Mr. WagnerBiology

Chemistry in Biology

Chapter 6.1 Vocabulary

1. Atom2. Compound3. Electron4. Element5. Nucleus6. Neutron7. Proton

Chapter 6 Notes

Atoms, Elements & CompoundsChemical ReactionsWater & SolutionsThe Building Blocks of Life

Chapter 6 Section 1 Notes

Atoms, Elements & Compounds

What is Chemistry?Chemistry is the study of matter.

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

All organisms in Biology are made up of matter.Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

Atoms, Elements & CompoundsHierarchy of Chemistry:Atoms Matter Organisms

The Structure of AtomsElectrons constantly move around an atom’s

nucleus in energy levels.The basic structure of an atom is the result of

the attraction between protons and electrons. Atoms contain an equal number of

protons and electrons, so the overall charge of an atom is zero.

Basic Structure of Atoms

e-

e-

e-

e-

NUCLEUS

P+

N0

ELECTRON

PROTON

NEUTRON

Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside the nucleus.

Protons are positively charged particles

Neutrons are particles that have no charge

The nucleus is the center of the atom consisting of protons and neutrons

Atoms, Elements & CompoundsThere are over 100 known elements, 92

which occur naturally.Each element has:

Atomic massUnique nameUnique symbol

All elements make up the periodic table.An element is a pure substance that

cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means.

Periodic Table

Horizontal rows PeriodsVertical columns GroupsCategorized by similar chemical & physical

properties.

Atoms, Elements & CompoundsCompounds

Pure substances formed when 2 or more different elements combine.

Two rules about compounds:1. Combine in a fixed ration2. Chemically/physically different than what they combine with.

Cannot tear or crush compounds back into their previous element unless the compound undergoes a chemical reaction.

CheckpointWhat compound forms when combining H+

(hydrogen) and O2 (oxygen)?

H2O, waterWhat compound forms when combining Na

(Sodium) and Cl- (chlorine)?NaCl, sodium chloride, table saltWhat compound forms when combining C

(carbon) and 4 H+ (hydrogen) molecules?CH4, methane

Page 155 Question 2After the textbook questions are done,

write your summary. 3-5 sentences in length.

Chapter 6 Section 2 Notes

Chemical Reactions

Chapter 6.2 Vocabulary

1. Catalyst2. Chemical

Reaction3. Enzyme

Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions are processes by

which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are re-organized into different substances.

This occurs by way of chemical reactions.Examples– photosynthesis, cellular

respirationStructure of chemical reactions:

Reactants ProductsA + B AB

Balancing Chemical ReactionsDue to the fact that matter cannot be

created nor destroyed:The number of atoms each element on

the reactant side must equal the number of atoms of the same element on the product side.

The number of atoms of each element in a molecule is found on the subscript # to the right of each element.

O2

CheckpointBalance the following equation:C6H12O6 + __ O2 __ CO2 + __ H2ORules: count how many molecules you have

each side of the equation.

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Reactants Products

C- 6H-12O-8

C- H-O-

Chemical ReactionsSome chemical reactions require

activation energy. This is the minimum amount of energy

needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.

EnzymesEnzymes are catalysts,

which are substances that lowers the activation energy needed to start a reaction. Enzymes speed up

the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed.

Substrates and enzymes bind together allowing the reaction to take place.

Activation Energy

W/out an enzyme

W/an enzyme

Chapter 6.2 Assessment ?’sPUT WITH YOUR NOTES!!!

On page 160 answer questions 1-4. Please write out the question.

NOW make sure you have 4 ?’s on the left side excluding your checkpoint ?’s and assessment ?’s.

FINALLY you can write your summary, it must be 5 sentences in length.

Chapter 6 Section 3 Notes

Water & Solutions

Chapter 6.3 Vocabulary

1. Hydrogen Bond

2. Solution3. Acid 4. Base 5. pH

WORDDEFINITIONPICTURE—COLORED

MixturesA mixture is a combination of 2 or

more substances that retain their individual characteristics & properties.

Solute (solid substance)

Solvent (liquid substance)

Solute + Solvent Solution

Types of MixturesHomogeneous(Solutions)

Heterogeneous(Suspensions)

Forms 1 uniform solution.

Forms a colloid—doesn’t settle together.

CheckpointGive an example of a homogeneous

solution.Salt WaterGive an example of a heterogeneous

solution.Chocolate chip cookie, salad with all the

fixings, blood etc. Kool-Aid is made by mixing the contents

from the package, sugar and water. Identify the solutes and the solvent.

Solutes: Kool-Aid mix and sugarSolvent: Water

Acids & BasesAcids release H+ ions

when dissolved in H2OBases release OH- ions

when dissolved in H2OMeasure of the

concentration of H+ in a solution is called pH.

