Taxonomy

TAXONOMY:

the science of classification

Classification- the grouping of objects or information based on similarities.

ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)First taxonomist (“Father of Classification”)

“Mine is the first step and therefore a small one, though worked out with much thought and hard labor. You, my readers or hearers of my lectures, if you think I have done as much as can fairly be expected of an initial start … will acknowledge what I have achieved and will pardon what I have left for others to accomplish.”

Aristotle created:TWO KINGDOMS

In Water

In the Air

On Land

Trees

Shrubs

Herbs

PLANTS ANIMALS

Carolus Linnaeus / Carl von Linne` The Father of Modern Taxonomy

1707-1778

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Two word naming systemGenus - first wordSpecies - second wordDescribes a characteristic of the organismLatin is the language used (some Greek)(Also called “Linneaus’s system”)

KINGDOM

PHYLUM

CLASS

0RDER

FAMILY

GENUS

SPECIES

“Species”: organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION:

HOW ORGANISMS ARE CLASSIFIED:

PROKARYOTEOR

EUKARYOTE

MODE OF NUTRITION

CLADISTICS(cladogram)

PHYLOGENYBIOCHEMISTRY SIMILAR DNA

CHROMOSOME COMPARISONS

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION

BREEDING BEHAVIOR

STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES

Theory of Evolution: the change in populations over time

Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) Proposed that species changed over time by natural selection

Natural selection – organisms with traits suited to their environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than others less suited

Homologous structures – similar structures of common ancestors

Research was conducted on the Galapagos IslandsNatural Selection:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6La6_kIr9g

THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE

PLANTS

ANIMALS

FUNGI

PROTISTS

EUBACTERIA

ARCHAEBACTERIA

KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA

UnicellularProkaryotesCell wallsReproduce asexually

(binary fission) and/or sexually (conjugation)

Live in extreme habitats:1. Oxygen-free (Methanogens)2. Salty brines (Halophiles)3. Hot, acidic H20 (Acidophiles)

KINGDOM EUBACTERIA

UnicellularProkaryotesCell wallsBinary fission and/or conjugationSome are:1. Parasites2. Saprophytes (saprobes)3. AutotrophsLive everywhere

KINGDOM PROTISTAUnicellular or multicellular

Eukaryotes

Heterotrophs (protozoans) and/or autotrophs (algae)

Plantlike (algae), animal-like (protozoans) or funguslike

Sexual and/or asexual reproduction

Found in aquatic habitats

KINGDOM FUNGIMulticellular (most)

Eukaryotes

Absorptive heterotrophs (extracellular digestion)

Cell walls (made of chitin)

Sexual and/or asexual reproduction – by spores

Found in damp, dark environments

KINGDOM PLANTAE

Multicellular

Eukaryotes

Autotrophs/ photosynthesis

Cell walls (made of cellulose)

Sexual reproduction (most) by seeds or spores

Found on all types of land

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

MulticellularEukaryotesIngestive heterotrophsCell membranesSpecialized cellsSexual reproduction (most) by eggs & spermFound everywhere

THE END!