Methane, CH 4 less repulsion between the bonding pairs of electrons 109.5° 90°

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C

H

H

H

H methane CHmethane CH44

less repulsion between the less repulsion between the bonding pairs of electrons bonding pairs of electrons

1095deg1095deg 90deg90deg

C

H

H

H

H

NH H

H

C

H

H

H

H

less repulsion between the bonding pairs of electrons less repulsion between the bonding pairs of electrons

ammoniaammonia

NHNH33

C

H

H

H

H NH H

H

OH H

1095deg (1095deg)1095deg (1095deg) 1095deg (107deg)1095deg (107deg) 1095deg (1045deg)1095deg (1045deg)

water Hwater H22OO

H

CH H

HN

H HH

OH H

O OO

Ozone

O3

FormaldhydeH2CO

C O

H

H

HydrogenCyanide

HCN

H C N

H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

CC

HH

HH

HH

HH

C OHH

s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals

ppzz orbital orbital

C OHH

C OHH

OOCC

HH

HH

C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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NH H

H

C

H

H

H

H

less repulsion between the bonding pairs of electrons less repulsion between the bonding pairs of electrons

ammoniaammonia

NHNH33

C

H

H

H

H NH H

H

OH H

1095deg (1095deg)1095deg (1095deg) 1095deg (107deg)1095deg (107deg) 1095deg (1045deg)1095deg (1045deg)

water Hwater H22OO

H

CH H

HN

H HH

OH H

O OO

Ozone

O3

FormaldhydeH2CO

C O

H

H

HydrogenCyanide

HCN

H C N

H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

CC

HH

HH

HH

HH

C OHH

s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals

ppzz orbital orbital

C OHH

C OHH

OOCC

HH

HH

C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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C

H

H

H

H NH H

H

OH H

1095deg (1095deg)1095deg (1095deg) 1095deg (107deg)1095deg (107deg) 1095deg (1045deg)1095deg (1045deg)

water Hwater H22OO

H

CH H

HN

H HH

OH H

O OO

Ozone

O3

FormaldhydeH2CO

C O

H

H

HydrogenCyanide

HCN

H C N

H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

CC

HH

HH

HH

HH

C OHH

s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals

ppzz orbital orbital

C OHH

C OHH

OOCC

HH

HH

C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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H

CH H

HN

H HH

OH H

O OO

Ozone

O3

FormaldhydeH2CO

C O

H

H

HydrogenCyanide

HCN

H C N

H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

CC

HH

HH

HH

HH

C OHH

s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals

ppzz orbital orbital

C OHH

C OHH

OOCC

HH

HH

C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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O OO

Ozone

O3

FormaldhydeH2CO

C O

H

H

HydrogenCyanide

HCN

H C N

H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

CC

HH

HH

HH

HH

C OHH

s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals

ppzz orbital orbital

C OHH

C OHH

OOCC

HH

HH

C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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FormaldhydeH2CO

C O

H

H

HydrogenCyanide

HCN

H C N

H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

CC

HH

HH

HH

HH

C OHH

s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals

ppzz orbital orbital

C OHH

C OHH

OOCC

HH

HH

C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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HydrogenCyanide

HCN

H C N

H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

CC

HH

HH

HH

HH

C OHH

s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals

ppzz orbital orbital

C OHH

C OHH

OOCC

HH

HH

C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

CC

HH

HH

HH

HH

C OHH

s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals

ppzz orbital orbital

C OHH

C OHH

OOCC

HH

HH

C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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H

C

HHH

C OHH

H C N

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

CC

HH

HH

HH

HH

C OHH

s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals

ppzz orbital orbital

C OHH

C OHH

OOCC

HH

HH

C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

CC

HH

HH

HH

HH

C OHH

s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals

ppzz orbital orbital

C OHH

C OHH

OOCC

HH

HH

C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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xx

yy

zz

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

CC

HH

HH

HH

HH

C OHH

s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals

ppzz orbital orbital

C OHH

C OHH

OOCC

HH

HH

C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

CC

HH

HH

HH

HH

C OHH

s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals

ppzz orbital orbital

C OHH

C OHH

OOCC

HH

HH

C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR

4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals

xx

yyzz

CC

HH

HH

HH

HH

C OHH

s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals

ppzz orbital orbital

C OHH

C OHH

OOCC

HH

HH

C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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C OHH

s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals

ppzz orbital orbital

C OHH

C OHH

OOCC

HH

HH

C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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C OHH

C OHH

OOCC

HH

HH

C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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C OHH

OOCC

HH

HH

C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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C OHH

CC OOHH

HH

H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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H C N

s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals

PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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H C N

CC NN

H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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H C N

CC NNHH

VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape

bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals

tetrahedraltetrahedral

trigonal trigonal planarplanar

linearlinear

spsp33

spsp22

spsp

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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Review EthaneReview Ethane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals

Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding

s orbitals orbital

andand

s - s - p p xx

++--

p orbitalp orbitalxx p p

xxs + s +

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond

energyenergy

CspCsp33 CspCsp33

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond

energyenergy

CspCsp22 CspCsp22

A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals

HH

HHCC

HH

HHCC

CC CCHH

HH HH

HH

σ-bond

π-bond

HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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HH

HHOOCC

molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond

In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult

energyenergy

12 kJ12 kJ

C

x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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x

y

z

2px

2pz

2py

2s

Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics

The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals

A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)

Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches

Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first

good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding

C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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C N OC N O

s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals

HH

xx

yy

zz

These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp

xx

yy

zz

2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg

spsp spsp

ppzz

ppyy

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp22

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz

Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen

spsp33

2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx

2p2pyy

hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg

MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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MethaneMethane

spsp33

HH

C

H

H

H

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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EthaneEthane

spsp33H

HH

C H

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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EthaneEthane

spsp33

H

C

HH

H

HH

C

CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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EthaneEthane

spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss

CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3

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