin

ces:

Als

ace

an

d L

orr

ain

e.

Sh

e a

lso

ne

ed

to

pa

y h

ea

vy i

nd

em

nit

ies.

Fro

m 1

87

1 o

nw

ard

s, F

ran

ce's

gre

ate

st a

mb

itio

n w

as

to r

eco

ver

Als

ace

an

d L

orr

ain

e f

rom

Ge

rma

ny

. S

he

als

o w

an

ted

to

pre

ven

t a

no

the

r

de

fea

t b

y G

erm

an

y,

to r

eco

ver

he

r n

ati

on

al

pre

stig

e b

y a

cqu

irin

g o

vers

ea

s co

lon

ies

(e.g

. M

oro

cco

) a

nd

to

ma

ke

dip

lom

ati

c a

llia

nce

s w

ith

oth

er

imp

ort

an

t p

ow

ers

in

Eu

rop

e.

Na

tio

na

lism

in

Bri

tain

In 1

87

0 B

rita

in w

as

the

mo

st i

nd

ust

ria

lly

ad

van

ced

co

un

try

in

Eu

rop

e.

Sh

e a

lso

po

sse

d t

he

la

rge

st

ove

rse

as

em

pir

e a

nd

th

e l

arg

est

na

vy i

n t

he

wo

rld

. S

he

did

no

t w

an

t to

tro

ub

le h

ers

elf

wit

h t

he

con

tin

en

tal

aff

air

s o

f E

uro

pe

. H

er

ma

in c

on

cern

wa

s to

pre

serv

e h

er

ov

ers

ea

s e

mp

ire

an

d h

er

ove

rse

as

tra

de

by

ma

inta

inin

g a

la

rge

na

vy.

1.

Wh

at

wa

s th

e f

irst

ty

pe

of

na

tio

na

lism

an

d h

ow

did

it

lea

d

to w

ar?

__

2.

Wh

at

wa

s th

e s

eco

nd

ty

pe

of

na

tio

na

lism

an

d h

ow

did

it

lea

d t

o w

ar?

__

3.

Ho

w d

id N

ati

on

ali

sm m

an

ife

st i

tse

lf i

n G

erm

an

y a

nd

ho

w

did

th

is l

ea

d t

o w

ar?

__

4.

Ho

w i

s th

e G

erm

an

Na

tio

na

l A

nth

em

an

exp

ress

ion

of

Ge

rma

n n

ati

on

ali

sm?

__

_

__

5.

Ho

w d

id N

ati

on

ali

sm m

an

ife

st i

tse

lf i

n F

ran

ce a

nd

ho

w

did

th

is l

ea

d t

o w

ar?

__

6.

Ho

w d

id N

ati

on

ali

sm m

an

ife

st i

tse

lf i

n B

rita

in a

nd

ho

w

did

th

is l

ea

d t

o w

ar?

__

7

TA

SK

#8

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(N =

Na

tio

na

lism

) N

ati

on

ali

sm i

n A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry w

as

est

ab

lish

ed

as

the

Du

al M

on

arc

hy

in

18

67

. T

he

Du

al

Mo

na

rch

y r

ule

d o

ver

a l

arg

e e

mp

ire

co

nsi

stin

g o

f m

an

y n

ati

on

ali

tie

s, b

ut

on

ly t

he

Au

stri

an

s (e

thn

ica

lly t

he

y w

ere

Ge

rma

n)

an

d t

he

Hu

ng

ari

an

s h

ad

th

e r

igh

t to

ru

le.

Th

e o

the

r n

ati

on

ali

tie

s C

zech

s, S

lov

ak

s,

Se

rbs,

Cro

ats

, R

um

an

ian

s a

nd

Po

les

rese

nte

d t

he

ir lo

ss o

f p

oli

tica

l fre

ed

om

. T

he

y d

esi

red

fo

r

po

liti

cal

ind

ep

en

de

nce

. T

hu

s th

e p

oli

cy o

f th

e D

ua

l M

on

arc

hy

wa

s to

su

pp

ress

th

e n

ati

on

ali

st

mo

ve

me

nts

bo

th i

nsi

de

an

d o

uts

ide

th

e e

mp

ire

. T

he

pa

rtic

ula

r o

bje

ct o

f th

e D

ua

l M

on

arc

hy

wa

s to

ga

in p

oli

tica

l co

ntr

ol

ove

r th

e B

alk

an

Pe

nin

sula

, w

he

re n

ati

on

ali

st m

ove

me

nts

we

re r

ife

an

d w

ere

alw

ay

s g

ivin

g e

nco

ura

ge

me

nt

to t

he

na

tio

na

list

mo

ve

me

nts

wit

hin

th

e A

ust

ro-

Hu

ng

ari

an

Em

pir

e.

Ma

p o

f V

ari

ou

s E

thn

ic G

rou

ps

liv

ing

in

th

e B

alk

an

s b

efo

re 1

91

4

Th

is m

ap

de

mo

nst

rate

s h

ow

th

e A

ust

ro-

Hu

ng

ari

an

Em

pir

e w

as

ho

st t

o m

an

y

na

tio

na

liti

es,

an

d s

tru

gg

led

wit

h

na

tio

na

list

ic m

ov

em

en

ts o

f p

eo

ple

wh

o

lon

ge

d t

o b

e f

ree

of

Ha

psb

urg

ru

le.

In t

he

Ba

lka

ns

this

wa

s ca

lled

‘Pa

nsl

av

ism

’ b

eca

use

th

e p

eo

ple

wh

o

wa

nte

d t

o b

e f

ree

we

re a

ll S

lav

ra

ces.

Th

e m

ost

na

tio

na

list

ic o

f a

ll w

ere

th

e

Se

rbs

– S

erb

ia h

ad

be

cam

e a

n

ind

ep

en

de

nt

cou

ntr

y b

y t

he

Tre

aty

of

Sa

n S

tefa

no

in

18

78

, b

ut

in 1

90

0 m

an

y

Se

rbs

we

re s

till

ru

led

by

Tu

rke

y a

nd

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry,

an

d S

erb

ia w

as

de

term

ine

d t

o r

ule

ov

er

the

m a

ll.

Th

is l

ed

to

re

be

llio

ns

an

d

terr

ori

sm w

hic

h d

est

ab

iliz

ed

th

e B

alk

an

s.

Th

e c

en

ter

of

the

na

tio

na

list

mo

ve

me

nts

in

th

e B

alk

an

s w

as

Se

rbia

. S

erb

ia a

lwa

ys h

op

ed

to

un

ite

wit

h t

he

Se

rbs

in t

he

Au

stro

-Hu

ng

ari

an

Em

pir

e s

o a

s to

cre

ate

a l

arg

e S

erb

ian

sta

te.

