Post on 11-Mar-2020
transcript
Power-to-gas and SOFCfor mobilityOlivier Thomann
Fuel cells and hydrogen intransportation applications09.10.2017
Electrolyser
Electricity grid
Fuel cells
Renewableelectricitysources
Transport fuelHydrogen storage
Gas grid
Anaerobicdigester
Electricity Natural gasHydrogen
SOFC for mobilityapplications
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
310/10/2017 3
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)versusSolid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)
PEMFC SOFCElectrolyte material Polymer Ceramic
Operating temperature °C 80 600-850
Efficiency % 40-50 45-60Largest stack size kW 100 10
Fuel High purity H2H2, CO,
CH4
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
410/10/2017 4
Fuel processing for fuel cells
S=sulfur removal, E&M=evaporation and mixing, SR=steam reforming,ATR=auto thermal reforming, CPO= catalytic partial oxidation, Shift=water gasshift reactor, PROX=Preferential oxidation, PSA= pressure swing adsorption
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
510/10/2017 5
SOFC for mobility applications
Wärtsilä MethanolAPU Demo
§ Methanol-fueled SOFCAPU by Wärtsilä FuelCells§ 20 kW auxiliary power§ Wallenius car carrier
e4Ships / SchIBZ
§ Diesel-fueled SOFCAPU by Sunfire§ 50 kW auxiliary power§ MS Forester
Nissan ethanol SOFC
§ SOFC range extenderfor electric vehicle§ In collaboration with
Ceres power§ 5 kW§ Driving Range: 600km-
plus
Power-to-gas
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
710/10/2017 7
How is hydrogen produced nowaday?
• 57 million tons of hydrogen: worldwide production, 2004• 96 % from fossil fuel
Airox Nigen
Steam reforming of naturalgas/methanol/naphta
Electrolysis of waterHydrogen is as green asthe electricity used!
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
810/10/2017 8
Power-to-gas vision
§ Connect§ The electricity grid§ The natural gas grid§ And the transportation
fuel distribution§ Using existing
hydrocarbon distributioninfrastructure
Electrolyser
Electricity grid
Fuel cells
Renewableelectricitysources
Transport fuelHydrogen storage
Gas grid
Anaerobicdigester
Electricity Natural gasHydrogenReprinted fromhttp://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/1871508/water_electrolysis___renewable_energy_systems.pdf
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
910/10/2017 9
Power-to-gas demonstration project
Source: http://www.europeanpowertogas.com/
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
1010/10/2017 10
Electrolyser technologyALKALINE PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE
(PEM)SOLID OXIDE
(SOE)
Low capital costMature technology
Fast start-upHigh purity hydrogen
Commercial technology
High electrical efficiencyCo-electrolysis (H2O & CO2)
Reversible operationHigh purity hydrogen
Limited operation flexibilityLimited hydrogen quality
High operational costHigh capital cost R&D
not commercialised
System scale Up to 50 MW Up to 2 MW Up to 150 kW
System cost 1000-1200 €/kW 1900-2300 €/kW target <2000 €/kWby 2020
Electricalefficiency 60-75% 65-90% 80-100%
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
1110/10/2017 11
Electrolyser development strategy (according toDoE)§Develop new materials and systems to improve efficiency
=> reduce electricity cost§New designs with lower cost materials and advanced
manufacturing methods => reduce capital cost§Develop hydrogen production from renewable electricity
(wind and solar)
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
1210/10/2017 12
Current density
ReferenceButtler et al.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.003
Current density (A/cm2)Lower capital cost
Effic
ienc
yLo
wer
oper
atio
nalc
ost
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
1310/10/2017 13
Solid oxide electrolysis cell with ultra-highcurrent densityVersa Power/FuelCell Energy
Reference:A. Wood, H. He, T. Joia, M. Krivy, D. Steedman; “Communication—Electrolysis at High Efficiency withRemarkable Hydrogen Production Rates”, Journal of Electrochemical Society, 2016 volume 163, issue 5, F327-F329https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review16/pd124_petri_2016_o.pdf
3 A/cm2 @1.4 V <2%/kh @ 3 A/cm2
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
1410/10/2017 14
European Adel and SOPHIA project: highdurability SOE stack from Solidpower
§ Degradation0.5 %/kh>10'000 h durabilitytest @ 0.5 A/cm2
ReferenceRinaldi, Giorgio, et al. "Post-test Analysis on a Solid Oxide Cell Stack Operated for 10,700 Hours in Steam ElectrolysisMode." Fuel Cells (2017).http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fuce.201600194/full
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
1510/10/2017 15
European BALANCE project§ Development of reversible
Solid Oxide Cell(electrolyser and fuel cell)§ Electrical grid stabilisation§ Electrical energy storage
This project has received funding fromthe European Union’s Horizon 2020research and innovation programmeunder grant agreement No 731224.
https://www.balance-project.org/
rSOC demonstrationsystem at VTT inearly 2019
Picture and performance figure: courtesy of DTU
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
1610/10/2017 16
Conclusions
§ Power-to-gas§ Green hydrogen for mobility§ Link with renewable intermittent electricity
§Main issue is cost & durability
Contact:Olivier Thomann olivier.thomann@vtt.fi +358 40 124 7497Olli Himanen olli.himanen@vtt.fi +358 40 352 6298
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
17
Thank you for your attention!Any question?
Olivier Thomann olivier.thomann@vtt.fi +358 40 124 7497Olli Himanen olli.himanen@vtt.fi +358 40 352 6298
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
1810/10/2017 18
Available solution for electrical energy storage
CAES: compressed air electrical storageSNG: synthetic natural gas
Large-scale storage§ Pumped hydro§ Compressed air§ Power-to-gas
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
1910/10/2017 19
Target in wind andsolar energy, 2020
Renewable electricity in Europe. Maija Ruska,Juha Kiviluoma. VTT Research Notes
3731
252123
1921
14118
63
00
584
71
01
00
0
0 10 20 30 40
IrelandDenmark
GreeceSpain
PortugalGermany
United KingdomEstoniaFrance
SwedenFinland
Hungary
% of total electricity consumption
WindSolar
In 2016: 35%
In 2015: 31%
Click to edit Master title style
§ Click to edit Master text styles§ Second level
§ Third level§ Fourth level
§ Fifth level
2010/10/2017 20
Consumption and production mismatch
§ Emergence of an electrical energy storage market§ Prevent curtailment of renewable electricity§ Increase renewable electricity penetration
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
115
130
145
160
175
190
110
5112
0113
5115
0116
5118
0119
5121
0122
5124
0125
5127
0128
51
MW
Hours
Hourly Danish wind output vs total consumption2016
Total gross consumption
Total wind production