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8/6/2019 Lost Cities of India
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MEENA KUMARI M.MEENA KUMARI M.Department of Kannada
Govt. First Grade College,
Maluru, Kolara, Karnataka
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KALYANI
near Mahanvami Dibba
STONE CHARIOT
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� Vijayanagar, the capital of one of the largest Hindu empires ever, was founded
by Sangama dynasty princes Harihara and Bukka in 1336. Its power peaked
under Krishnadevaraya (1509-29), when it controlled nearly the whole of the
peninsula south of the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers. Comparable to Delhi
in the 14th century, the city, with an estimated population of half a million,
covered 33 sq km and was surrounded by several concentric lines of fortification. Its wealth derived from the control of spice trade and the cotton
industry. Its busy bazaars, described by travelers such as Portuguese Nunez
and Paes, were centers of international commerce. The empire collapsed after
the battle of Talikota in 1565 when the city was ransacked by the confederacy of
Deccan sultans (Bidar, Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmednagar and Berar), thus
opening up southern India for Muslim conquest.
� The ruins are set in a strange and beautiful boulder strewn landscape with analmost magical quality. The undisputed highlight, the 16th century Vittala
Temple, is a World Heritage Monument. Started by Krishnadevaraya, it was
never finished or consecrated; its incredible sculptural work is the pinnacle of
Vijayanagar art. The outer pillars are known as musical pillars as they
reverberate when tapped. An ornate stone chariot in the temple courtyard
containing an image of Garuda.
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CA VE
BHUTBHUT
ANAT ANAT
HAHATEMPTEMP
AL AL
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� Badami lies at the foot of a rugged, red sandstone outcrop that
surrounds Agastya Tirtha tank (an artificial lake) on three
sides. It was founded by Pulakesin I of the Chalukya dynasty.
Once the capital of the Chalukyas, Badami, called Vatapi back
then, is best known today for its rock-cut cave temples. Thecaves, sculpted in the 6th and 7th centuries CE, depict Hindu,
Buddhist and Jain iconography. Cave 1 is devoted to Shiva,
caves 2 and 3 are dedicated to Vishnu, and cave 4 displays
reliefs of Jain Tirthankaras. A natural cave nearby is
dedicated to the Buddha. Carvings of Hindu Gods are strewnacross the area in other caverns and on boulders. Two
Bhutanatha temples stand facing the lake. Together, these
monuments represent the early styles and stages of south
Indian temple architecture.
CHALUKYA EMPIRECHALUKYA EMPIRE
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� Khajuraho is a famous tourist and archaeological site known for its
sculptured temples dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu, and Jain patriarchs.
Khajuraho was one of the capitals of the Chandela kings, who from the
9th to the 11th century CE developed a large realm, which at its height
included almost all of what is now Madhya Pradesh state. Khajuraho
extended over 21 sq. km and contained about 85 temples built by
multiple rulers from about 950 to 1050. In the late 11th century the
Chandela, in a period of chaos and decline, moved to hill forts
elsewhere. Khajuraho continued its religious importance until the 14th
century (Ibn Batuta was impressed by it) but was afterwards largely
forgotten; its remoteness probably saved it from the desecration thatMuslim conquerors generally inflicted on Hindu monuments. In 1838 a
British army captain, TS Burt, employed by the Asiatic Society in
Calcutta, came upon information that led him to the rediscovery of the
complex of temples in the jungle in Khajuraho.
KHAJURAHOKHAJURAHO
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� Of the 85 original temples-most constructed of hard river sandstone-
about 20 are still reasonably well preserved. Both internally and
externally the temples are richly carved with excellent sculptures
that are frequently sensual and, at times, sexually explicit. The
temples are divided into three complexes-the western is the largestand best known, containing the magnificent Shaivite temple
Kandariya Mahadev, a 31m high agglomeration of porches and
turrets culminating in a spire. Modern Khajuraho is a small village,
serving the tourist trade with hotels and an airport. Khajuraho's
name derives from the prevalence of khajur, or date palms, in the
area.
KHAJURAHOKHAJURAHO
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� Nalanda was a famous Buddhist monastery and university. The region's
traditional history dates to the time of the Buddha and Mahavira (6th-5th cent.
BCE). Nagarjuna, it is said, studied there. Excavations by the Archaeological
Survey of India (ASI) reveal that the monasteries belong to the Gupta period (5th
cent. CE), now considered the beginning of Nalanda University, where subjects
like theology, grammar, logic, philosophy, metaphysics, astronomy, and
medicine were taught. The Gupta kings were a major patron of Nalanda, as was
Harshavardhana, the powerful 7th-century ruler of Kannauj. During his reign,
the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang visited Nalanda and left a vivid account of the
curriculum and of the general features of the community. I-ching, another
pilgrim a generation later, also left an account of the life of the monks.