Th

ere

fore

th

e f

irst

en

em

y o

f A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

fro

m 1

87

1 t

o 1

91

4 w

as

Se

rbia

. B

esi

de

s S

erb

ia,

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry a

lso

ha

ted

Ru

ssia

be

cau

se R

uss

ia,

be

ing

a S

lav

co

un

try

, a

lwa

ys

ba

cke

d u

p

Se

rbia

in

an

y A

ust

ro-S

erb

ian

dis

pu

tes.

Se

rbia

n n

ati

on

ali

stic

fe

eli

ng

s le

d t

o t

he

Arc

hd

uk

e

Fe

rdin

an

d's

ass

ina

tio

n o

n J

un

e 2

8,

19

14

by

Ga

vri

lo P

rin

cip

an

d t

he

Bla

ck H

an

d.

1.

Ho

w d

id N

ati

on

ali

sm m

an

ife

st i

tse

lf i

n A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

an

d h

ow

did

th

is l

ea

d t

o w

ar?

__

2.

Wh

at

wa

s th

e D

ua

l Mo

na

rch

y’s

re

spo

nse

to

th

is g

row

ing

na

tio

na

lism

? _

__

_

__

3.

Wh

at

do

es

the

ma

p o

n t

he

left

de

mo

nst

rate

?

__

4.

Wh

at

is P

an

sla

vis

m?

__

5.

Wh

y d

id A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

co

nsi

de

r S

erb

ia a

n e

ne

my

?

__

6.

Wh

y d

id A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

co

nsi

de

r R

uss

ia a

n e

ne

my

?

__

7.

Wh

at

occ

urr

ed

on

Ju

ne

28

, 1

91

4?

__

_

__

8

TA

SK

#9

- M

AIN

Ca

use

s o

f W

WI

(N =

Na

tio

na

lism

) –

Bla

ck H

an

d

On

Oct

ob

er

8,

19

08

, ju

st t

wo

da

ys

aft

er

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry a

nn

exe

d B

osn

ia a

nd

He

rze

go

vin

a,

ma

ny

me

n,

som

e o

f th

em

ra

nk

ing

Se

rbia

n m

inis

ters

, o

ffic

ials

an

d g

en

era

ls,

he

ld a

me

eti

ng

at

Cit

y H

all

in

Be

lgra

de

. T

he

y f

ou

nd

ed

a s

em

i-se

cre

t so

cie

ty -

- N

aro

dn

a O

db

ran

a (

Na

tio

na

l

De

fen

se).

Th

e p

urp

ose

of

the

gro

up

wa

s to

re

cru

it a

nd

tra

in f

ree

do

m f

igh

ters

fo

r a

po

ssib

le w

ar

be

twe

en

Se

rbia

an

d A

ust

ria

. T

he

y a

lso

un

de

rto

ok

an

ti-A

ust

ria

n p

rop

ag

an

da

an

d o

rga

niz

ed

spie

s a

nd

sa

bo

teu

rs t

o o

pe

rate

wit

hin

th

e A

ust

ro-H

un

ga

ria

n e

mp

ire

's p

rovi

nce

s.

Na

rod

na

Od

bra

na

's w

ork

ha

d b

ee

n s

o e

ffe

ctiv

e t

ha

t in

19

09

a f

uri

ou

s A

ust

ria

pre

ssu

red

th

e S

erb

ian

go

vern

me

nt

to p

ut

a s

top

to

th

eir

an

ti-A

ust

ria

n i

nsu

rre

ctio

n.

Ru

ssia

wa

s n

ot

rea

dy

to

sta

nd

fu

lly

be

hin

d

Se

rbia

sh

ou

ld t

hin

gs

com

e t

o a

sh

ow

do

wn

, so

Be

lgra

de

wa

s g

rud

gin

gly

fo

rce

d t

o c

om

ply

. F

rom

th

en

on

,

Na

rod

na

Od

bra

na

co

nce

ntr

ate

d o

n e

du

cati

on

an

d p

rop

ag

an

da

wit

hin

Se

rbia

, tr

yin

g t

o f

ash

ion

its

elf

as

a

cult

ura

l o

rga

niz

ati

on

.

Ma

ny

me

mb

ers

fo

rme

d a

ne

w,

an

d a

ga

in s

ecr

et,

org

an

iza

tio

n t

o c

on

tin

ue

th

e t

err

ori

st a

ctio

ns.

Te

n m

en

me

t o

n M

ay

9,

19

11

to

fo

rm U

jed

inje

nje

ili

Sm

rt (

Un

ion

or

De

ath

), a

lso

kn

ow

n a

s T

he

Bla

ck H

an

d.

By

19

14

, th

ere

we

re s

ev

era

l h

un

dre

d m

em

be

rs,

pe

rha

ps

as

ma

ny

as

25

00

. M

an

y m

em

be

rs w

ere

Se

rbia

n

arm

y o

ffic

ers

. T

he

pro

fess

ed

go

al

of

the

gro

up

wa

s th

e c

rea

tio

n o

f a

Gre

ate

r S

erb

ia,

by

use

of

vio

len

ce,

if

ne

cess

ary

.

Th

is g

rou

p w

ill

be

re

spo

nsi

ble

fo

r th

e a

ssa

ssin

ati

on

of

Au

stro

-Hu

ng

ari

an

Arc

hd

uk

e F

ran

z

Fe

rdin

an

d:

an

eve

nt

tha

t m

an

y h

isto

ria

ns

refe

r to

as

the

“sp

ark

” th

at

sta

rte

d t

he

Fir

st W

orl

d W

ar.

