The Early Sociologists

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The Early The Early SociologistsSociologists

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Q1:Q1:

Described social dynamics as forces for Described social dynamics as forces for change and conflict in societychange and conflict in society

Auguste ComteAuguste Comte

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Who argued that sociology should be a Who argued that sociology should be a value-free discipline?value-free discipline?

Max WeberMax Weber

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Who strongly advocated racial and Who strongly advocated racial and gender equality and cooperation among gender equality and cooperation among the classes?the classes?

Harriet MartineauHarriet Martineau

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Which functionalist argued that people Which functionalist argued that people are a product of their social environment are a product of their social environment not just biology?not just biology?

Emile DurkheimEmile Durkheim

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Based his theory on economic principlesBased his theory on economic principles

Karl MarxKarl Marx

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Studied those referred to as “sufferers” Studied those referred to as “sufferers” including the poor, disabled, criminals including the poor, disabled, criminals and alcoholics.and alcoholics.

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He contributed the idea that Verstehen He contributed the idea that Verstehen (seeing the world as others do) was (seeing the world as others do) was important in sociology.important in sociology.

Max WeberMax Weber

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Felt that people had membership in Felt that people had membership in multiple groups or “social spheres”.multiple groups or “social spheres”.

Georg SimmelGeorg Simmel

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He was a contemporary of Charles He was a contemporary of Charles Darwin and applied evolutionary theory to Darwin and applied evolutionary theory to the study of society.the study of society.

Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer

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This theorist believed a better society This theorist believed a better society would emerge if there was cooperation would emerge if there was cooperation amongst all classesamongst all classes

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Felt revolution brought positive change to Felt revolution brought positive change to societiessocieties

Karl MarxKarl Marx

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Proposed the idea of Positivism- that Proposed the idea of Positivism- that society could be best understood through society could be best understood through scientific inquiryscientific inquiry

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Use the terms dyad and triad to Use the terms dyad and triad to distinguish between social groups made distinguish between social groups made up of two or three members.up of two or three members.

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Which sociologist believed clashes Which sociologist believed clashes between the bourgeoisie and proletariat between the bourgeoisie and proletariat resulted in social changeresulted in social change

Karl MarxKarl Marx

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His theories discuss a way of looking at His theories discuss a way of looking at society by linking personal troubles with society by linking personal troubles with public issues to gain insight and public issues to gain insight and understanding of social behaviour and understanding of social behaviour and interaction.interaction.

C. Wright MillsC. Wright Mills

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Who believed in a theory now called Who believed in a theory now called “Social Darwinism”?“Social Darwinism”?

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This sociologist focused on suicide as a This sociologist focused on suicide as a social issue.social issue.

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The man who created the term The man who created the term “sociology”.“sociology”.

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Described the breakdown of society as Described the breakdown of society as “anomie”.“anomie”.

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Translated Comte’s work but unlike him Translated Comte’s work but unlike him actually conducted sociological researchactually conducted sociological research

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Believed that only the “fittest" societies Believed that only the “fittest" societies would survivewould survive

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Noted that social interaction differs based Noted that social interaction differs based on the size of the social groupon the size of the social group

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Felt that feelings of powerlessness and Felt that feelings of powerlessness and alienation would lead people to unite and alienation would lead people to unite and seek radical change in their societiesseek radical change in their societies

Karl MarxKarl Marx

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Many critics argued that his theory did Many critics argued that his theory did not account for the fact that people can not account for the fact that people can alter their environments and that the alter their environments and that the theory justified concepts such as class theory justified concepts such as class and racial and ethnic and gender and racial and ethnic and gender inequalityinequality

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Stated that the limits of human Stated that the limits of human behaviour/potential are socially, not behaviour/potential are socially, not biologically basedbiologically based

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Described forces for order and stability in Described forces for order and stability in society as social staticssociety as social statics

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Believed that some personal difficulties in Believed that some personal difficulties in an individual’s life were the product of an individual’s life were the product of historical and social forces and were historical and social forces and were therefore beyond the individual’s controltherefore beyond the individual’s control

C. Wright MillsC. Wright Mills

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Many feel she should in fact be Many feel she should in fact be considered a founder in the field of considered a founder in the field of sociology sociology

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He strongly opposed any measures that He strongly opposed any measures that would alter natural selection and damage would alter natural selection and damage society by favoring its “weakest/ less society by favoring its “weakest/ less worthy members”.worthy members”.

The Early Sociologists

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