Smith & Ragan Model

Presenter: Sensen Li

Definition of Instructional Design

The systematic and reflective process of translating principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials, activities, information resources, and evaluation.

Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.

http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~baterden/Model3.htm

Organizational Strategy

Decisions about • Sequence • Content • Activities and presentation

Delivery Strategy Decisions about

• Media • Grouping

Management Strategy Decisions about

• Scheduling • Resource allocation

Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.

• Analysis: What are the goals of the instruction? (Where are we going?)

• Instructional strategy: What is the instructional strategy and the instructional medium? (How will we get there?)

• Evaluation: How will we evaluate and revise the instructional materials for future

improvement? (How will we know when we have arrived?)

Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.

A More Realistic Representation of ID Practice

Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.

Key Components of S & R Model

Moves away from the behavior focus and advises information processing analysis rather than just task analysis.

Iterative process that requires constant revision

Assessments are written during analysis phase

Strengths of the Model Sequentiality Linear sequence Simplify Easily applied System Oriented

Encourage advocacy of learners Support effective, efficient, and appealing instruction Support coordination among designers, developers, and

those who will implement the instruction Formative Evaluation Important when:

The designer is a novice The content area is new to designers Audience is new to designers Technology is new to the designers Slim opportunities for later revision

Limitations of the Model Not the solution to all the ills and problems

of education and training.

Have limited applicability to educational experiences in which: Learning goals cannot be identified in advance No particular goals are even identified (i.e. non-

instructional education)

Comparison with Dick and Carey Model

Link to the Smith & Ragan Model

http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~baterden/Model1.htm

Comparison with GagneNine Events of Instruction from Gagne

Introduction Gain attention Inform learner of objective

Body Stimulate recall of prior knowledge Present the stimulus material Provide learning guidance Elicit performance Provide feedback

Conclusion Enhance retention & transfer

Assessment Conduct Assessment

Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.

Expanded Events from Smith & Ragan

Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.

Application Settings

Industry K-12 education Higher Education Settings

People who use the S & R Model Training Designers Teachers as designers Other designers

Example: Art Smart Project

Book Review Notable for its theory-based treatment of the

instructional design process, including unusual depth in the design of instructional strategies.

Its scope applies to both K-12 and corporate settings, and it is particularly rich with examples and practice.

A helpful Learning Resources Web site accompanies the book providing feedback for chapter exercises, job aids, presentations, and other helpful materials.

Won the "Best Book" award from AECT's Division of Instructional Development in 2000.

References Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design.

New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005. http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/it/edit226/

isdmodels/ISDmodels.pdf http://www.ericdigests.org/1998-1/survey.htm http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~baterden/Model3.ht

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http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~baterden/Model1.htm

http://www.col.org/colweb/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/docs/Skills_Chapter08.pdf