Be

low

is a

n e

xce

rpt

fro

m t

he

ir f

ou

nd

ing

co

nst

itu

tio

n:

----

-

Re

me

mb

er

to m

ark

th

e t

ex

t: (

circ

le a

nd

de

fin

e u

nk

no

wn

wo

rds,

un

de

rlin

e p

att

ern

s, d

raw

co

nn

ect

ion

s, a

sk q

ue

stio

ns,

ma

ke

ob

serv

ati

on

s, s

tar

the

au

tho

r’s

cla

im,

an

d m

ark

th

e e

vid

en

ce o

f th

at

cla

im)

----

- F

ou

nd

ing

Co

nst

itu

tio

n o

f th

e B

lack

Ha

nd

, 1

91

1

“Art

icle

1:

Fo

r th

e p

urp

ose

of

rea

lisi

ng

th

e n

ati

on

al

ide

als

– t

he

Un

ific

ati

on

of

Se

rbd

om

-

an

org

an

iza

tio

n i

s h

ere

by c

rea

ted

, w

ho

se m

em

be

rs m

ay b

e a

ny S

erb

ian

irr

esp

ect

ive

of

sex,

re

lig

ion

, p

lace

or

bir

th,

as

we

ll a

s a

nyb

od

y e

lse

wh

o w

ill

sin

cere

ly s

erv

e t

his

id

ea

. A

rtic

le 2

: T

he

org

an

isa

tio

n g

ive

s p

rio

rity

to

th

e r

evo

luti

on

ary

str

ug

gle

ra

the

r th

an

re

lie

s

on

cu

ltu

ral

stri

vin

g,

the

refo

re i

ts i

nst

itu

tio

n i

s a

n a

bso

lute

ly s

ecr

et

on

e f

or

wid

er

circ

les…

A

rtic

le 4

: In

ord

er

to c

arr

y i

nto

eff

ect

its

ta

sk t

he

org

an

iza

tio

n w

ill

do

th

e f

oll

ow

ing

thin

gs:

(1)

Fo

llo

win

g t

he

ch

ara

cte

r o

f it

s ra

iso

n d

’etr

e (

rea

son

fo

r e

xis

ten

ce)

it w

ill

exe

rcis

e i

ts

infl

ue

nce

ove

r a

ll t

he

off

icia

l fa

cto

rs i

n S

erb

ia …

(2)

It w

ill

carr

y o

ut

a r

evo

luti

on

ary

org

an

iza

tio

n i

n a

ll t

he

te

rrit

ori

es

wh

ere

Se

rbia

ns

are

livin

g:

(3)

Be

yo

nd

th

e f

ron

tie

rs,

it w

ill

fig

ht

wit

h a

ll m

ea

ns

ag

ain

st a

ll e

ne

mie

s o

f th

is i

de

a:

(4)

It w

ill

ma

inta

in f

rie

nd

ly r

ela

tio

ns

wit

h a

ll t

he

Sta

tes,

na

tio

ns,

org

an

iza

tio

ns,

an

d

ind

ivid

ua

l p

ers

on

s w

ho

sym

pa

thiz

e w

ith

Se

rbia

…

Co

nte

xt

1.

Wh

y w

as

the

Na

rod

na

Od

bra

na

fo

rme

d?

__

_

__

_

2.

Wh

at

wa

s th

e p

urp

ose

of

the

Na

rod

na

Od

bra

na

?

__

_

__

_

3.

Wh

at

ha

pp

en

ed

to

th

e N

aro

dn

a O

db

ran

a?

__

_

__

_

4.

Wh

at

wa

s th

e g

oa

l o

f Ij

ed

inje

nje

ili

Sm

rt (

the

Bla

ck H

an

d)?

__

_

__

_

5.

Wh

at

is t

he

Bla

ck H

an

d r

esp

on

sib

le f

or?

__

_

__

_

Co

nte

nt

6.

Su

mm

ari

ze A

rtic

le 1

of

the

Bla

ck H

an

d C

on

stit

uti

on

.

__

_

__

_

7.

Su

mm

ari

ze A

rtic

le 2

of

the

Bla

ck H

an

d C

on

stit

uti

on

.

__

_

__

_

8.

Su

mm

ari

ze A

rtic

le 4

of

the

Bla

ck H

an

d C

on

stit

uti

on

.

__

_

__

_

Cri

tica

l C

on

clu

sio

ns

9.

In A

rtic

le 4

, su

bse

ctio

n 3

, it

sa

ys

it w

ill

fig

ht

“wit

h a

ll m

ea

ns

ag

ain

st a

ll e

ne

mie

s o

f th

is i

de

a.”

W

ha

t id

ea

are

th

ey

fig

hti

ng

for?

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

10

. B

ase

d o

n A

rtic

le 4

, su

bse

ctio

n 4

, w

hic

h c

ou

ntr

y w

ou

ld f

it t

his

de

scri

pti

on

?

__

_

__

_

9

TA

SK

#1

0 -

WW

I -

Th

e “

Sp

ark

”

Th

e n

ati

on

ali

st r

iva

lrie

s th

at

we

re g

row

ing

th

e B

alk

an

s h

as

oft

en

be

en

co

mp

are

d t

o a

po

wd

er

ke

g,

wh

ich

is a

ba

rre

l o

f g

un

po

wd

er.

O

n J

un

e 2

8,

19

14

, th

e f

use

on

th

e p

ow

de

r k

eg

ig

nit

ed

wh

en

Ga

vril

o P

rin

cip

, a

Se

rbia

n n

ati

on

ali

st,

ass

ina

ted

Arc

hd

uk

e F

ran

z F

erd

ina

nd

, h

eir

to

th

e t

hro

ne

of

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry,

in

Sa

raje

vo,

Bo

snia

.

Pri

nci

p w

as

on

e o

f th

ree

me

n s

en

t b

y D

imit

rije

vic,

th

e c

hie

f o

f th

e I

nte

llig

en

ce D

ep

art

me

nt

in t

he

Se

rbia

n

Arm

y a

nd

he

ad

of

the

Bla

ck H

an

d.

Th

e t

hre

e m

en

we

re i

nst

ruct

ed

to

co

mm

it s

uic

ide

aft

er

kil

lin

g t

he

Arc

hd

uk

e.

To

th

is e

nd

th

ey

we

re e

ach

giv

en

cy

an

ide

, a

lon

g w

ith

a r

evo

lve

r a

nd

gre

na

de

s.

Ea

ch o

f th

e

me

n s

uff

ere

d f

rom

tu

be

rcu

losi

s a

nd

co

nse

qu

en

tly

kn

ew

th

at

the

y d

id n

ot

ha

ve l

on

g t

o l

ive

; m

ea

nw

hil

e,

Dim

itri

jevi

c d

id n

ot

wis

h a

ny

of

the

me

n t

o l

ive

to

te

ll w

ho

wa

s b

eh

ind

th

e a

ssa

ssin

ati

on

. T

he

pri

me

min

iste

r o

f S

erb

ia w

as

giv

en

ad

van

ce w

arn

ing

of

the

ass

ina

tio

n p

lot,

an

d w

hil

e h

e

sym

pa

thiz

ed

wit

h t

he

Bla

ck H

an

d's

ob

ject

ive

s (B

osn

ia-H

erz

eg

ovi

na

ach

ievi

ng

in

de

pe

nd

en

ce f

rom

Au

stro

-

Hu

ng

ary

) h

e f

ea

red

wa

r w

ith

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry s

ho

uld

an

ass

ina

tio

n a

tte

mp

t b

e s

ucc

ess

ful.

