Post on 09-Feb-2022
transcript
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@MilanoMarch 16-20, 2015
Yoshitaka FujitaOsaka University
-the 1st lecture-
Snake of
Sizes
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Molecule
ニュートン力学Newton Mechanics
量子力学Quantum Mechanics
マクロの世界Macro World
ミクロの世界Micro World
1.4 billion light years
1 fm
The Nature is alive!(自然は生きている!)
La Clusaz
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地層のでき方- 小学6年理科 -
1)侵食作用で、土砂が海や湖の底にたまります。2)時には火山の爆発でも地層ができます。
学学研のホームページより
The Nature is alive!(自然は生きている!)
La Clusaz
Pushed up from the bottom of the Sea to the top of the Mountain !
Explained by Plate Tectonics !
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225 My ago 200 My ago
150 My ago 65 My ago
Present day 現在
first idea byAlfred Wegener
ContinentalDrift
-Plate tectonics-
Eruption of Kilauea, Hawaii (1970’s)
地熱:ウラン等、放射性元素の核分裂の熱Terrestrial heat: originates from Radio Activity like 235U
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Supernova Cycle
Nuclear Chart(Nuclear Landscape)
Neutron N
Pro
ton
Z
r-process
U: Z=92
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Layer Structure of Nature (by Glashow)
Particle
Molecule
Quark
1 fm
1.4 billion light years
Only Four Forces (Interactions) !Conservation Lows are valid !
How things are divided?
a moleculeinto atoms
an atom into electrons and a nucleus
a nucleus into protons and neutrons
a proton and a neutroninto quarks
how about quarks?
10-9m
10-10m
10-14m
10-15m
<10-18m
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Powers of Ten10 のべき乗
first idea by Charles & Ray Eames
present photos by B. Bryson(CA, USA)
from the web sitehttp://www.wordwizz.com
*starting from the Japanese Tea Gardenin San Francisco
Let’s visit the Micro world
Size of the Human being (~1 m)
Size of the Quark (100 am = 10-16 m)
m n p f a10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18
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Scale : 100 m (1辺 1 m)
Scale : 10-2 m (1辺 1 cm)
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Scale : 10-4 m (1辺 100 m)
Scale : 10-6 m (1辺 1 m)
花粉の上のウイルス
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Scale : 10-7 m (1辺 100 nm)
Scale : 10-8 m (1辺 10 nm)
ウイルスDNA二重ラセン構造
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Scale : 10-10 m (1辺 100 pm)
原子の周りの電子雲
Scale : 10-12 m (1辺 1 pm)
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Scale : 10-14 m (1辺 10 fm)
Protons・Neutrons in 12C
Size of Nuclei: 1/104 of Atoms !to overcome the repulsive force of EM int.,
a strong nuclear (strong) force is needed !
Snake of SizesThe Layer Structure of Nature(Snake of Uroboros)
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Big Bang
The History of the Universe
Immediately after the 1st Stars were born, the history of the Nuclear Physics started !
How things are divided?
a moleculeinto atoms
an atom into electrons and a nucleus
a nucleus into protons and neutrons
a proton and a neutroninto quarks
how about quarks?
10-9m
10-10m
10-14m
10-15m
<10-18m
a large difference in size here!
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***How Do We See Nuclei?
Nuclear Chart(Nuclear Landscape)
Neutron N
Pro
ton
Z
A<300
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Neutron Star (Vela pulsar)
8.4×1016 - 1×1018 kg/m3
(nucleus : 3×1017 kg/m3)
Nuclear Chart(Nuclear Landscape)
stable nuclei: 256known nuclei: ~2,900
T1/2 is known: ~2,500mass is known: ~1,800
unstable nuclei: ~7,000
each nucleus is unique(a large variety!)
Neutron N
Pro
ton
Z
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Uniqueness of NucleiNucleus : Unique Quantum System where
3 interactions out of 4 are active!
Strong, Weak, EM(Gravitational force is too weak!)
Nucleus : Quantum Finite Many-body Systemconsisting of two Fermions
4-fundamental interactions (forces)
Strong int.*
Interactions Example Transmitter
Nuclear Force Meson* (Gluon)
EM int.# Coulomb Force
Weak int.*
Photon#
Beta-decay W-, Z-boson*
Gravitational# Graviton#Apple falls!
*short-range #long-range *with mass #mass-less
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Long and short-range forces1-dimentional Universe
brightness of a star ∝1/R 2
i.e., inversely prop. to the expansion of the space
no spreading
1-dim. spread
light
2-dimentional Universe
3-dimentional Universe
2-dim. spread
distance R
Scale : 10-14 m (1辺 10 fm)
Protons・Neutrons in 12C
Size of Nuclei: 1/104 of Atoms !to overcome the repulsive force of EM int.,
a strong nuclear (strong) force is needed !
