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©2009 HP Confidential template rev. 12.10.091©2009 HP Confidential
Norival A Corrêa, Lead Energy Efficienty EngineerHP Critical Facilities Servicesnorival.correa@hp.com+ 55 11 9 9618 8720
Monday, March 29, 2012
LEED – Design Consideration of Applying Airside and Waterside
Economizer to Data Center
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Typical Data Center Cooling Setup
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Data Center Free Cooling Economizer Type
– Airside Economizers• Direct Air• Indirect air-to-air heat exchanger (Rotary heat wheel, Fixed plate cross-flow heat exchanger
• Direct evaporation• Indirect evaporation
– Waterside Economizers• Parallel (Non-integrated)• Series (Integrated)
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Data Center Free Cooling Economizer Type
– Airside Economizers• Direct Air• Indirect air-to-air heat exchanger (Rotary heat wheel, Fixed plate cross-flow heat exchanger
• Direct evaporation• Indirect evaporation
– Waterside Economizers• Parallel (Non-integrated)• Series (Integrated)
©2009 HP Confidential template rev. 12.10.095 ©2009 HP Confidential5
Kyoto Cooling
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Kyoto Cooling Setup
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Kyoto Cooling Setup
©2009 HP Confidential template rev. 12.10.098 ©2009 HP Confidential8
Airside Economizer
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Direct Airside Economizer Setup
The use of Air Handling Unit (AHU) to capture outside air with low heat content to replace internal heat gain
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Direct Airside Economizer – Industrial Concerns– Maintain Humidification
• Prevent Electrostatic Discharge
– Particulate Contamination• Settling on computer server boards • Electrical shorting • Corrode the circuit board components
– Gaseous Contamination• Corrosion and ion migration at the computer circuit board
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Airside Economizer – Solutions
– Maintain Humidification• Lower minimum humidity level− From 50% RH to 40% RH
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Airside Economizer – Solutions
– Maintain Humidification• Improved humidification techniques -adiabatic − Ultrasonic
− Atomizing
− Wet Media
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Airside Economizer – Solutions
– Particulate Contamination• Test indicated the use of 85% (MERV 11) filter reduce article concentrations to nearly match the level found in data centers that do not use economizers
• Higher performance filter (95% or MERV 16) can be used
MERV value
Sources: ASHRAE 52.2-2007, Method of Testing General Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size
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Airside Economizer – Solutions
– Gaseous Contamination• Not enough studies in the IT industry to document the rate of corrosion with respect to gaseous pollution concentrations
• The use of real time gas monitoring systems are recommended− Highly sensitive quartz crystals microbalance sensor
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Direct Airside Economizer Update
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Airside Economizer – Mechanical Rm Design
– Size
– Location
– Structure support
– Water leak containment
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Airside Economizer – Mechanical Room & Outside Air Intake Design– Outside air intake
• Snow & Rain
• Bomb Blast resistant
• Hurricane resistant
– Airborne particulates• Generator flue
• Cooling tower water mist
• Roadway dust
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Airside Economizer – Data Room Design
– High concentration of air flow• Negative flow - Venturi Effect
• Higher raised floor
• Higher return plenum
Return air
AHUNeutral Room Air
Server
Cold Air
Mixed Warm Air
Hot Air
Raised Floor
Return Plenum
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Airside Economizer – Air Distribution Design
– Air Balance & Control• Use Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling
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Airside Economizer – Fire Protection
– Fire Prevention • Fire rated wall
– Fire Detection • Photoelectric and ionization type smoke detectors • High sensitive aspirating type smoke detectors − VESDA
− Laser
– Fire Protection• Pre-action gaseous fire protection activation
©2009 HP Confidential template rev. 12.10.0921 ©2009 HP Confidential21
Waterside Economizer
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Waterside Economizer Setup
The use of cooling tower in lieu of operating a chiller or in conjunction with operating a chiller for creating chilled water to handle a cooling load when the outdoor ambient conditions allow
