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Internet Technologies 1

Xml Namespaces

Notes on XML Namespaces

Namespace notes taken and adapted from “XML in a Nutshell”By Harold and Means

Java examples adapted from “XML and Java”

Namespace specification is at:

http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/

Namespaces

Primary purpose:

To disambiguate element and attribute names.

Implementation:

• Attach a prefix to an element or attribute name.• Map the prefix to a URI. This need not be a real place.• Default URI’s may also be provided for those

elements with no prefix.• The URI’s partition the elements and attributes into

disjoint sets.

Namespaces

• Each prefix is associated with one URI.• Names with prefixes associated with the same URI are in the same namespace.• Elements and attributes in namespaces have names with

exactly one colon. • The text before the colon is called the prefix.• The text after the colon is called the local part.• The complete name, including the colon, is called the qualified name.

Namespaces

• Prefixes are bound to namespace URI’s by attaching an xmlns:prefix attribute to the the prefixed elementor one of its ancestors

For example:

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax#>

associates the prefix rdf with the namespace URI shown. Thename RDF is therefore an element from this namespace.

Namespaces

• Bindings have scope within the element in which they’redeclared and its contents.

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax#>

<!– within this element the prefix rdf is associated with the RDF namespace

</rdf:RDF>

Namespaces

The default namespace

• Is set using the xmlns attribute (with no prefix)• Applies only to elements not attributes

SomeTag and insideTag are both in the someURI namespace.

Namespaces

If there is no default namespace is declared then tags without Prefixes are in no namespace at all. Not even the default one.

The only way an attribute belongs to a namespace is if it has a declared prefix.

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=“http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax#> <rdf:Description about=“someValue”> : </rdf:Description>

</rdf:RDF>

The about attribute isin no namespace.

Declaring Namespaces

xmlns:pre=“someURN” is finexmlns:pre=“” is illegal

xmlns=“someURN” is finexmlns=“” legal and same as no namespace

Some Examples From The W3C Specification

<?xml version="1.0"?><html:html xmlns:html='http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40'> <html:head><html:title>Frobnostication</html:title> </html:head> <html:body><html:p>Moved to <html:a href='http://frob.com'>here.</html:a></html:p> </html:body></html:html>

<?xml version="1.0"?><bk:book xmlns:bk='urn:loc.gov:books' xmlns:isbn='urn:ISBN:0-395-36341-6'> <bk:title>Cheaper by the Dozen</bk:title> <isbn:number>1568491379</isbn:number></bk:book>

<?xml version="1.0"?><html xmlns='http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40'> <head><title>Frobnostication</title></head> <body><p>Moved to <a href='http://frob.com'>here</a>.</p></body></html>

<?xml version="1.0"?><book xmlns='urn:loc.gov:books' xmlns:isbn='urn:ISBN:0-395-36341-6'> <title>Cheaper by the Dozen</title> <isbn:number>1568491379</isbn:number></book>

<?xml version="1.0"?><book xmlns='urn:loc.gov:books' xmlns:isbn='urn:ISBN:0-395-36341-6'> <title>Cheaper by the Dozen</title> <isbn:number>1568491379</isbn:number> <notes>  <p xmlns='urn:w3-org-ns:HTML'> This is a <i>funny</i> book! </p> </notes></book>

<?xml version='1.0'?><Beers>  <table xmlns='http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40'> <th><td>Name</td><td>Origin</td><td>Description</td></th> <tr>  <td><brandName xmlns="">Huntsman</brandName></td> <td><origin xmlns="">Bath, UK</origin></td> <td> <details xmlns=""><class>Bitter</class><hop>Fuggles</hop> <pro>Wonderful hop, light alcohol, good summer beer</pro> <con>Fragile; excessive variance pub to pub</con> </details> </td> </tr> </table> </Beers>

The default namespace can be set to the empty string. This has the same effect, within the scopeof the declaration, of there being no default namespace.

<x xmlns:n1="http://www.w3.org" xmlns:n2="http://www.w3.org" > <bad a="1" a="2" /> <bad n1:a="1" n2:a="2" /></x>

<x xmlns:n1="http://www.w3.org" xmlns="http://www.w3.org" > <good a="1" b="2" /> <good a="1" n1:a="2" /></x>

Namespaces and Java

// Exploring the NamespaceCorrector class in Chapter 4 of// XML and Java

// Example 1

import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;import org.apache.xml.serialize.OutputFormat;import org.apache.xml.serialize.XMLSerializer;import org.w3c.dom.Document;import org.w3c.dom.Element;import org.w3c.dom.Text;

public class NamespaceExplore {

static final String NS = "http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/~mm6"; // the assigned namespace to the xml:lang attribute static final String XML_NS = "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace";

// the assigned namespace of the xmlns attribute static final String XMLNS_NS = "http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/";

public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {

DocumentBuilderFactory dbfactory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance(); dbfactory.setNamespaceAware(true); DocumentBuilder builder = dbfactory.newDocumentBuilder(); Document factory = builder.newDocument(); OutputFormat format = new OutputFormat("xml", "UTF-8", true); XMLSerializer serializer = new XMLSerializer(System.out, format);

// build a top element within a namespace Element top = factory.createElementNS(NS, "mm6:GradeBook");

// define an xmlns attribute within this top element top.setAttributeNS(XMLNS_NS, "xmlns:mm6", NS);

// define an xml:lang attribute within this top element top.setAttributeNS(XML_NS, "xml:lang", "en");

Element student = factory.createElementNS(NS,"mm6:Student"); top.appendChild(student);

Text t = factory.createTextNode("87.5"); student.appendChild(t);

serializer.serialize(top); System.out.println(""); }}

D:\McCarthy\www\95-733\examples\chap04>java NamespaceExplore

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><mm6:GradeBook xml:lang="en" xmlns:mm6= "http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/~mm6"> <mm6:Student>87.5</mm6:Student></mm6:GradeBook>

Output

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