Post on 26-Dec-2015
transcript
The Road To WarThe Road To War
Chapter 17
America’s Foreign Policy 1931 - 1941
ISOLATIONISM:– The Great Depression – Americans not wanting a
repeat of WWI– Divided country
• Some favored the ideas of demagogues like Hitler
– Father Coughlin
• Some felt for the victims of aggression.
America chooses NEUTRALITY
Neutrality and Isolation:– Hawley-Smoot
Tariff isolated America.
• We couldn’t buy other countries goods and they wouldn’t buy ours because of the tariff.
America Chooses NEUTRALITY
Neutrality Acts (1935):– Banned the US from
providing weapons to nations at war.
– Banned loans to nations at war.
– Trade with countries at war as long as:
• Cash and carry• Non-military items
What was going on in Europe to make America favor Isolation?
Totalitarianism– Government that
exerts TOTAL control over every aspect of life in the country.
Fascism– Emphasizes the
importance of nation or of an ethnic group.
Fascism and Totalitarianism
Strong dictatorial governments.
No respect for individual rights and freedom.
Players of the European Game: JOSEF STALIN
(1888 – 1953) Joined the Communist
Party as an insurgent. Follower of Lenin. Took control of the
Communist Party and the government in 1926.
Sole ruler until death in 1953.
Josef Stalin: Personal Life
Came from poverty. Little education Violence in childhood Treatment of his own
family Greatest Talent??
– Creating FEAR
JOSEF STALIN: Economic Plan
Took away private land from farmers and created COLLECTIVE FARMS.– Millions starved to
death.
STALIN: Economic Plan
Industrialization of Russia:– More money to create
steel factories, oil, coal.
– Ignored housing, clothing, consumer needs.
– Millions suffered.
Stalin’s Reign of Terror
Cult of Personality PURGES
– “Purified” the Party by getting rid of opponents.
SHOW TRIALS– Only one verdict.
– GUILTY!!!
Fascism in Italy
Italy’s totalitarian government came out of the chaos of WWI.
Benito Mussolini– “Il Duce”– Blackshirts
Fascism in Italy
Blackshirt “thugs” terrorized people who did or might oppose Mussolini.
Brought control to Italy – but at a high, high price.
No democracy Outlawed other political
parties
Fascism in Italy
Mussolini wanted to rebuild the Roman Empire.
“The Country is Nothing Without Conquest”– Invasion of Ethiopia in
1935.
Hitler’s Rise to Power
Austrian by birth Poor student Artist??? WWI became a hero Blamed Jews and
Marxists for German losses in WWI.
Hitler’s Rise to Power: The Nazi Party
Founded in 1919– Belief in Hitler– Belief about German
nationalism– Belief in racial
superiority– 1923, tried and failed
to take over German government.
Hitler’s Rise to Power
Wrote MEIN KAMPF in prison– Defiance of the
Versailles Treaty ending WWI
– Called to strengthen German military again
– Purifying the “Aryan Race”
• Removal of anything that wasn’t “Aryan”
Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany
Nazi Party promised Germans to stabilize the country, rebuild the economy, and restore the empire that had been lost in WWI.
Nazis in Control
Suspended the rights of free speech and press.
Storm Troopers / Brown Shirts terrorized people into silence.
Germany Rearms and Expands
1936: Germany took back the Rhineland.
1936: Created the AXIS with Italy
1938: Annexed Austria
1938: Invaded and took over Czechoslovakia
What did the world do as Hitler did this?
APPEASEMENT– Giving in to a
competitor’s demands to keep the peace.
Appeasement
Britain’s Prime Minister: Neville Chamberlain.
Thought once Hitler had Czechoslovakia Hitler would “be content”
“Peace in Our Time.”
The Spanish Civil War
1936 Elections – Pre-election violence
between political parties.– The group of liberal parties
– REPUBLICANS – won. – DO NOT CONFUSE US
REPUBLICANS WITH SPANISH REPUBLICANS!!!!!
The Spanish Civil War
Fascists in the military did NOT like the Republican victory.
CIVIL WAR in 1936
The Spanish Civil War
Both sides turned to other countries to help them.
Hitler, Mussolini backed the fascists with money, troops, and equipment.
Russia helped the Republicans.
40,000 English, Americans and French came to fight on the Republican side.
The Spanish Civil War: Fascism won
Fascism ruled from 1939 – 1975.
Francisco Franco.– Spanish nationalism– Totalitarian control
Europe FINALLY goes to war
“Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war.”– Winston Churchill
Invasion of Poland
Poland was next on Hitler’s list of countries to invade.
BUT– France and England
had said they would not go along with this invasion.