H

e

the

refo

re g

av

e o

rde

rs f

or

the

arr

est

of

the

th

ree

me

n a

s th

ey

le

ft t

he

co

un

try

; h

is o

rde

rs w

ere

no

t a

cte

d

up

on

ho

we

ver.

T

he

Bla

ck H

an

d’s

na

tio

na

list

plo

t w

as

un

de

rta

ke

n t

o i

ncr

ea

se t

en

sio

ns

wit

h A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

an

d p

rep

are

the

wa

y f

or

a f

ull

-sca

le S

lavi

c re

volu

tio

n,

usi

ng

it

as

an

exc

use

to

str

ike

Se

rbia

. G

erm

an

aid

wa

s so

ug

ht

to

bri

ng

ab

ou

t a

qu

ick

att

ack

be

fore

th

e o

the

r p

ow

ers

co

uld

he

lp S

erb

ia.

Pri

nci

p s

ho

t F

erd

ina

nd

at

po

int

bla

nk

ra

ng

e w

hil

e t

he

la

tte

r w

as

tra

vell

ing

in

his

ca

r fr

om

a t

ow

n h

all

re

cep

tio

n,

ha

vin

g e

arl

ier

tha

t d

ay

alr

ea

dy

su

rviv

ed

on

e a

ssa

ssin

ati

on

att

em

pt.

S

tan

din

g o

n t

he

ca

r's

sid

eb

oa

rd w

as

Co

un

t F

ran

z vo

n

Ha

rra

ch.

A w

itn

ess

to

Fe

rdin

an

d's

ass

ina

tio

n,

he

su

bse

qu

en

tly

re

cou

nte

d t

he

ev

en

ts o

f th

e d

ay

:

----

-

Re

me

mb

er

to m

ark

th

e t

ex

t: (

circ

le a

nd

de

fin

e u

nk

no

wn

wo

rds,

un

de

rlin

e p

att

ern

s, d

raw

co

nn

ect

ion

s, a

sk q

ue

stio

ns,

ma

ke

ob

serv

ati

on

s, s

tar

the

au

tho

r’s

cla

im,

an

d m

ark

th

e e

vid

en

ce o

f th

at

cla

im)

“As

the

ca

r q

uic

kly

re

ve

rse

d,

a t

hin

str

ea

m o

f b

loo

d s

pu

rte

d f

rom

His

Hig

hn

ess

's m

ou

th o

nto

my r

igh

t ch

eck

. A

s I

wa

s p

ull

ing

ou

t m

y h

an

dk

erc

hie

f to

wip

e t

he

blo

od

aw

ay f

rom

his

mo

uth

, th

e D

uch

ess

cri

ed

ou

t to

him

, "F

or

Go

d's

sa

ke

! W

ha

t h

as

ha

pp

en

ed

to

yo

u?

"

At

tha

t sh

e s

lid

off

th

e s

ea

t a

nd

la

y o

n t

he

flo

or

of

the

ca

r, w

ith

he

r fa

ce b

etw

ee

n h

is

kn

ee

s.

I h

ad

no

id

ea

th

at

she

to

o w

as

hit

an

d t

ho

ug

ht

she

ha

d s

imp

ly f

ain

ted

wit

h f

rig

ht.

T

he

n I

he

ard

His

Im

pe

ria

l H

igh

ne

ss s

ay,

"So

ph

ie,

So

ph

ie,

do

n't

die

. S

tay a

live

fo

r th

e c

hil

dre

n!"

A

t th

at,

I s

eiz

ed

th

e A

rch

du

ke

by t

he

co

lla

r o

f h

is u

nif

orm

, to

sto

p h

is h

ea

d d

rop

g f

orw

ard

an

d a

ske

d h

im i

f h

e w

as

in g

rea

t p

ain

. H

e a

nsw

ere

d m

e q

uit

e d

isti

nct

ly,

"It

is n

oth

ing

!"

His

fa

ce b

eg

an

to

tw

ist

som

ew

ha

t b

ut

he

we

nt

on

re

pe

ati

ng

, si

x o

r se

ve

n t

ime

s, e

ve

r m

ore

fain

tly a

s h

e g

rad

ua

lly l

ost

co

nsc

iou

sne

ss,

"It'

s n

oth

ing

!"

Th

en

ca

me

a b

rie

f p

au

se f

oll

ow

ed

by a

co

nvu

lsiv

e r

att

le i

n h

is t

hro

at,

ca

use

d b

y a

lo

ss o

f

blo

od

. T

his

ce

ase

d o

n a

rriv

al

at

the

go

ve

rno

r's

resi

de

nce

. T

he

tw

o u

nco

nsc

iou

s b

od

ies

we

re

carr

ied

in

to t

he

bu

ild

ing

wh

ere

th

eir

de

ath

wa

s so

on

est

ab

lish

ed

.”

1.

Wh

at

ha

pp

en

ed

on

Ju

ne

28

, 1

91

4?

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

2.

Wh

o w

as

Arc

hd

uk

e F

ran

z F

erd

ina

nd

?

__

_

3.

Ho

w w

as

the

ass

ina

tio

n p

lot

org

an

ize

d?

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

4.

Wh

at

did

th

e l

ea

de

rs o

f S

erb

ia k

no

w a

bo

ut

the

plo

t

be

fore

ha

nd

?

__

_

__

_

5.

Wh

at

act

ion

s d

id t

he

Se

rbia

n p

rim

e m

inis

ter

tak

e?

__

_

__

_

6.

Wh

y w

as

the

na

tio

na

list

plo

t u

nd

ert

ak

en

?

__

_

__

_

7.

Ho

w d

id t

he

ass

ina

tio

n o

ccu

r?

__

_

__

_

8.

In y

ou

r o

wn

wo

rds,

su

mm

ari

ze C

ou

nt

Fra

nz

von

Ha

rra

ch’s

ey

ew

itn

ess

acc

ou

nt

of

the

ev

en

t:

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

10

TA

SK

#1

1 -

WW

I -

Th

e “

Ch

ain

Re

act

ion

” T

he

ev

en

ts o

f Ju

ly a

nd

ea

rly

Au

gu

st 1

91

4 a

re a

cla

ssic

ca

se o

f "o

ne

th

ing

le

d t

o a

no

the

r" -

oth

erw

ise

kn

ow

n a

s th

e t

rea

ty a

llia

nce

sy

ste

m.

