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Principles of Biology, BI 212Dr. Kristin Latham

Introduction

Lecture Website:

http://www.wou.edu/~lathamk/BI212_Summer_2015/Latham.htm

Dr. Kristin Latham

lathamk@wou.edu

503.838.8868

My office hours: M, T, W, R; 9 - 9 50 am

BI 212: Principles of Biology is 4 credits, lecture and lab. Per week, 8 hours of lecture and 6 hours of lab for four weeks.

Introduction

Who do I ask…….

BI212 has a lecture professor, a course coordinator, and three TAs.

If you question/concern is aboutLab content, assignments and grades: contact your TA. Also see this person first for help understanding lecture material.

Laboratory issues, class enrollment, registration, grading, scheduling and final grades: contact the course coordinator, Lori Kayes.

Basically, if it is not content/lecture material related, or lab assignment related it should go to Dr. Kayes.

Lecture content and exam content: talk to me (Dr. Latham)! To send email, please be sure to put BI212 in the subject line

Tentative Schedule

DatesLecture 1Monday

Lecture 2Tuesday

Lecture 3Wednesday

Lecture 4Thursday Readings

July 20-23

Introduction; Course Tips

BiomoleculesCell Structure and Function

Cell Membrane and Transport

Cell Energy and Enzymes

M: Ch. 2,5T: Ch. 6W: Ch. 7R: Ch. 8Lab: Scientific Investigation Lab: Diffusion & Osmosis

July 27-30

Exam #1(Ch. 2, 5-8)

Metabolism and Cell Respiration

Respiration & Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis Cell Communication

M: Ch. 9T: Ch. 9,10W: Ch.10R: Ch. 11

Lab: Enzymes Lab: Photosynthesis

August 3-6

Exam #2(Ch. 9-11)

Plant Structure, Growth, Development

Plant Transport & Nutrition

Plant Response to Signals

Animal Form & Function

M: Ch. 35T: Ch. 36,37W: Ch. 39R: Ch. 40

Lab: Plant Anatomy Lab: Plant Growth

August 10-13

Exam #3(Ch. 35-37,39-40)

Nutrition & Digestion

Circulation & Gas Exchange

Osmoregulation & Excretion

Final Exam(Ch. 41-42,44) +

Cumulative

M: Ch. 41T: Ch. 42 W: Ch.44R: ---

Lab: Fetal Pig Dissections Lab: Fetal Pig Dissections

Lecture 1 Outline (Ch. 2, 5)

I. Atoms and bonds

II. Biomolecules/Macromolecules

III. Carbohydrates

IV. Lipids

VI. Proteins

VII. Nucleic Acids

VIII. Summary

ProtonsNeutrons

Basic Chemistry

Atoms

Diagram the general structure of an atom.

• Strongest bond

• e- attracted to (+) in nucleus

• e- attracted to nearby nucleus

• bond = e- pair shared

Chemical Bonds - Covalent

What if one atom attracts the electrons more highly?Why might this situation occur?

• electronegativity: attraction of e- by atom

• non-polar = e- shared equally

• polar = e- unequal

• bonds can differ in polarity

Chemical Bonds - Covalent

• electronegativity so unequal, e- stripped

• Example: sodium chloride

Chemical Bonds - Ionic

• H atom (covalent bond), attracted to electronegative atom

• between like or unlike molecules

Chemical Bonds - Hydrogen

Carbon isomers

• Isomers = same molecular formula, different shape

C4H10 C4H10

butane isobutane

• Organic compounds all contain carbon- vary atoms with which carbon bonds- vary shape/structure of molecules

Functional groups

1. Hydroxyl (-OH)

2. Carboxyl (-COOH)

4. Amino (-NH2)

5. Sulfhydryl (-SH)

-

-

3. Phosphate (-PO42-)

• functional groups – common atom combinations, reactions

6. Methyl (-CH3)

Images

PenicillinCysteine

ATP

Macromolecules

Macromolecules = giant molecules

Four biological classes/groups

Synthesis –

Monomers (single units) joined into polymers (multi-unit)

Dehydration synthesis = remove H2O, new bond

Hydrolysis = add H2O, break bond

Macromolecules

Macromolecules

Which stores more energy – polymer or monomer?

Which is more “orderly” – polymer or monomer?

What does this say about order and energy?

Carbohydrates

1. Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharide – simplest sugar molecule

- multiple of CH2O

for fuel/energy & building materials

See also - Fig. 5.3

- C @ each corner

Carbohydrates - disaccharides

• How are carbohydrate monomers joined (name of process)?

glycosidic bond

Carbohydrates - disaccharides

Lactose

Glucose + Galactose

• Polysaccharide – 100s – 1000s of monosaccharides

Carbohydrates - polysaccahrides

Two purposes:

Storage:

- plants – starch

- animals – glycogen

Structure:

- plants – cellulose

- (animals – chitin)

Carbohydrates - storage

Animal storage - glycogen

Plant storage - starch

α glucose β glucose

starch cellulosedigestible (humans) indigestible (humans)

Carbohydrates

lipids – fats, phospholipids, steroids

• not made of monomers

i. fats – glycerol + fatty acid – process?

Lipids

fat molecule (aka triglyceride):

one glycerol, plus 3 fatty acids

– ester bond

Hydrophilic or hydrophobic?Functional groups present?

• saturated fats – all Carbon bonded to as many Hydrogen as possible

• unsaturated fats – one or more Carbons with fewer Hydrogens (1 instead of 2)

Lipids - Fats

• trans fats – type of unsaturated fat

- synthetically hydrogenated oils

- for texture and preservation

• difference is in the orientation of unsaturated bonds

Lipids - Fats

ii. phospholipids – glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate + choline

Lipids - phospholipids

• lipid bilayer

Lipids - phospholipids

Why does it make sense for a membrane to be a phospholipid bilayer?

iii. Steroids – C skeleton 4 fused rings

cholesterolestradiol

testosterone

Lipids - steroids

cortisol

How might steroids interact with phospholipids?

Protein monomer unit – amino acid

R-group

Proteins

• peptide bond

Proteins

Proteins have various structures

Many are large & globular

Have “nooks” for different functions

N

C

i. Primary – unique sequence of a.a.

*determined by peptide bonds

Proteins - structure

MET TYR CYS

ii. Secondary – coiled and folded (sheet or helix)

*determined by H-bonds

Proteins - structure

iv. Quaternary: two or more protein subunits

*determined by protein-protein interaction

Proteins - structure

iii. Tertiary – regions linked

*determined by R-group bonds

Nucleic Acids - Intro

DNA: polymer

nucleotide: monomer

Relationship of DNA to RNA, Proteins?

DNA

RNA

Proteins

Nucleic acids

OH

• Monomers – linked by ???

• Bond formed – phosphodiester bond

Nucleic acid - Polymers

H

Nitrogenous bases:

- different between nucleotides

Pentose sugars:

Nucleic acid - components

Be able to RECOGNIZE/ID purines vs pyrimidines

DNA Structure

DNA Structure

Hydrogen bonds link paired nucleotide bases across the DNA double helix.

DNA Structure

• double helix

• Hydrogen bonds

– base to paired base

• Covalent bonds

- sugars to phosphates

- bases to sugars