– Stalin was also a problem.
Hitler’s Solution?
Make a pact with Stalin.
Only have to fight Britain and France – IF they would fight.
Hitler’s BLITZKRIEG
“Lightning War” Fast and concentrated
land and air war. Take enemy by
surprise. Terrorize civilian
populations and troops.
Poland
Held out for a month. Stalin’s Russia took
part of the territory. Germany came in
with their laws and started to put Jews into Concentration camps.
What happened next?
NOTHING!!! “Phony War” Britain and France
feared the potential losses.
France
April 9, 1940 Germany attacks.
NOT through the Maginot Line.
They went round and attacked through Belgium.
Blitzkrieg!
Dunkirk
German drive to capture British and French soldiers.
Drove the allies to the coastal city of Dunkirk.
Dunkirk
Over nine days one of the greatest rescues in the history of warfare happened.
Over 900 boats of all types braved the LUFTWAFFE to save 340,000 soldiers.
Fall of France
June 10, 1940 Reaction of the
French?– Collaborators (worked
with the Nazis)– Resistance ( fought the
Nazis as guerrillas / insurgents)
Battle of Britain
August 1940 – May 1941
Luftwaffe attacks day and night.
1,000 planes bombed Britain
The Blitz
Firebombs! Heat of 1400-degrees
Farenheit Melted asphalt and
glass.– Trapped people
People in shelters hit literally exploded from the heat.
England Replies
RAF (Royal Air Force)
Flying 6 – 7 missions a day.
Tried to avoid the German fighter planes and shoot down the bombers before they unloaded.
England’s RAF
Flew Spitfires and Hurricanes
80% died But they took out
more Germans.
England’s RAF
Meanwhile – England bombers were bombing German cities.
Japan Builds an Empire
US Great Depression affected industry in Japan.
1930s – rise of nationalism and fascism in Japan.
The Manchurian Incident
Japan needed raw materials and food.
Why not invade Manchuria to get it?
The Manchurian Incident
PUPPET STATE:– Supposedly
independent country but under the control of a more powerful country.
– Manchuria 1932
Manchuria
Japan sent a million farmers, businessmen, and soldiers to make Manchuria their colony.
1937 - Japan invades China
The Rape of Nanking The world was
horrified. The world did
nothing.
1940 Japan finds new allies
Germany and Italy The Axis Powers
What was America doing in 1940?
America First Committee– Blocked any aid to
England.– Strict Isolation– Charles Lindbergh a
leader
1940 Election
Roosevelt won. “Your boys are not
going to be sent to any foreign war.”
Lend Lease
November 1940 “If your neighbor’s
house is on fire, you don’t sell him a hose. You lend it to him and take it back after the fire is out.”– FDR– $49-billion in aid
given.
Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor
Most American attention was on what was happening in Europe.
That included FDR
Before the Attack
Roosevelt did use the Neutrality Acts to keep iron, steel and oil from being exported to Japan.
1940 froze all Japanese investments in the United States.
Before the Attack
October 1941 – General Tojo Hideki became Prime Minister of Japan.– Tojo– MAJOR fascist– Admired Hitler– Believed any country that
tried to keep Japan from needed supplies was an enemy.
Before the Attack
Admiral Yamamoto American education Brilliant tactician Did NOT favor a war
with the US
Yamamoto
When he saw he could not stop Japan from a war with the US – it was his duty to try to make Japan win.
America: The Sleeping Giant
“America is a sleeping giant. Once awakened, his wrath will by mighty.”– Yamamoto
Japan negotiates with the US
October – December 1941.
BUT: US had cracked Japanese coded messages.
US KNEW on November 27 and December 6 an attack was going to happen.
Before Pearl Harbor
But what the US DIDN’T Know was WHERE the attack would be.
Why Pearl Harbor?
Little known port Half the fleet would
be there in December The harbor is only 3
miles square
December 7, 1941
Shortly after 7 AM it started.
Specifics of the Attack
The Arizona Hit by 1,760 lb. Bomb
in the forward ammo magazine.
Went down in 9 minutes
Half the dead of Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
By 9:45 the attack was over.
2,400 lives lost 1,200 injured 200 warplanes destroyed 18 warships sunk or
heavily damaged– 8 of the nine battleships of
the fleet.
Back in Washington DC
The Japanese blew it.– Diplomatically
speaking.– The Declaration of
War on the US came AFTER the attack.
Yamamoto knew Japan would lose too
The three primary targets weren’t in the harbor when they attacked.– The Enterprise– The Lexington– The Saratoga
FDR
“December 7, a day that will live in infamy.”– FDR, Declaration of
War speech
The West Virginia