Th

e e

xplo

siv

e t

ha

t w

as

Wo

rld

Wa

r O

ne

ha

d b

ee

n l

on

g i

n t

he

sto

ckp

ilin

g;

the

sp

ark

th

e f

ina

lly

se

t th

is e

xplo

siv

e o

ff w

as

the

ass

ina

tio

n o

f A

rch

du

ke

Fra

nz

Fe

rdin

an

d,

he

ir t

o t

he

Au

stro

-Hu

ng

ari

an

th

ron

e,

in S

ara

jev

o o

n J

un

e 2

8,

19

14

.

As

a r

esu

lt o

f th

e a

ssa

ssin

ati

on

of

the

ir a

rch

du

ke,

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry s

ou

gh

t th

e a

id o

f it

s a

lly

,

Ge

rma

ny

. G

erm

an

y r

esp

on

de

d b

y o

ffe

rin

g A

ust

ria

-Hu

ng

ary

a “

bla

nk

ch

eck

” o

f su

pp

ort

on

Ju

ly 6

.

Th

ere

is

litt

le d

ou

bt

tha

t th

is n

ote

fro

m G

erm

an

y w

as

the

fir

st c

lea

r in

dic

ati

on

th

at

Ge

rma

ny

wa

s

ag

ree

ab

le t

o w

ar

wit

h -

at

lea

st -

Fra

nce

an

d R

uss

ia;

she

ho

pe

d h

ow

ev

er

to a

vo

id w

ar

wit

h B

rita

in.

Le

ss t

ha

n o

ne

mo

nth

la

ter,

on

Ju

ly 2

3,

19

14

Au

stri

a i

ssu

ed

an

ult

ima

tum

, w

ith

wh

ich

Se

rbia

wa

s to

com

ply

wit

hin

48

ho

urs

to

av

oid

wa

r.

Th

e m

ilit

ari

sts

de

libe

rate

ly m

ad

e t

he

te

rms

so h

ars

h t

ha

t it

wo

uld

be

ass

ure

d t

ha

t S

erb

ia w

ou

ld n

ot

acc

ep

t. T

o t

he

su

rpri

se o

f e

ve

ryo

ne

, S

erb

ia d

id a

gre

e t

o a

ll

bu

t o

ne

of

the

de

ma

nd

s to

all

ow

Au

stri

an

off

icia

ls t

o i

nve

stig

ate

th

e m

urd

er

of

the

arc

hd

uk

e o

n

Se

rbia

n s

oil

. T

his

on

e r

efu

sal

wa

s se

en

as

a t

ota

l re

ject

ion

by

th

e A

ust

ria

ns,

an

d t

he

y d

ecl

are

d w

ar

on

Se

rbia

on

Ju

ly 2

8,

19

14

. G

erm

an

y k

ne

w t

ha

t it

wa

s im

po

rta

nt

to b

eco

me

in

vo

lve

d t

o p

rote

ct i

ts s

ecu

rity

. G

erm

an

le

ad

ers

be

lie

ved

th

at

the

Ru

ssia

an

d F

ran

ce w

ou

ld j

oin

th

e c

on

flic

t.

Th

e G

erm

an

ge

ne

rals

we

re c

on

fid

en

t

tha

t th

ey

wo

uld

de

fea

t th

em

an

d b

eco

me

th

e w

orl

d’s

gre

ate

st p

ow

er.

A

fte

r th

e i

nit

ial

de

cla

rati

on

of

wa

r o

n J

uly

28

, 1

91

4,

thin

gs

mo

ve

d r

ap

idly

. O

n J

uly

30

, th

e R

uss

ian

s

ord

er

a f

ull

mo

bil

iza

tio

n t

o a

tta

ck A

ust

ria

an

d G

erm

an

y.

Ge

rma

ny,

wa

nti

ng

to

ha

ve t

he

up

pe

r h

an

d,

ord

ere

d R

uss

ia t

o c

ea

se w

ar

pre

pa

rati

on

s.

Ru

ssia

ig

no

red

th

e w

arn

ing

, so

Ge

rma

ny

de

cla

red

wa

r o

n

Ru

ssia

. W

ith

in t

wo

da

ys,

Ge

rma

ny

de

cla

red

wa

r o

n R

uss

ia’s

all

y,

Fra

nce

. T

he

wa

r e

sca

late

d a

s th

e s

yst

em

of

all

ian

ces

an

d m

ilit

ary

pla

ns

tra

pp

ed

th

e n

ati

on

s o

ne

by

on

e.

In

ord

er

to a

tta

ck F

ran

ce,

Ge

rma

ny

wo

uld

ha

ve

to

go

th

rou

gh

th

e n

eu

ral

cou

ntr

y o

f B

elg

ium

. S

ince

Be

lgiu

m r

efu

sed

to

gra

nt

pe

rmis

sio

n t

o G

erm

an

y,

it w

as

att

ack

ed

on

Au

gu

st 3

. T

his

act

ion

by

Ge

rma

ny

inv

olv

ed

Gre

at

Bri

tain

, si

nce

Bri

tain

ha

d p

led

ge

d t

o g

ua

ran

tee

Be

lgia

n n

eu

tra

lity

. G

rea

t

Bri

tain

wa

s a

lso

aw

are

th

at

if F

ran

ce a

nd

Be

lgiu

m f

ell

, G

erm

an

y w

ou

ld b

e m

ast

er

of

We

ste

rn E

uro

pe

.

On

Au

gu

st 4

, G

rea

t B

rita

in j

oin

ed

its

all

ies,

Ru

ssia

an

d F

ran

ce.

On

Au

gu

st 6

, A

ust

ria

de

cla

red

wa

r o

n

Ru

ssia

. W

ith

in s

ix w

ee

ks

of

the

ass

ina

tio

n i

n S

ara

jev

o,

all

of

the

gre

at

po

we

rs o

f E

uro

pe

we

re

inv

olv

ed

in

th

e w

ar.

--

----

---

On

th

e t

ime

lin

e b

elo

w,

no

te t

he

im

po

rta

nt

da

tes

(Ju

ly 6

, Ju

ly 2

3,

July

28

, Ju

ly 3

0,

Au

gu

st 3

, A

ug

ust

4,

Au

gu

st 6

) a

nd

th

eir

sig

nif

ica

nce

in

th

is “

Ch

ain

Re

act

ion

.”

1

. W

ha

t w

as

the

sp

ark

th

at

sta

rte

d W

orl

d W

ar

On

e?

