Rates of Population Change

A2 Geography

Rates of Growth

• These vary around the world but overall there is an upward trend.

• Changing fertility has effected birth rates around the world

Birth Control

• Is affected by 5 different factors:– Development– Social Traits– Cultural Heritage– Environment– Government

Development

• Improving living standards and quality of life

• Rising personal aspirations and wealth• Materialism• Increasing awareness of need for

sustainability and conservation• Extending Social services

Social Traits• Awareness of the wider need for birth control• Recognition of women's rights and career aspirations• Perception of children as an impediment• Sensitivity to the cost of raising children Expect to spend around £180,137 on their child from birth until the

age of 21 (Times online 2006)

Cultural Heritage

• Religious beliefs• Children as a symbol of male virility• Ignorance of possible birth controls• Focus on fertility

Environment

• High Infant mortality• No access to contraception or healthcare• Large extended families and support of

elderly• Reliance on cheap child labour

Government

• Need to balance population and resources• Facilitate access to contraceptives• Healthcare provision• Promotion through state education

Young Mothers

Family Size

Total fertility rate (TFR) and average completed family size (CFS), UK, 1951-2025

Teenage Pregnancies

Spread of Aids

• 1999 – 33 million people infected with Aids• China – 400,000 HIV positive• Rising cases in Russia, India and Nigeria• India accounts for 60% of all Aids victims

in Asia• Nigeria 1 person per minute is becoming

infected

• How will this affect Population Growth?

Key Terms for Unit

KEY TERMS

Endogenetic Optimum Population

Preventative Checks

Congenital Under population Sustainability

Exogenetic Overpopulation Dependency Ratio

Degenerative Distribution Female infanticide

Replacement level Structure Infant Mortality Rate

Natural Change Carrying Capacity Crude Death Rate

Choropleth Population Density Standardised Birth Rate

Migrational Change

Open System General Fertility Rate

Spider Diagram

• Draw a spider diagram of all the factors you would include when thinking of mortality rates and how they change

The Demographic Transition• Is a model that describes population change

over time.• It  is based on observed changes, or

transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the past two hundred years or so

• it is an idealized• The model is a generalization that applies to

these countries as a group and may not accurately describe all individual cases. Whether or not it applies to less developed societies today remains to be seen.

Rostow’s Model