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Waterside Economizer Type
– Two ways to design and utilize free cooling systems• Series waterside economizer (Partial pre-cooling + Full free cooling)• Parallel waterside economizer (Full free cooling)
Series water-side economizer Parallel water-side economizer
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Waterside Economizer – Cooling Tower
– Cooling tower selection • Approach temperature increase as wetbulb temperature decrease (Capacity drop)
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Waterside Economizer – Cooling Tower
– Cooling tower sizing• Optimize for winter operation− 50% annual free cooling
− 6 cooling towers
− 40ft x 120ft Space
• Optimize for summer operation− No free cooling
− 4 cooling towers
− 40ft x 80ft Space
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Waterside Economizer – Heat Exchanger
– Heat exchanger selection and sizing• lowest approach temperature, highest potential to operate waterside economizer• Physical size• Cost• Pressure drop• Maintenance
Source: www.alfalaval.com
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Waterside Economizer – Other Design Considerations– Freeze protection and prevention
• Electrical heater / Heat trace• Recessed sump / Remote Sump
– Pump Sizing• Varies operation, varies pressure drop• Variable Frequency Drive
– Control • Switch in and out of different operation modes
©2009 HP Confidential template rev. 12.10.0928 ©2009 HP Confidential28
Indirect Airside Economizer (Munters)
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Indirect Airside Economizer Setup
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Indirect Evaporative Air Handling Unit
Supply Air To Data Center
Hot Return Air from Data Center
Supply Fan
Spray Pump
Supplement Cooling coil
Secondary Air Exhaust
Outside Air
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Indirect Evaporative Air to Air Heat Exchanger
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Indirect Evaporative Air to Air Heat Exchanger
©2009 HP Confidential template rev. 12.10.0933 ©2009 HP Confidential33
Waterside, Direct and Indirect Airside Economizers PayBack Analysis
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Airside and Waterside Economizer Comparison – Operating Criteria
Attribute Option 1: Waterside Economizer
Option 2: Direct Airside Economizer
Option 3: In-direct Airside
Economizer(Munters)
Redundancy Easy, add on option to the
chiller plantDifficult, AHU size and OA
connectionDifficult, IDE size and OA
connection
Reliability No major impact
Fault tolerance No major impact
ScalabilityHigher, heat exchanger size is
relatively smallMedium, depends on the
amount of AHULow, depends on the amount of
AHU
Expansion Higher, heat exchanger can be located outside of mechanical
room
Low. Outside air louver have to be designed day1
Low. Outside air louver have to be designed day1
Flexibility High Medium Low
Ambient conditions
Temperature & humidity ranges can be maintained per ASHRAE
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Airside and Waterside Economizer Comparison – Data Center Design
Attribute Option 1: Waterside Economizer
Option 2: Direct Airside Economizer
Option 3: In-direct Airside
Economizer(Munters)
Building Size
No major impact
Need more real estate
Building Structure Need additional structure support
Plenum ceiling and raised floor height
Need sufficient height to allow high volume of air movement
Humidification Need additional humidification
No major impactAir quality Need additional filtration
Fire protectionNeed more fire and smoke
detection
Computer placement Same precaution. Less
impact Avoid being too close to AHU discharge
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Airside and Waterside Economizer Comparison – Mechanical Plant Design
Attribute Option 1: Waterside Economizer
Option 2: Direct Airside Economizer
Option 3: In-direct Airside
Economizer(Munters)
Maintenance Low Significantly more Medium
System control Medium Relatively easy Most complex
Water consumption
High Low Medium
Power consumption
Low Medium High
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Airside and Waterside Economizer Comparison – Others
Attribute Option 1: Waterside Economizer
Option 2: Direct Airside Economizer
Option 3: In-direct Airside
Economizer(Munters)
Equipment lead time
Short Medium Long
Construction time
Short Long Long
Retrofit Easy Hard Medium
Cooling densitySuitable for future high density applications
Suitable for low to medium density applications
Suitable for low to medium density applications
©2009 HP Confidential template rev. 12.10.0938 ©2009 HP Confidential38
THANK YOU!!QUESTIONS??
Norival A Corrêa, Lead Energy Efficienty EngineerHP Critical Facilities Servicesnorival.correa@hp.com+ 55 11 9 9618 8720
Monday, March 29, 2012
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