POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM OF LANGUAGE STUDYMUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA

2014

By :

Hikmah Pravitasari (S 200 140 026)

Hanif Safika Rizky (S 200 140 028)

The Content of Discussion

• TRANSFER ANALYSIS

• FROM THE CONTRASTIVE TO TRANSFER ANALYSIS

• CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS

• TRANSFER ANALYSIS

• LANGUAGE TRANSFER AS THE CENTRAL PROCESS IN INTERLANGUAGE CREATION

Transfer is a strategy which learners tend to use as a means to compensate for their lack of L2 knowledge.

The points are :

1. Contrastive Analysis

2. Transfer Analysis

From Contrastive Analysis to Transfer Analysis

LinguisticsContrastive Linguistics

compare two or more

languages

describing the similarities and

differences

Contrastive Analysis

Contrastive Analysis

The Purpose :

• to provide teachers and textbook writers with a body of information which can be utilized in the preparation of instructional materials, the planning of courses, and the development of classroom techniques.

• The strongest motivation for conducting CA from its earlier days involves applied work, that is, to prepare the best teaching materials.

Contrastive Analysis

Contrastive analysis is an attractive idea that it was used in the preparation of the special intensive course for foreign language teaching. (Howatt and Widdowson, 2005:36) It took over a dual role: 1. To select and grade the structures to be taught while pinpointing areas of potential difficulty through the use of contrastive analysis techniques and 2. To write the actual teaching materials.

Contrastive Analysis

Skinner (1957)

Stimulus Response

• Learning is a process of habit formation.

• Learning involves: a. imitation

b. practice

c. reinforcement

Contrastive Analysis

Cognitive System

According to James, 1990

Transfer analysis as an analytical tool, thus, constitutes “a sub discipline within error analysis which rests upon the assumption that certain deviances in learner production are the result of NL transfer” (James 1990:489).

Transfer Analysis

Process of Transfer Language

Interlanguage

There are two different processes that influence the creation of interlanguages:

1. Language transfer or Interference

2. Overgeneralization

Interlanguage

According to Saville-Troike in Fauziati, 2009

Language transfer (also known as interference)

occurs when “an L1 structure or rule is used in an L2 utterance and that use is inappropriate and considered an error”

Language Transfer

Language Transfer

Learners use rules from the second language in roughly the same way that children overgeneralize in their first language.

Overgeneralization

Overgeneralization

In the Classroom Process Teaching & Learning

Teaching English have to clear and

correct

I learn & more understand from

the mistake & error

• Such errors may be the result of the negative transfer process.

• They are also often referred to as interlingualerrors.

• Which follows is the discussion of language transfer from notable scholars as follows.

Language Transfer as the Central Process in Interlanguage Creation

Language Transfer from Notable Scholars

1. Transfer is a ‘selection process’2. Interlingual identifications’ are the basic learning strategy,

where learners’ make the same what cannot be the same.3. The learner ‘search the input’ for what they have in their

native language; they do it but selectively.4. Creating ‘equivalence’ in the next language is done

through key linguistic / cognitive variables, such as structural and translation correspondences where language transfer is ‘neutral’; its effects may be ‘positive’, aiding learning, or ‘negative’, inhibiting learning. Thus, students transfer can be facilitative of learning in some contexts.

5. etc

Selinker = Rediscovering of Interlanguage, proposes several

phenomena of language transfer

O’Grady Error Patterns in Second Language Acquisition

LEVEL OF PROFICIENCY

TRANSFER ERRORS

DEVELOPMENTAL ERRORS

BEGINNER HIGH LOW

INTERMEDIATE MEDIUM HIGH

ADVANCED LOW LOW

Language transfer has been a major concern among second language acquisition researches for the past two decades.

Studies here reported various types of linguistic elements in L2 performance that reflect learners’ L1 knowledge.

Transfer is a strategy which learners tend to use as a means to compensate for their lack of L2 knowledge.