__

_

__

_

__

_

2.

Wh

at

ha

pp

en

ed

on

Ju

ly 6

?

__

_

__

_

3.

Wh

at

wa

s th

e i

nte

nt

of

the

mil

ita

rist

s w

ho

wro

te t

he

ult

ima

tum

? _

__

_

__

_

4.

Wh

at

wa

s S

erb

ia’s

re

spo

nse

?

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

5.

Wh

y d

id G

erm

an

y w

an

t to

be

in

vo

lve

d?

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

6.

Wh

at

did

th

e s

yst

em

of

all

ian

ce d

o?

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

7.

Wh

y d

id G

rea

t B

rita

in g

et

inv

olv

ed

in

th

e w

ar?

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

Jun

e 2

8 –

Arc

hd

uke

Fe

rdin

an

d a

ssa

ssin

ate

d

by S

erb

ian

te

rro

rist

s fr

om

th

e B

lack

Ha

nd

.

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16

TA

SK

#2

0 -

WW

I -

To

tal

Wa

r T

ota

l w

ar

wa

s in

tro

du

ced

to

Bri

tain

in

Ma

y 1

91

5 a

nd

wa

s to

la

st u

nti

l th

e e

nd

of

the

wa

r in

No

vem

be

r

19

18

. T

ota

l W

ar

pu

t th

e w

ho

le c

ou

ntr

y o

n a

co

mp

uls

ory

wa

r fo

oti

ng

wit

h t

he

go

ve

rnm

en

t co

ntr

oll

ing

it.

Wh

en

wa

r w

as

de

cla

red

in

Au

gu

st 1

91

4,

a c

ert

ain

na

ive

ty e

nve

lop

ed

th

e w

ho

le c

ou

ntr

y.

Ma

ny

did

be

lie

ve

tha

t th

e w

ar

wo

uld

be

ove

r b

y C

hri

stm

as

19

14

- h

en

ce t

he

ru

sh b

y y

ou

ng

me

n t

o v

olu

nte

er

be

fore

th

e

'fu

n' e

nd

ed

.

Th

is w

ho

le b

eli

ef

tha

t th

e w

ar

wo

uld

be

a s

ho

rt a

ffa

ir e

nd

ed

wit

h t

he

Ba

ttle

of

the

Ma

rne

an

d t

he

ho

rro

rs

of

tre

nch

wa

rfa

re t

ha

t fo

llo

we

d i

t. W

ith

so

ma

ny

me

n d

yin

g a

t th

e f

ron

t -

an

d w

ith

th

e h

orr

ors

of

tre

nch

wa

rfa

re b

eco

min

g k

no

wn

ba

ck i

n B

rita

in b

y m

en

re

turn

ing

on

le

ave

- t

he

vo

lun

tee

rs s

tart

ed

to

dry

up

.

Th

e M

ay

19

15

sh

ell

cri

sis

sho

we

d t

ha

t th

e c

ou

ntr

y w

as

no

t o

n a

fu

ll w

ar

foo

tin

g a

nd

wit

h t

alk

of

the

'big

pu

sh' b

ein

g m

ad

e w

ith

du

e f

req

ue

ncy

, th

e m

en

on

th

e f

ron

t li

ne

ha

d t

o b

e s

uit

ab

ly e

qu

ipp

ed

. W

ith

th

is i

n

min

d,

the

go

vern

me

nt

intr

od

uce

d 't

ota

l w

ar'

. A

t th

e s

tart

of

the

wa

r, r

ail

wa

ys

ha

d b

ee

n t

ak

en

ove

r b

y t

he

go

vern

me

nt;

in

De

cem

be

r 1

91

6,

the

coa

lfie

lds

of

So

uth

Wa

les

we

re a

lso

ta

ke

n u

nd

er

the

go

ve

rnm

en

t's

win

g.

Th

e g

ove

rnm

en

t cr

ea

ted

'na

tio

na

l fa

cto

rie

s' t

o p

rod

uce

mu

nit

ion

s -

by

th

e e

nd

of

the

wa

r th

ere

we

re 2

18

of

the

m.

Th

is w

as

to

en

sure

th

at

a m

un

itio

ns

sho

rta

ge

ne

ve

r o

ccu

rre

d a

ga

in.

Nu

rse

rie

s w

ere

bu

ilt

in o

r n

ea

r fa

cto

rie

s to

he

lp

the

ma

ny

th

ou

san

ds

of

mo

the

rs w

ho

jo

ine

d t

he

wo

rkfo

rce

of

fact

ori

es.

S

oo

n a

fte

r th

e o

utb

rea

k o

f th

e F

irst

Wo

rld

Wa

r th

e G

erm

an

Na

vy a

tte

mp

ted

to

ha

lt t

he

flo

w o

f im

po

rts

to

Bri

tain

by

in

tro

du

cin

g u

nre

stri

cte

d s

ub

ma

rin

e w

arf

are

. B

y t

he

en

d o

f 1

91

6,

U-G

erm

an

bo

ats

we

re o

n

ave

rag

e d

est

roy

ing

ab

ou

t 3

00

,00

0 t

on

s o

f sh

ipp

ing

a m

on

th.

In F

eb

rua

ry 1

91

7,

the

Ge

rma

n N

avy

sa

nk

23

0 s

hip

s b

rin

gin

g f

oo

d a

nd

oth

er

sup

pli

es

to B

rita

in.

Th

e f

oll

ow

ing

mo

nth

a r

eco

rd 5

07

,00

1 t

on

s o

f

ship

g w

as

lost

as

a r

esu

lt o

f th

e U

-bo

at

cam

pa

ign

..

Po

tato

es

we

re o

fte

n i

n s

ho

rt-s

up

ply

an

d s

ug

ar

wa

s o

fte

n d

iffi

cult

to

ge

t. W

he

rea

s th

e w

ee

kly

con

sum

pti

on

of

sug

ar

wa

s 1

.49

lb

in

19

14

, it

fe

ll t

o 0

.93

lb

in

19

18

. T

he

co

nsu

mp

tio

n o

f b

utc

he

rs'

me

at

als

o d

rop

pe

d f

rom

an

ave

rag

e o

f 2

.36

to

1.5

3 l

b a

we

ek

du

rin

g t

his

pe

rio

d.