Chapter 6 Section 4 Notes

The Building Blocks of Life

Chapter 6.4 Vocabulary

1. Macromolecule2. Polymer3. Carbohydrate4. Lipid5. Protein6. Amino Acid7. Nucleic Acid8. Nucleotide

Atoms!The Structure of Atoms

Electrons constantly move around an atom’s nucleus in energy levels.

Atoms have several layers of electrons called “shells”. Different numbers of electrons can fit into each shell.

• 1st level is smallest, can only hold 2 e-• 2nd level can hold 8 e-• 3rd level can hold 18 e-Atoms fill up the first levels with

electrons and then go into next

Can I get your (atomic) number baby?Elements are arranged on the periodic

table by their atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus.

Checkpoint In pairs, tell me the atomic number of hydrogen, helium, and

carbon. Look to your left for clues. Write your answer of your whiteboards.

How many electrons do hydrogen, helium, and carbon have? Write your answer on your whiteboards.

CarbonCarbon is a component of almost all

biological molecules.For this reason, life on earth is often

considered carbon-based!The half-filled outer shell allows for the

formation of straight chains, branches and rings. The different shapes make it able to form lots of different things.

MacromoleculesLarge molecules formed by joining

smaller organic molecules (monomers) into chains.

Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating identical segments of monomers

Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)

Macro-molecule

Building Block

Function Example

Protein

Carbohydrate

Nucleic Acid

Lipid

CarbohydrateCompounds made of C, H, and O, usually

seen as (CH2O)n .N indicates the number of compounds that

are connected. The building blocks of carbohydrates are

monosaccharides (simple sugars) that contain 3 to 7 compounds and:

Polysaccharides that contain 8 or more compounds. Examples include glycogen which can be broken

down into glucose. (Found in liver & skeletal muscles)

Other examples include: Chitin which plays a structural role in crustaceans.

Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)

Macro-molecule

Building Block

Function Example

Protein

Carbohydrate

FILL IN FILL IN FILL IN

Nucleic Acid

Lipid

Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)

Macro-molecule

Building Block

Function Example

Protein

Carbohydrate

Monosacc-harides

Store energy/ used for structural support in cells

Glucose

Nucleic Acid

Lipid

LipidsLipids are biological molecules made

mostly of C and H; fats, oils, and waxes are all lipids

Lipids are composed of fatty acids, glycerol and other components. Most are insoluble (do not dissolve in water – think of oil and water).

Organisms needs lipids in order to function properly.

PhospholipidsResponsible for the function and structure of the

cell membrane.Hydrophobic—do not dissolve in water.

SteroidsCholesterol and hormones

Saturated & Unsaturated

Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)

Macro-molecule

Building Block

Function Example

Protein

Carbohydrate

Nucleic Acid

Lipid FILL IN FILL IN FILL IN

Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)

Macro-molecule

Building Block

Function Example

Protein

Carbohydrate

Nucleic Acid

Lipid Fatty acids Store energyProvide barriers

Fats, Oils and Waxes

ProteinsA protein is a compound made of small

carbon compounds called amino acids.Amino acids are small compounds that are

made of C, N, O, H and sometimes S. Amino Acids

There are 22 different types of amino acids.3-D protein structure

The # of amino acids in a chain and the order in which the amino acids are joined define the protein’s primary structure.

Connected by peptide bonds.Protein Function

Make up 15% of your total body mass and are involved in nearly every function of your body.

Examples: muscles, skin and hair and enzymes.

Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)Macro-molecule

Building Block

Function Example

Protein FILL IN FILL IN FILL IN

Carbohydrate

Nucleic Acid

Lipid

Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)Macro-molecule

Building Block

Function Example

Protein Amino acids Transport substancesSpeed up reactionsStructural support

Enzymes

Carbohydrate

Nucleic Acid

Lipid

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids are complex macromolecules

that store and transmit genetic information.Nucleotides are small repeating units that make up

nucleic acids.Nucleotides are composed of C, N, O, P and H.

There are 6 major nucleotides all contain a phosphate, nitrogenous base and a ribose sugar.

Two major types of nucleic acids that store genetic information:DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid RNA—ribonucleic acid

Another major nucleotide is ATP, which is a storehouse of chemical energy that can be used by cells to carry out chemical reactions.

Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)Macro-molecule

Building Block

Function Example

Protein

Carbohydrate

Nucleic Acid

FILL IN FILL IN FILL IN

Lipid

Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)Macro-molecule

Building Block

Function Example

Protein

Carbohydrate

Nucleic Acid

Nucleotide Store & communicate genetic information

DNARNA

Lipid

Practice!

In pairs, answer #’s 38-41 on page 177. I will call on pairs to give their answers.

Macro-molecule

Building Block

Function Example

Protein Amino Acids Transport substancesSpeed up reactionsStructural support

Enzymes

Carbohydrate Monosacc-harides

Store energy/ used for structural support in cells

Glucose

Nucleic Acid

Nucleotide Store & communicate genetic information

DNARNA

Lipid Fatty acids Store energyProvide barriers

Fats, Oils and Waxes