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Energy: Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet
Einstein’s “light quantum theory (hypothesis)”
E = h p = h/c:frequency : wave-lengh & = c/
Color Wave-length EnergyInfrared 1,000 nm 1.2 eVRed ~700 1.8Yellow ~580 2.1Green ~530 2.3Blue ~450 2.7Purple ~400 3.1Ultraviolet ~200 6.2
LED Handy Lump : ~3 eV
Coulomb EnergyHydrogen atom
Useful relationship
We get
By solving the Schrödinger eq. 13.7 eV
Helium NucleusProton Z=2, Neutron N=2
r = 10-10 m r = 10-15 m (1 fm)
Off course 10+5 larger !Strong force should be
much stronger !
proton proton
proton neutron
neutron
electron
Very muchcentralized system !
A system madein Harmony
(self-consistent) !
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How are Nuclei defined ?
*Quantum Finite Many-body system of two Fermions=> quantum numbers are important
L, S, J, K, T=> selection rules of Q-numbers are importnat
*Conservation LawsEnergyMomentumAngular momentum
*Studied by Measuring Decays, Reactions-decay, -decay, Nuclear Reactions
***Elements and Nuclei?
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Elements Necessary for Life
by Y. Mochizuki
large amount neededsmall amount neededprobably needed
0 50 100 150 200MASS NUMBER
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
AB
UN
DA
NC
E
(Si =
106 )
H, He
C, O
Fe,Ni
Ba Pb
solar abundance distribution
Solar Abundance
Solar abundance reflects the Nuclear Structure !
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Big Bang から現在までThe Big Bang,the beginning of the Universe
13.7 By ago!
Element Necessary for Life
by Y. Mochizuki
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Supernova Cycle
TemperatureT ~ 107 K
MAJOR FEATURES OF OUR SUN
T= ~107 K at the core= ~1 keV
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1H (p) 4He: Nuclear Reaction in a Star
弱い相互作用が関与する崩壊
(Weak processes controlthe reaction rate!)
Maxwell distribution
velocity <v2>=3kT/mkinetic energy<K>=(3/2)kT
104K~ 1 eV107K~ 1 keV109K~100 keV
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Mass, Energy, Binding Energy
Mass & Energy (Einstein’s relationship)E = mc2
Total energy (mass) of a Nucleus AZN
ET = Z x mp + N x mn - BE
*a strongly coupled system has less energy!
Element Necessary for Life
by Y. Mochizuki
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CNO cycle(catalytic cycle
by CNO)
4x1H+2e+
CNO works asthe catalyst
Contributions from StrongElectro-Magnetic and Weak Interactions are combined !
start
CNO cycle(catalytic cycle
by CNO)
4x1H+2e+
CNO works asthe catalyst
Only the Weak Interaction can change Elementswithin the same A !
start
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Supernova Cycle
TemperatureT ~ 108 K
Nucleosynthesis by Y. Mochizuki
steller burning
s-process
Big Bang
r-process
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Element Necessary for Life
by Y. Mochizuki
Onion Structure in a Red Giant
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オリオン座の1等星ペテルギウスで、超新星爆発に向かうと見られる兆候が観測されている。(朝日2010年1月)
約600光年の距離にあるペテルギウスの表面がでこぼこになっている様子。(NASA)Betelgeuse: Red Giant in Orion
Rigel: Blue Giant in Orion
Can Betelgeuse in Orion be a SN?
Supernova Cycle
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Element Necessary for Life
by Y. Mochizuki
Nucleosynthesis by Y. Mochizuki
steller burning
s-process
Big Bang
r-process
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Maxwell distribution
velocity <v2>=3kT/mkinetic energy<K>=(3/2)kT
104K~ 1 eV107K~ 1 keV109K~100 keV
’s are created by pair creation !
mainly by &
K.L &G.M-PRev.Mod.Phys.75(’04)819
(A,Z)=nuclei in theCr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni region
pf -shell Nuclei !
Crucial Weak Processes
during the Collapse
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Layer Structure of Nature (by Glashow)
Particle
Molecule
Quark
1 fm
1.4 billion light years
Cycling of Elements
Big Bang H, He, Li
first generation of (heavy) stars
C … Feand
some heavy elements
SNElements up to
URG
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Cycling of ElementsBig Bang
H, He, Li
first generation (heavy) stars
C … Fe, Ni
later generation stars
Elements up to U
Red super giant
Some heavy elements
Supernova
Who am I ?Light elements are synthesized in STARS.Heavier elements : in Red Giants, and
in Supernovae.
They spread at the time of Supernova Explosion.
From the Star Dusts, our Earth was born.
Life was created “eventually !”
Therefore, YOU are the CHILDEN of STARS !
Nuclear Physics !
Astrophysics !
Biology !
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Who am I ?Light elements are synthesized in STARS.Heavier elements : in Red Giants, and
in Supernovae.
They spread at the time of Supernova Explosion.
From the Star Dusts, our Earth was born.
Life was created “eventually !”
YOU shoulder all the history of the UNIVERSE !(すべての宇宙の歴史があなたへと続く!)
Nuclear Physics !
Astrophysics !
Biology !
Snake of
Sizes