Small Hydro Energy

Renewable Energy sourcesWind

Geothermal

Small Hydro

Tide

Solar

Biomass

SMALL HYDRO

Why small hydropower is called renewable source of energy?

Because it uses and Not consumes the water for generation of electricity,leaves this vital resourceavailable for other uses and does not create any ecological damage to the earth.

CLASSIFICATION OF SHP IN INDIA

Based on capacity :

Small Hydropower Plants - 2 MW to 25MW

Mini Hydropower Plants - 1 MW to 2 MW

Micro Hydro - 10KW to 1 MW.

Pico Hydel Projects upto - 10KW

Based on Type of Water

a) Canal based

b) Stream/River based

c) Dam based/Toe of the dam

Based on Head.

a) Low Head plant ( < 15 m.)

b) Medium Head plant ( 15m<H<50m)

c) High Head plant (H>50m )

India’s total power generation

2019 January

Renewable energy share:

Wind-47%

Solar -35%

Small hydro-13%

Other-7%

Small Hydro Potential in IndiaEstimated potential - 21,700MWCommissioned as on date - 4399MW

Small Hydro Potential in KarnatakaEstimated potential - 4,141 MWCommissioned as on date - 1031 MW

India is the 7th largest producer of hydroelectric power in the world

India's hydroelectric power potential is estimated at 148,700 MW at 60% load factor.

TYPE OF SCHEMES RUN OF RIVER -No storage. The output is subject to instantaneous flow. Reliability of discharge and geological conditions should be ensured.

CANAL BASED -Utilizes the fall and flow in the canals. May be planned in main canal or in bye-pass canal. Nearby drops should be clubbed in existing canals.

DAM BASED -Dam toe schemes are most common in India. Water stored during monsoon is utilized for power generation.

With small storage

Without Storage

Small Hydro power project

INTAKE STRUCTURE • Assured water supply • Suitable quality of water• Control over supply of water • Safety against flood

Water Source

• Streams • Storage Tanks

Feeder Lines

• Open Channel • Concrete Pipes

• PVC Pipes

Forebay

FOREBAY PURPOSES OF FOREBAY • To provide immediate water demand on starting the generating unit • It can serve as a final settling basin • The forebay provides some storage in case of sudden failure of the system.• To spill the extra water.

• Impulsive force- Change in the direction of flow by water jet through nozzle results in high kinetic energy . 30m-300m

• Reactive force- pressure change in the fluid as it passes through runner of reaction turbine (0.2mt-30m)(Pressure energy & kinetic energy )

Pico Pelton Turbine

Cross Flow Turbine

Francis Turbine

The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into electric energy using a turbine generator. Inside the generator, the shaft of the turbine spins a magnet inside coils of copper wire.hence moving a magnet near a conductor causes an electric current.

How a Hydroelectric Power System Works

The amount of electricity that can be generated by a hydropower turbine depends on two

factors:

• flow rate - the quantity of water flowing in a given time; and

• head - the height from which the water falls.

The greater the flow and head, the more electricity produced.

How much electricity can be generated

by a hydroelectric turbine?

Power Calculation

Pin = H × Q × g (1)

Pout= H × Q × g × η

Where,

Pin= Input power (Hydro power)

Pout= Output power (Generator output)

H = Head (meter)

Q = Water flow rate (liter/second)

g = gravity (9.81 m/s2)

η = efficiency

Karavalli Renewable Energy Nisarga Environment TechnologyCanara Renewable Energy

Geographies Applicable in Karnataka :

Highest potential in hill/coastal districts –Chikmagalore, Hassan,Coorg (Kodagu), Shimoga, Uttara Kannada, Mysore, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Belgaum, Chamarajanagar

Canal drops also available where irrigation canals present

• Nearly 24*7 availability for 8 - 10 months of the year. Typically 6 -8 hours availability during non monsoon months

• Provides far greater flexibility of end-uses as much higher wattage compared to Solar, AC loads not DC loads

Advantages

Patti Hamlet in Kodagu District was in dark like this till 18.08.2015

Pico/Micro Hydro Power Project

Water Source

Water Control

Pen Stock

Water Control

Pressure Gauge

Power House

Load Control and Protection

Micro Grid

Households

Pipe Line

Pipe Line

UG Cable Loads

Internal Wiring

Civil Work

Civil Work

Pipe Line

5kW Pico Hydro Project @ Patti

Water Source

Water Storage

Pen Stock

Pico Hydro Power

Generator My wife can do her household work more

easily and better tasty food during

night time as she was struggling to work in

night time”

Solution

No.of households 7

No.of temples 2

Population of hamlet 40

Capacity of turbine 5kW

Min. o/p power of pico hydro system 3kW

No. of lights per house 7 (9W-3nos, 4W-4nos)

No. of charging points 2 (for mobile and LED TV)

No.of lights for temple-1 6 (9W-2nos., 4W-4nos.)

No.of lights for temple-2 4 (9W-2nos., 4W-2nos.)

No. of project days 13

Cost of the project Rs.4 Lakhs Appx.

Team

Product Costing (for 1 KW)Item Cost (Rs)

Civil works (Forebay tank , check dam, penstock)

20,000/- to 50,000/-

Turbine, Generator, Electronic Load governor (Electro mechanical equipment)

70,000/- to 90,000/-

Wiring and End-use appliances 15,000/-

Total 1, 05,000/- to 1,50,000/-

Micro hydro – An indicative example

• Project : 12 KW, No of households : 40

• Productive end-uses for the entire 12 KW– Rice dehusking mill

– Flour mill

– Areca Sheath cup / plates

– Driers

– Irrigation pumping

– lighting

• End-uses running 6 hrs / day

Micro hydro – An example: costs

• 12 KW * 1.2 Lakhs / KW = 14.4 Lakhs

– Subsidy = Rs 40,000/KW = Rs 4.8 Lakhs

– Village contribution = Rs 1.2 Lakhs (@ 3000 Rs / hh)

– Panchayat Development funds = Rs 2.4 lakhs

– Financing = Rs 9.6 Lakhs

Micro hydro – Example - Revenues

• Household Monthly Tariff @ Rs 200/ hh = Rs 96000 per annum

• End uses @ Rs 5/unit = Rs 63,360 per annum

• (Simple) Payback -approx 6 years

Thank You