Week 3 Noun Phrase (2)

transcript

E_English Grammar Course E_English Grammar Course

Unit 3

NOUN PHRASE (cont.)

IssuesIssues

NOUN PHRASE

– Basic NP

• Determiners

– Predeterminers

– Central

determiners

– Postdeterminers

– Complex NP

• Modification

– Premodification

– Postmodification

– Multiple

modification

= typically constructed by either a noun or a pronoun as the head & other constituents as modifiers

Eg. A nice girl leaning against the wall

Noun PhraseNoun Phrase

Basic NPBasic NP

Complex NPComplex NP

Noun phrases

Basic NPBasic NP

Basic Noun phrases

E.g.: All these 10 pupils

Basic NPBasic NP

(Determiners)(Determiners) Head nounHead noun+

Determiners

DeterminersDeterminers = words of close-system used before a N to

“determine” the precise meaning of the N

Pre-determinersPre-determiners

Central determinersCentral determiners

Post-determinersPost-determiners

Determiners

DeterminersDeterminers

Pre-determinersPre-determiners all, both, halfall, both, half

multipliersmultipliers

fractionsfractions

such, whatsuch, what

• mutually exclusive

E.g.: all girls, both girls

BUT NOT:

all both girls

DeterminersDeterminersDeterminers

+ before: articles (a, an, the, zero article)

E.g.: all the time

possessive determiners (my, his, her, etc.)

E.g.: both his sisters

demonstrative determiners (this, that, etc.)

E.g.: half those days

+ not before: quantitative determiners (no, each,

any, some, enough, (n)either, every)

+ take partitive “of-phrases” optional with nouns

E.g.: all (of) the time

obligatory with pronouns

E.g.: all of them, both of us, half of it

+ “all, both”: occur after the head, either immediately or after the operator

E.g.: They (all) were (all) accepted.

Pre-determinersPre-determiners multipliersmultipliers

+ used to denote the quantity of the nouns

E.g.: twice her age, double their salaries

+ occur with the determiners “a, every, each and per” to indicate frequency

E.g.: once a week, twice every day, three times each year

Once, twice, three times, double, etc.

Pre-determinersPre-determiners fractionfraction

+ the fractions have the alternative of- construction. E.g.: He took only two-thirds of the books.

+ the indefinite article can replace ‘one’. E.g.: He did it in one-third / a third (of) the time it took me.

(one-third, two-fifths, three-quarters, etc.)(one-third, two-fifths, three-quarters, etc.)

Pre-determinersPre-determiners Such/ whatSuch/ what

+ occur before the head noun

+ “such”: combined with “all, quantifiers, cardinal numbers”

E.g.: What/ Such a surprise!

no/many/41 such incidents

Central Determiners DeterminersDeterminers

6 classes based on their co-occurrence with the noun classes (singular count, plural count, and non-count)

(1) the,

possessive wh-words, Some, any (stressed),

zero article some, any (unstressed)

enough

this that

thesethose

a(n) everyeach

Eitherneither

Central Determiners

Central Determiners in respect to their co-occurrence with the noun classes

COUNT NON-COUNT

SINGULAR

PLURAL

bottle

furniture

bottles

(1) the,

possessive wh-words, Some, any (stressed),

E.g.: - Do you want me to turn off the light? - I love my family. - What colour do you like? - I have some friends in London. - I won’t give this pen to any student. - She has no idea at all.

zero article some, any (unstressed)

enough

E.g.: - Love is not everything. - I did not have enough time to do this. - I want some beer, please. - Have we got any wine for tonight?

a(n) everyeach

Eitherneither

E.g.: - My friend gave me a flower / an apple. - I want to ask each/every person individually. - You can put it on either table. - Neither party accepted such a proposal.

this that

E.g.: This chair is mine and that table is yours. I can’t stand this silence.

thesethose

E.g.: - Did you read these stories yesterday? - Have you seen those girls?

muchE.g.: He wants much sugar in his coffee.

Post determinersPost determiners

Ordinal numerals/general ordinalsOrdinal numerals/general ordinals

Cardinal numeralsCardinal numerals

Close-system quantifiersClose-system quantifiers

Open-class quantifiersOpen-class quantifiers

• include: one, two, three, etc.

E.g.: my three son

his two books

• ordinal numerals: first,second, third, etc. • general ordinals: next, last, past, (an)other, additional, further E.g.: the first time another candidate

• before count Ns: many, (a)

few, several• before non-count Ns: much,

(a) little

E.g.: a few words

much stress

• include: a lot of, a great deal of, lots of, a good number of, etc.• verbs has number concord with the second nouns, not the quantity nouns

(lot, deal, lots, plenty, etc.)