At

the

en

d o

f 1

91

7 p

eo

ple

be

ga

n t

o f

ea

r th

at

the

co

un

try

wa

s ru

nn

ing

ou

t o

f fo

od

. P

an

ic b

uy

ing

le

d t

o s

ho

rta

ge

s a

nd

so

in

Ja

nu

ary

19

18

, th

e M

inis

try

of

Fo

od

de

cid

ed

to

in

tro

du

ce r

ati

on

ing

. S

ug

ar

wa

s th

e f

irst

to

be

ra

tio

ne

d a

nd

th

is w

as

late

r fo

llo

we

d b

y b

utc

he

rs' m

ea

t. T

he

id

ea

of

rati

on

ing

fo

od

wa

s to

gu

ara

nte

e s

up

pli

es,

no

t to

re

du

ce

con

sum

pti

on

. T

his

wa

s su

cce

ssfu

l a

nd

off

icia

l fi

gu

res

sho

w t

ha

t th

e i

nta

ke

of

calo

rie

s a

lmo

st k

ep

t u

p t

o

the

pre

-wa

r le

ve

l.

Wh

ile

th

e r

ati

on

ing

eff

ort

wa

s su

cce

ssfu

l, i

t p

ut

a m

ajo

r st

rain

on

th

ose

at

ho

me

. C

ha

rle

s Y

ou

ng

wa

s a

Bri

tish

so

ldie

r w

ho

fo

ug

ht

on

th

e W

est

ern

Fro

nt.

In

his

me

mo

ir,

he

wro

te a

bo

ut

the

str

ug

gle

s o

f h

is

fam

ily

an

d f

rie

nd

s le

ft b

eh

ind

on

th

e h

om

efr

on

t:

“Wh

en

I r

etu

rne

d a

fte

r th

e w

ar

rela

tive

s to

ld m

e h

ow

ba

d i

t h

ad

be

en

. Y

ou

se

e,

us

be

ing

an

isl

an

d h

ard

ly

an

y f

oo

d c

ou

ld g

et

thro

ug

h,

be

cau

se G

erm

an

U-b

oa

ts w

ere

sin

kin

g o

ur

foo

d c

on

vo

ys.

My f

am

ily l

ive

d o

n

bo

ne

s fr

om

th

e b

utc

he

r m

ad

e in

to s

ou

ps.

An

d b

lack

bre

ad

. A

nd

wh

en

so

me

fo

od

did

ge

t d

eli

ve

red

to

th

e

sho

ps

eve

ryo

ne

fo

r m

ile

s a

rou

nd

be

sie

ge

d t

he

pla

ce.

Th

e q

ue

s st

retc

he

d f

or

mil

es,

an

d i

f yo

u w

ere

old

or

infi

rm y

ou

sto

od

no

ch

an

ce.

Ma

ny,

esp

eci

all

y c

hil

dre

n,

die

d o

f st

arv

ati

on

. F

oo

d r

iots

we

re v

ery

co

mm

on

.”

1.

Ho

w lo

ng

did

to

tal w

ar

last

? _

__

2.

Wh

at

is t

ota

l w

ar?

__

_

__

3.

Wh

at

did

ma

ny

Eu

rop

ea

ns

be

lie

ve b

efo

re t

he

wa

r?

__

4.

Wh

y d

id t

he

vo

lun

tee

rs d

ry u

p?

__

_

__

5.

Ho

w d

id t

he

go

ve

rnm

en

t e

nsu

re t

he

re w

ou

ldn

’t b

e a

ny

mo

re m

un

itio

ns

sho

rta

ge

s? _

__

_

__

6.

Wh

y d

id t

he

y b

uil

d n

urs

eri

es

in o

r n

ea

r fa

cto

rie

s?

__

7.

Wh

at

wa

s b

eh

ind

th

e G

erm

an

po

licy

of

un

rest

rict

ed

sub

ma

rin

e w

arf

are

? _

__

_

__

8.

Ho

w d

id t

he

die

tary

ha

bit

s o

f th

e B

riti

sh c

ha

ng

e?

__

9.

Ple

ase

su

mm

ari

ze t

he

str

ug

gle

s o

f C

ha

rle

s Y

ou

ng

’s f

am

ily

in E

ng

lan

d.

__

20

TA

SK

#2

3 -

WW

I -

At

Wa

r’s

En

d

19

17

ha

d b

ee

n a

ve

ry d

iffi

cult

ye

ar

for

the

All

ied

fo

rce

s. T

he

ir o

ffe

nsi

ve

s o

n t

he

We

ste

rn F

ron

t h

ad

be

en

de

fea

ted

, a

nd

th

e R

uss

ian

Re

vo

luti

on

le

d t

o R

uss

ia’s

wit

hd

raw

al

fro

m t

he

Wa

r. H

ow

eve

r, t

he

en

try

of

the

Un

ite

d S

tate

s in

to t

he

wa

r g

ave

th

e A

llie

s a

mu

ch-n

ee

de

d p

sych

olo

gic

al

bo

ost

. In

19

18

, fr

esh

Am

eri

can

tro

op

s w

ou

ld b

e c

ruci

al.

W

ith

Ru

ssia

ou

t o

f th

e w

ar,

Ge

rma

ny

wa

s fr

ee

to

co

nce

ntr

ate

en

tire

ly o

n t

he

We

ste

rn F

ron

t. E

rich

vo

n

Lud

en

do

rff,

wh

o g

uid

ed

Ge

rma

n m

ilit

ary

op

era

tio

ns,

de

cid

ed

to

ma

ke

a g

ran

d o

ffe

nsi

ve t

o b

rea

k t

he

sta

lem

ate

. T

he

Ge

rma

n a

tta

ck b

eg

an

in

Ma

rch

19

18

. T

he

Ge

rma

ns

we

re s

top

pe

d a

t th

e S

eco

nd

Ba

ttle

of

the

Ma

rne

on

Ju

ly 1

8.

Fre

nch

, M

oro

cca

n,

an

d A

me

rica

n f

orc

es,

su

pp

ort

ed

by

hu

nd

red

s o

f ta

nk

s, t

hre

w

the

Ge

rma

ns

ba

ck o

ve

r th

e M

arn

e.

Th

e G

erm

an

off

en

siv

e h

ad

fa

ile

d.

