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POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM OF LANGUAGE STUDYMUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
By :
Hikmah Pravitasari (S 200 140 026)
Hanif Safika Rizky (S 200 140 028)
The Content of Discussion
• TRANSFER ANALYSIS
• FROM THE CONTRASTIVE TO TRANSFER ANALYSIS
• CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS
• TRANSFER ANALYSIS
• LANGUAGE TRANSFER AS THE CENTRAL PROCESS IN INTERLANGUAGE CREATION
Transfer is a strategy which learners tend to use as a means to compensate for their lack of L2 knowledge.
The points are :
1. Contrastive Analysis
2. Transfer Analysis
From Contrastive Analysis to Transfer Analysis
LinguisticsContrastive Linguistics
compare two or more
languages
describing the similarities and
differences
Contrastive Analysis
Contrastive Analysis
The Purpose :
• to provide teachers and textbook writers with a body of information which can be utilized in the preparation of instructional materials, the planning of courses, and the development of classroom techniques.
• The strongest motivation for conducting CA from its earlier days involves applied work, that is, to prepare the best teaching materials.
Contrastive Analysis
Contrastive analysis is an attractive idea that it was used in the preparation of the special intensive course for foreign language teaching. (Howatt and Widdowson, 2005:36) It took over a dual role: 1. To select and grade the structures to be taught while pinpointing areas of potential difficulty through the use of contrastive analysis techniques and 2. To write the actual teaching materials.
Contrastive Analysis
Skinner (1957)
Stimulus Response
• Learning is a process of habit formation.
• Learning involves: a. imitation
b. practice
c. reinforcement
Contrastive Analysis
Cognitive System
According to James, 1990
Transfer analysis as an analytical tool, thus, constitutes “a sub discipline within error analysis which rests upon the assumption that certain deviances in learner production are the result of NL transfer” (James 1990:489).
Transfer Analysis
Process of Transfer Language
Interlanguage
There are two different processes that influence the creation of interlanguages:
1. Language transfer or Interference
2. Overgeneralization
Interlanguage
According to Saville-Troike in Fauziati, 2009
Language transfer (also known as interference)
occurs when “an L1 structure or rule is used in an L2 utterance and that use is inappropriate and considered an error”
Language Transfer
Language Transfer
Learners use rules from the second language in roughly the same way that children overgeneralize in their first language.
Overgeneralization
Overgeneralization
In the Classroom Process Teaching & Learning
Teaching English have to clear and
correct
I learn & more understand from
the mistake & error
• Such errors may be the result of the negative transfer process.
• They are also often referred to as interlingualerrors.
• Which follows is the discussion of language transfer from notable scholars as follows.
Language Transfer as the Central Process in Interlanguage Creation
Language Transfer from Notable Scholars
1. Transfer is a ‘selection process’2. Interlingual identifications’ are the basic learning strategy,
where learners’ make the same what cannot be the same.3. The learner ‘search the input’ for what they have in their
native language; they do it but selectively.4. Creating ‘equivalence’ in the next language is done
through key linguistic / cognitive variables, such as structural and translation correspondences where language transfer is ‘neutral’; its effects may be ‘positive’, aiding learning, or ‘negative’, inhibiting learning. Thus, students transfer can be facilitative of learning in some contexts.
5. etc
Selinker = Rediscovering of Interlanguage, proposes several
phenomena of language transfer
O’Grady Error Patterns in Second Language Acquisition
LEVEL OF PROFICIENCY
TRANSFER ERRORS
DEVELOPMENTAL ERRORS
BEGINNER HIGH LOW
INTERMEDIATE MEDIUM HIGH
ADVANCED LOW LOW
Language transfer has been a major concern among second language acquisition researches for the past two decades.
Studies here reported various types of linguistic elements in L2 performance that reflect learners’ L1 knowledge.
Transfer is a strategy which learners tend to use as a means to compensate for their lack of L2 knowledge.