E.g.: Lots of food was on the table.

There was a lot of food on the table.

Noun phrases

Basic NPBasic NP

E.g.: All the 11 pupils playing football

Pre-modification

Pre-modification Head nounHead noun+

Post-modification

Post-modification+

Complex noun phrase

Modification

ModificationModification

functionfunction statusstatus

RestrictiveRestrictive PermanentPermanent

Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive TemporaryTemporary

Modification

• helps identify the head & indicate a

limitation on the possible reference of the

• tends to come after the head

• tends to be given more prosodic emphasis

than the head

E.g.: The flowers in your garden are nice.

He visited his aunt who often lent

him money.

Modification

• gives additional information to the head

but is not essential for identifying the

head • the reference: unique or as member of a

class that has been independently identified• tends to come before the head• tends to be unstressed in pre-head position

E.g.: The book, which I gave you yesterday,

is quite readable. (member of a class)

She is his poor, old mother. (unique)

Modification

Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive PermanentPermanent

RestrictiveRestrictive TemporaryTemporary

• Have reference to characteristic features • Mainly the items which are placed in pre-

modification position

E.g.: an ugly man the easy-going lady

Modification

Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive PermanentPermanent

RestrictiveRestrictive TemporaryTemporary

• Have reference only to a specific time• Mainly those adjectives which have to be

predicate E.g.: A man who is timid = A timid man A man who is afraid # An afraid man

Premodification

PremodificationPremodification

‘s-genitive‘s-genitive

-ing/-ed participles-ing/-ed participles

sentencesentence

adverbialsadverbials

adjectivesadjectives

nounnoun

multiple premodificationmultiple premodification

Premodification

-ing/-edparticiples-ing/-edparticiples

sentencesentence

adverbialadverbial

adjectiveadjective

nounnoun

E.g.: Mary's brother is very

naughty.

Premodification

-ing/-ed participles-ing/-ed participles

sentencesentence

adverbialadverbial

adjectiveadjective

nounnoun

E.g.: He has rented a crumbling cottage.

The wanted man was last seen in Paris.

Note: the participles denote the permanent.

E.g. She is an interesting girl vs. She interests me.

The man who is married = the married man

Premodification

sentencesentence

adverbialadverbial

adjectiveadjective

nounnoun

E.g.: I got angry with his I-don't-care attitude.

She waved the boy away with a you-stink kind of

look on her face.

Premodification

sentencesentence

adverbialadverbial

adjectiveadjective

nounnoun

E.g.: I visited his far-away hometown.

Premodification

sentencesentence

adverbialadverbial

adjectiveadjective

nounnoun

multiple prmodificationmultiple prmodification

E.g.: He has fixed the cupboard

Premodification

sentencesentence

adverbialadverbial

adjectiveadjective

nounnoun

E.g.: She is a lovely

Postmodification

PostmodificationPostmodification

relative clausesrelative clauses

prepositional phraseprepositional phrase

non-finite clausenon-finite clause

appositive clauseappositive clause

adverbadverb

Clause of time, place, manner, reasonClause of time, place, manner, reason

adjectiveadjective

multiple postmodificationmultiple postmodification

Postmodification

adverbadverb

adjectiveadjective

E.g.: The girl who is playing in the ground is my daughter .

Postmodification

adverbadverb

adjectiveadjective

E.g.: She love the monitor in your class.

Postmodification

adverbadverb

adjectiveadjective

E.g.: The girl playing in the ground is my daughter.

Postmodification

adverbadverb

adjectiveadjective

E.g.: The fact that he is rich is not the reason she loves him.

Postmodification

adverbadverb

adjectiveadjective

E.g.: I work in the university where I studied English.

12th Sep, 1983 is the date when he was born.

That’s the reason why he spoke ill of me.

She shows me the way how I can cook beef.

Postmodification

adverbadverb

adjectiveadjective

E.g.: The girl over there is my sister.

The road back is dense with traffic.

Postmodification

adverbadverb

adjectiveadjective

E.g.: Something strange happened last night.

Multiple modification

Multiple premodification

Multiple postmodification

• with single head:

E.g.: his last brilliant book• with multiple head:

E.g.: the new chair and table

the new but ugly table and chair

• Sequence of premodifiers:

Determiner general age color participle provenance noun de-nominal head

E.g.: a crumbling church

the extravagant London social life

some intricate old inter-locking Chinese

designs

• with single head:

E.g.: the girl in the corner talking to John• with multiple head:

E.g.: the boy and the girl in the corner talking to John

Week 3 Noun Phrase (2)

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