Jon Hale

College of Charleston

Educational Discourse during Jim Crow

Born in Great Barrington, MAEducated at Fisk UniversityFirst African American to earn

a Ph.D. in History from Harvard UniversityStudied at the University of

BerlinFounder of the Niagara

Movement Later the NAACP

Taught at Wilberforce University and eventually Atlanta University

W.E.B. Du Bois, (1868-1963)

W.E.B. Du BoisSociologist and

Historian by TrainingThe Philadelphia

Negro (1899)The Souls of Black

Folk (1903)Black Reconstruction

(1935)

“The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line”

Proponent of a liberal arts, college preparatory and professional education

Advocated for full and immediate civil, political, economic, and social rights of all citizens

Put forth the idea of the “Talented Tenth”Articulated the idea of the “Veil” and “Double

Consciousness”Later ideas of voluntary separation

W.E.B. Du Bois: Major Ideas

Born into slavery in Franklin County, Hale’s Ford, Virginia

Hampton Normal Agricultural Institute

Briefly attended Wayland Seminary

Taught at Hampton then ran Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in 1881Under the recommendation

of General Samuel C. Armstrong

Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)

“Cast down your bucket where you are”

Economic Gradualism

Industrial and vocational education

Up From Slavery (1901)

Booker T. Washington: Major Ideas

Philadelphia, parents are educators

Ph.D. in Philosophy from Harvard

“The New Negro”Cultural PluralismProgressive ideals, to

prepare certain individuals to change society

Complicating the dichotomy: Alain Locke (1886-1954)

Son of former slavesAttended Berea CollegePh.D. in History from

HarvardFounded the

Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (now, ASALH)

Black History curriculum

Complicating the dichotomy: Carter G. Woodson (1875-1950)

Mayesville, SCBegins Daytona

Educational and Industrial School for Negro GirlsLater Bethune Cookman

CollegePractical/economic and

social goals of education

Complicating the Dichotomy: Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955)

Born to former slaves in Ninety Six, SC

Studied at the University of ChicagoTraveled to India and

influenced by GandhiPresident of Morehouse

CollegeMentor to Dr. King

President of Atlanta School BoardOversaw peaceful

desegregation

Complicating the Dichotomy: Benjamin Mays (1894-1984)

Charles ThompsonPublish discussion on the use of the courts

Horace Mann Bond Challenged intelligence testing

Connects to influential white progressivesGeorge Counts, John Dewey, Myles Horton

Complicating the Dichotomy

Progressive and Social Reconstructionist ContextTo rebuild society through education

Reflects older republican values in Reconstruction the and Jim Crow Era

Community control and self-determination

Multiplicity and diversity of thought

Ideology of (re)construction

Avery Normal Institute, 1865Charleston Normal and Industrial School,

1909Now, Burke High School

Mamie Gavin FieldsSeptima ClarkEsau Jenkins

Educational Ideology in South Carolina