Wit

h m

ore

th

an

a m

illi

on

Am

eri

can

tro

op

s p

ou

rin

g i

nto

Fra

nce

, th

e A

llie

s b

eg

an

to

ad

van

ce t

ow

ard

Ge

rma

ny

. O

n S

ep

tem

be

r 2

9,

19

18

, G

en

era

l Lu

de

nd

orf

f in

form

ed

th

e G

erm

an

le

ad

ers

th

at

the

wa

r w

as

lost

. H

e d

em

an

de

d t

ha

t th

e g

ove

rnm

en

t a

sk f

or

pe

ace

. T

he

All

ies

we

re u

nw

illi

ng

to

ma

ke

pe

ace

wit

h t

he

pre

sen

t G

erm

an

go

vern

me

nt,

so

re

form

s w

ere

be

gu

n t

o c

rea

te a

mo

re l

ibe

ral

go

ve

rnm

en

t. H

ow

ev

er,

th

e

exh

au

ste

d G

erm

an

pe

op

le w

ere

un

wil

lin

g t

o w

ait

fo

r th

is p

roce

ss t

o t

ak

e p

lace

. O

n N

ove

mb

er

3,

sail

ors

in

the

to

wn

of

Kie

l m

uti

nie

d.

So

ldie

rs a

nd

wo

rke

rs b

eg

an

to

fo

rm c

ou

nci

ls t

hro

ug

ho

ut

Ge

rma

ny

. B

y N

ove

mb

er

9,

Wil

lia

m I

I w

as

forc

ed

to

le

av

e t

he

co

un

try

. T

he

So

cia

l D

em

ocr

ats

un

de

r F

rie

dri

ch E

be

rt

an

no

un

ced

th

e c

rea

tio

n o

f a

de

mo

cra

tic

rep

ub

lic.

On

No

vem

be

r 1

1,

the

ne

w g

ov

ern

me

nt

sig

ne

d a

n

arm

isti

ce (

a t

ruce

or

an

ag

ree

me

nt

to e

nd

th

e f

igh

tin

g i

n a

wa

r).

No

on

e w

ou

ld h

ave

da

red

to

pre

dic

t th

e c

asu

alt

ies

of

WW

I. W

he

n w

ar

wa

s d

ecl

are

d,

the

re w

ere

str

ee

t

cele

bra

tio

ns

in m

ost

of

Eu

rop

e's

ca

pit

al

citi

es.

No

-on

e e

ven

en

visa

ge

d t

ren

ch w

arf

are

in

Au

gu

st 1

91

4 l

et

alo

ne

th

e a

pp

all

ing

ca

sua

ltie

s th

at

occ

urr

ed

ove

r 4

ye

ars

of

fig

hti

ng

. T

he

So

mm

e a

nd

Ve

rdu

n w

itn

ess

ed

ap

pa

llin

g s

lau

gh

ter.

No

on

e c

ou

ld h

ave

pre

dic

ted

th

e h

orr

ify

ing

co

nse

qu

en

ces

of

mo

de

rn w

ea

po

nry

be

ing

use

d t

og

eth

er

wit

h o

ut-

of-

da

te t

act

ics.

Th

e g

rim

fig

ure

s 's

pe

ak

' fo

r th

em

selv

es:

8.5

mil

lio

n s

old

iers

kil

led

,

21

mil

lio

n s

old

iers

wo

un

de

d,

an

d 7

.7 m

illi

on

pri

son

ers

of

wa

r o

r

mis

sin

g.

Th

e w

ar

wa

s o

ver,

bu

t re

volu

tio

na

ry f

orc

es

ha

d b

ee

n s

et

in

mo

tio

n i

n G

erm

an

y.

A g

rou

p o

f ra

dic

al

soci

ali

sts

form

ed

th

e

Ge

rma

n C

om

mu

nis

t P

art

y i

n D

ece

mb

er

19

18

. T

he

ne

w S

oci

al

De

mo

cra

tic

go

ve

rnm

en

t u

sed

arm

y t

roo

ps

to c

rush

th

e r

eb

els

an

d m

urd

ere

d t

wo

of

the

Co

mm

un

ist

pa

rty

le

ad

ers

. T

he

att

em

pt

at

revo

luti

on

le

ft t

he

Ge

rma

n m

idd

le c

lass

wit

h a

de

ep

fe

ar

of

com

mu

nis

m.

Au

stri

a-H

un

ga

ry a

lso

exp

eri

en

ced

re

volu

tio

n.

Eth

nic

gro

up

s tr

ied

ha

rde

r a

nd

ha

rde

r to

ga

in t

he

ir i

nd

ep

en

de

nce

. B

y t

he

en

d o

f th

e

wa

r, t

he

Au

stro

-Hu

ng

ari

an

Em

pir

e n

o l

on

ge

r e

xist

ed

. T

he

ind

ep

en

de

nt

rep

ub

lics

of

Au

stri

a,

Hu

ng

ary

, a

nd

Cze

cho

slo

vak

ia,

alo

ng

wit

h t

he

mo

na

rch

ica

l st

ate

ca

lle

d Y

ug

osl

avi

a,

rep

lace

d i

t.

1.

Wh

y w

as

19

17

a v

ery

dif

ficu

lt y

ea

r fo

r th

e A

llie

d f

orc

es?

__

2.

Wh

at

pro

vid

ed

a p

sych

olo

gic

al

bo

ost

?

__

3.

Wh

at

did

Ru

ssia

’s w

ith

dra

wa

l fo

r th

e w

ar

me

an

fo

r

Ge

rma

ny

? _

__

_

__

4.

Wh

at

ha

pp

en

ed

at

the

Se

con

d B

att

le o

f th

e M

arn

e?

__

5.

Wh

at

ha

pp

en

ed

on

Se

pte

mb

er

29

, 1

91

8?

__

6.

Wh

at

ha

pp

en

ed

on

No

ve

mb

er

3,

19

18

?

__

7.

Wh

en

did

Ge

rma

n W

illi

am

II

lea

ve

? _

__

_

8.

Wh

at

ha

pp

en

ed

on

No

ve

mb

er

11

, 1

91

8?

__

9.

Wh

at

is a

n a

rmis

tice

? _

__

10

. W

ha

t h

ap

pe

ne

d w

he

n w

ar

wa

s fi

rst

de

cla

red

?

__

11

. H

ow

ma

ny

sold

iers

we

re k

ille

d?

__

_

12

. H

ow

ma

ny

sold

iers

we

re w

ou

nd

ed

? _

__

13

. H

ow

ma

ny

sold

iers

we

re p

riso

ne

rs o

f w

ar

or

mis

sin

g?

__

14

. W

ha

t im

pa

ct d

id t

he

att

em

pte

d C

om

mu

nis

t re

volu

tio

n d

o

to G

erm

an

y? _

__

_

__

15

. W

ha

t n

ew

in

de

pe

nd

en

t re

pu

bli

cs w

ere

cre

ate

d a

fte

r

WW

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ia - PHS WORLD HISTORYsupport each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at...

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