� Between 8th-12th cent., Nalanda flourished under the Pala dynasty as a centre of
learning and the arts (stone and bronze sculpture in particular), even as
Buddhism began a broad decline in India. Nalanda was put to a brutal and
decisive end by Bakhtiyar Khilji, a Turkish invader (c. 1200), who is said to have
looted and burned the monastery and killed its senior monks. Local legend has it
that the three libraries of Nalanda were so large that they burned for six months.
KHAJURAHOKHAJURAHO
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� 10,000 monks and 1,500 teachers once inhabited Nalandain 108 monasteries, which often had two or more floors.Excavations have revealed a row of ten monasteries of oblong red bricks; each has rooms (single or doubleoccupancy, with wooden doors back then) lining foursides of a courtyard, a main entrance on one side, and ashrine facing the entrance in the courtyard. A row of larger shrines, or stupas, in brick and plaster, stand infront of the monasteries. Teachers lived among thestudents in each monastery, other common features of which include a podium for lectures, a communal brick
oven, a bathroom, a water well (often with octagonalcross-section, supposedly inspired by the Eightfold Path).
KHAJURAHOKHAJURAHO
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STUPA STUPA
YA KSHI YA KSHIEastern gateEastern gate
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� A UNESCO world heritage site in central India near the BetwaRiver. On a flat-topped sandstone hill, 90m above thecountryside, stands the best-preserved group of Buddhistmonuments in India. Most noteworthy is the Great Stupa,discovered in 1818. It was probably begun by the emperor
A oka in the mid-3rd century BCE and later enlarged. Solidthroughout, it is enclosed by a massive stone railing pierced
by four gateways on which are elaborate carvings depictingthe life of the Buddha. The stupa itself consists of a basebearing a hemispherical dome representing the dome of heaven enclosing the Earth; it is surmounted by a squared railunit, the world mountain, from which rises a mast to symbolizethe cosmic axis. The mast bears umbrellas that represent the
various heavens. Other remains include several smallerstupas, an assembly hall (caitya), an A okan pillar withinscription, and several monasteries (4th-11th cent. CE).Several relic baskets and more than 400 epigraphical recordshave also been discovered.
SANCHI STUPA SANCHI STUPA
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Cave 26 sculptureCave 26 sculpture
Cave 19Cave 19 stupastupa
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� Ajanta, a UNESCO world heritage site, is famous forits Buddhist rock-cut cave temples and monasteries with their extraordinary wall paintings. The templesare hollowed out of granite cliffs on the inner side of a
20-meter ravine in the Wagurna River valley, 105 kmnortheast of A urangabad, at a site of great scenicbeauty. A bout 30 caves were excavated between the1st century BCE and the 7th century CE and are of two types, caityas ("sanctuaries") and viharas("monasteries"). A lthough the sculpture, particularly
the rich ornamentation of the caitya pillars, isnoteworthy, it is the fresco-type paintings that are thechief interest of Ajanta. These paintings depictcolorful Buddhist legends and divinities with anexuberance and vitality that is unsurpassed in Indian
art.
AJANTHA C AVE AJANTHA C AVE
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The cave temples of Ellora, a UNESCO world heritage site , are the pinnacle of
Deccan rock cut architecture. Over five centuries, generations of Buddhist,
Hindu and Jain monks carved chapels, monasteries, and temples from a 2 km
long escarpment and decorated them with a profusion of sculptures of remarkable imagination and detail. In all there are 34 caves at Ellora: 12
Buddhist (600-800 CE), 17 Hindu (600-900 CE) and 5 Jain (800-1000 CE). Ellora
represents the renaissance of Hinduism under the Chalukya and Rashtrakuta
dynasties, the subsequent decline of Indian Buddhism, and a brief resurgence
of Jainism under official patronage. The sculpture shows the increasing
influence of Tantric elements in India's three great religions, and their
coexistence at one site indicates a prolonged period of religious tolerance.The masterpiece of Ellora is the Kailasa Temple, one of the most audacious
feats of architecture ever conceived. Dedicated to Shiva, it is the world's largest
monolithic sculpture, hewn from the rock by 7000 laborers over a 150 year
period. Attributed to king Krishna I of the Rashtrakuta dynasty c. 760 AD, the
idea was not only to build an enormous and fantastically carved representation
of Mt. Kailasa, Shiva's home in the Himalaya, but to create it from a single
piece of stone by first cutting three huge trenches into the rock of the Ellora cliff
face and then 'releasing' the shape of the temple using hammers and chisels.
Of overwhelming scale, it covers twice the area of the Parthenon in Athens, is 1-
1/2 times as high, and entailed removing 200,000 tons of rock. Around the
temple are a variety of dramatic and finely carved panels, depicting scenes
from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the life of Krishna.
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