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Chapter 2

The Human Body in

Health and Disease

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Anatomic Reference Systems

• Describe the location and functions of body parts using:

– Body planes

– Body directions

– Body cavities

– Structural units

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Standard Anatomical Position

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ANTERIOR VS POSTERIOR

• Anterior refers to the front of the body

• Posterior refers to the back of the body

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BODY PLANES

•LINE THROUGH THE BODY AT VARIOUS PARTS TO SEPARATE THE BODY INTO SECTIONS

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TRANSVERSE PLANE

•ONE OF THREE MAIN PLANES

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TRANSVERSE PLANE

•DIVIDES BODY INTO TOP AND BOTTOM HALF

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CORONAL PLANE

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SUPERIOR

•BODY PARTS ABOVE OTHER PARTS

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INFERIOR

•BODY PARTS BELOW OTHER PARTS

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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

CAUDAL

•BODY PARTS LOCATED NEAR THE SACRAL REGION OF THE SPINAL COLUMN OR TAIL

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CRANIAL

•BODY PARTS LOCATED NEAR THE HEAD

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MIDSAGITTAL OR MEDIAN PLANE

•SECOND OF THREE PLANES

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MIDSAGITTAL OR MEDIAN PLANE

•DIVIDES THE BODY INTO RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES

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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

MEDIAL

•BODY PARTS CLOSE TO MIDLINE OR PLANE

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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

LATERAL

•BODY PARTS AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE OR PLANE

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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

VENTRAL OR ANTERIOR

• BODY PARTS IN FRONT OF THE BODY

• ANTERIOR IS THE TERM FOR DIRECTION

• VENTRAL IS THE TERM FOR MOVEMENT

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DORSAL OR POSTERIOR

• BODY PARTS IN BACK OF THE BODY

• POSTERIOR IS THE TERM OF DIRECTION

• DORSAL IS THE TERM OF MOVEMENT

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PROXIMAL

• BODY PARTS CLOSE TO THE POINT O R REFERENCE

• EXAMPLE MAIN TRUNK OF THE BODY IS A POINT OF REFERENCE TO THE ARMS AND LEGS

• EXAMPLE : THE NOSE IS PROXIMAL TO THE SHOULDER

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© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

DISTAL

• BODY PARTS AWAY FROM THE POINT OF REFERENCE

• EXAMPLE: TOES ARE DISTAL TO THE THIGH

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Major Body Cavities

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Quadrants of the Abdomen

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Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen

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Cytology

• The study of the formation, structure, and function of cells, including:

– Chromosomes

– DNA

– Genetics

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Histology

• The study of tissues, which are composed of cells that join together to perform specific functions, including:

– Nervous Tissue

– Epithelial Tissues

– Connective Tissues

– Muscle Tissue

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Glands

• Specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body, including:

– Exocrine Glands

– Endocrine Glands

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Organ and Body Systems

• Body parts are organized into systems according to function.

• Examples:– Skeletal System

– Muscular System

– Cardiovascular System

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Pathology

• The study of structural and functional changes caused by disease.

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CHROMOSOMES

• The nucleus of each cell contains 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs

• Sex cells are known as gametes