Nicolaus Copernicus

De Revolutionibus

the founder of modern astronomy

Heliocentric Theory

Johannes Kepler

Mysterium Cosmographicum (The Cosmographic Mystery)

GermanUsed math to prove Copernicus theory discovered that the Earth and planets travel about the sun in elliptical orbits

Galileo Galilei

Starry Messenger

Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican

Italian - formulated the basic law of falling bodies – improved the telescope - discovered four moons revolving around Jupiter – supported Copernicus

Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes

Novum OrganumA Discourse on Method, Meditations on First Philosophy

English France

Isaac Newton

Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy)

English mathematician

work on optics and gravitation make him one of the greatest scientists the world has known

Gabriel Fahrenheit and Anders Celsius

Sweden

Observations on Determining the Shape of the Earth

Germany/Poland

Robert Boyle

The Sceptical Chymist

Ireland

Boyle's law – gas and pressure

The Father of Modern Chemistry

Joseph Priestly

Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of AirThe History of the Present State of the Discoveries relating to Vision, Light and Colours

England

Andreas Vesalius

The Structure of the Human Body

Belgium

father of modern anatomy

Edward Jenner

Englishpioneered vaccination

Small pox

Thomas Hobbes

“Leviathan” in 1651

Government should have absolute powerand control

England

Calvin and Hobbes

John Locke

“Declaration of the Rights of Man”1690

England

Individual Rights

Life, Liberty and Property

Baron de Montesquieu

“On the Spirit of Laws”1748

France

Separation of Powers

VoltaireWrote over 70 books

Including: “The Philosophical Dictionary”

France

Freedoms and RightsReligion, Speech

Jean Jacques Rousseau

“Social Contract”

France

Individual Rights

Government derives power from the People

Cesare Bonesana Beccaria

"On Crimes and Punishments"

Italy

Cruel and Unusual punishments

Mary Wollstonecroft

A Vindication of the Rights of Women

England

Women’s Rights

Thomas Jefferson

The Declaration of Independence

13 Colonies/United States

Individual Freedoms – protected by law

Fair taxes