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UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
THE CASE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY-GENERAL PROSPECTS, INCLUDING
BIOENERGY
Feroz Kabir
Associate ProfessorDepartment of Chemical & Environmental Engineering
The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus
FORUM ON NUCLEAR ENERGY AS AN OPTION FOR MALAYSIA
Electricity Generation by Fuel
GW
hUNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
0
5
10
15
20
CO
2Av
oida
nce
(MM
T/y)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
2010 2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
MW
Solar PV Mini-Hydro Biogas Biomass Column1
4459
Renewable Energy Targets
Source: KeTTHA. (2008). National Renewable Energy Policy & Action Plan; B.A. Malek. (2010). Renewable Energy (RE) Policy & Action Plan, Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water
0.5%
of t
otal
pea
k el
ec. d
eman
d
11%
14%
6%
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Feed-in Tariff (FiT) Rates (for 2012)
Biomass Biogas Solar PV Mini-hydro
16 (years) 16 (years) 21 (years) 21 (years)
0.31 (10MW) 0.32 (4MW) 1.23 (4kW) 0.24 (10MW)
0.29 (10-20MW) 0.30 (10-20MW) 1.20 (4-24kW) 0.23 (10-30MW)
0.27 (20-30MW) 0.28 (20-30MW) 1.18 (24-72 kW)
1.14 (72kW-1MW)
Source: SEDA. (2012).. http://www.seda.gov.my/
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Source: B.A. Malek. (2010). Renewable Energy (RE) Policy & Action Plan, Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water
Grid Parity
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Biomass Feedstock Chart
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Malaysian RE/Biomass ScenariosType of Industry
Residue Generated (MMT)
Potential Electricity (MWe)
Oil palm Oil Palm1 40 3,695POME2 63 515
Paddy3 Straw, husk 1.4 152Sugar3 Bagasse 0.4 31Wood3 Sawn timber 1.9* 57Municipal4 MSW 4.6 9
Sub-total 4,459Mini-hydro 500Solar 6,500TOTAL 11,459
Source: 1. data of year 2011, MPOB (2012); 2. data of year 2011, MPOB & Foo-Yuen Ng i(2011-2012); 3 data of 2007, Milbrandt & Overend (2008);
* Expressed in volume (Mm3)
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Biomass Conversion Pathways
Ref.: OECD/IEA 2007. www.iea.org/Textbase/techno/essentials.htm
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Biomass to power
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Feed handling
Combustion / Gasification
Steam Turbine/ Gas Turbine Generator
● Drying● Shredding● Grinding● Palliating
● Fixed bed● Downdraft● Updraft ● Fluidized bed● Bubbling● Circulating ● Pressurized● Co-firing● Modular
● LP Boiler● HP Boiler● LT gas cleaning● HT gas cleaning● IC-Engine
● Generator
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Capacity-Technology
Downdraft
Updraft
Bubbling Fluidized Bed
Circulating Fluidized Bed
Pressurized Fluidized Bed
Ref.: Waldheim and Carpentieri, J Eng Gas Turb Power 123,525–536 (2001).
TEC
HN
OLO
GY
0.001 0.1 1 10 100 1000
FUEL CAPACITY (MW)
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Modular Gasification Technology
Ref.: Comintel Sdn Bhd, 2012
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Ref.: Comintel Sdn Bhd, 2012
GenSet
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Ref.: Comintel Sdn Bhd, 2012
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
A CASE STUDY:
Cost of Electricity Production via Steam Rankine Cycle (10 MW)
Key Assumptions
FEB is available at RM60/MT (dry)
Moisture in EFB (as received): 35%
Negligible sulfur content
On stream days: 350 days
Cost year: 2011
100% Equity Financed
Construction Period: 1 year
Startup Time: 6 months (50% of normal revenue; 75% of normal
variable and 100% of normal fixed cost )
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Key Assumptions
Contingency: 30% of Total Installed Cost
Fixed operating cost: 2% of Total Installed Cost
Maintenance cost: 2% of Total Capital Investment
Income Tax rate: 30%
Depreciation Method: Double Declining Balance
Depreciation period : 20 years for Steam/Electricity area;
7 years for other areas
Salvage Value: RM 0
Land Cost is Not Included
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
EFB Composition, dry basis (%)
Cellulose Hemicellulose* Lignin Ash
38.05 31.29 21.76 8.9
EFB Composition
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Biopower via Steam Rankine Cycle (10 MW)
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Total Installed Cost (TIC) MRM 51.6
Indirect CostsField Expenses 10.32 20% of TICHome Office & Construction Fee 12.90 25% of TICProject Contingency 15.48 30% of TIC
Total Capital Investment (TCI) MRM 90.30
Other Costs (Startup, Permits, etc.) 4.51 5% of TCI
Total Project Investment MRM 94.81
Operating Cost (fixed, variable) MRM 9.67
Total Project Investment (2011 RM values)
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Installed Equipment Cost Breakdown
Boiler/Turbo-Generator (86.8%)
Water Treatment (1.4%)
Cooling Tower (6.3%)Feed handling (5.5%)
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Feedstock36%
Makeup water &
Chemicals3%
Salary and benefits
30%
Maintenance19%
Insurance8%
Waste Disposal
4%
Operating Cost Breakdown
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Electricity Production Cost (Sen/kWh) : 0.29
Electricity Production (GWh / Year) : 83.9Energy Efficiency (%) : 29.6
Feedstock Cost RM/Dry Metric Ton : 60.0
Internal Rate of Return (After-Tax) : 10%
Equity Percent of Total Investment : 100%
Overall Result
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
19 24 29 34 39
Waste Disposal Cost, RM/MT (0 : 60 : 120)
Fixed Operating Cost, MRM (1% : 2%TCI : 3%)
Biomass Cost, RM/dry MT (0 : 60 : 120)
Istalled Equioment Cost, MRM (8.2 : 16.3 : 24.5)
Energy Efficiency, % (20 : 29.6 : 40)
Electricity Production Costs (Sen/kWh)
Impact of Parameters on Electricity Cost
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
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0 25 50 75 100
Prod
uctio
n C
ost (
Sen/
kWh)
Plant Capacity (MW)
Economics of Scale (Steam Rankine Cycle, SRC)
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
Comparison of Production Cost with FiT
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
FiT 31
29
27
20
25
30
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0 10 20 30 40
Prod
uctio
n C
ost/F
iT(S
en/k
Wh)
Plant Capacity (MW)
Conclusions
UNAM CONFERENCE 16TH FEBRUARY 2012
● Renewable energy has bright future for Malaysia
● Government’s recognition and initiatives are positive
● RE is new to us but vital for our energy security, environment,
and sustainable development
● Opportunities to create local employment, and economic growth
● We are on the learning curve
● Demo projects are essential