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Diversity and StressDiversity and Stress

Chapter 14 Chapter 14

Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

• Defining minority, race, and ethnicityDefining minority, race, and ethnicity• Positive aspects of minority statusPositive aspects of minority status• Stressors challenging minoritiesStressors challenging minorities• Health status differences of minoritiesHealth status differences of minorities• Poverty and educational levelPoverty and educational level• Family lifeFamily life• Age and physical disabilityAge and physical disability• Sexual orientationSexual orientation

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DefinitionsDefinitions

• Minority:Minority: Racial, religious, or ethnic group Racial, religious, or ethnic group smaller than and differing from the larger, smaller than and differing from the larger, controlling group in the community or nationcontrolling group in the community or nation

• Race:Race: A group of people with similar physical A group of people with similar physical traits, blood types, genetic patterns, and/or traits, blood types, genetic patterns, and/or inherited characteristicsinherited characteristics

• Ethnicity:Ethnicity: A group of people having a A group of people having a common heritage such as common customs, common heritage such as common customs, characteristics, language, and historycharacteristics, language, and history

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Changes in U.S. PopulationChanges in U.S. Population(Figure 14.1)(Figure 14.1)

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Did You Know?Did You Know?

• The U.S. population will increase by The U.S. population will increase by 52% by the year 2050 to a whopping 52% by the year 2050 to a whopping 392 million!392 million!

• The elderly population (65 years of The elderly population (65 years of age and older) will increase from age and older) will increase from today’s figure of 12.5% to 20% by today’s figure of 12.5% to 20% by the year 2050the year 2050

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Positive Aspects of Minority Positive Aspects of Minority StatusStatus• Asian American contributionsAsian American contributions

– AcupunctureAcupuncture– Herbal medicinesHerbal medicines– Relaxation techniquesRelaxation techniques– Respect and value their eldersRespect and value their elders

• Native American contributionsNative American contributions– ““Holism” conceptHolism” concept– Harmony (balance) concept of healthHarmony (balance) concept of health– Concern for the environmentConcern for the environment

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Positive Aspects of Minority Positive Aspects of Minority Status (cont.)Status (cont.)

• Latino/Hispanic American Latino/Hispanic American contributionscontributions

– Social and family supportSocial and family support– Spiritual aspects of healthSpiritual aspects of health

• African American contributionsAfrican American contributions– Importance of churchImportance of church– Enjoyment of life through sports, arts, Enjoyment of life through sports, arts,

social interactionsocial interaction© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

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Stressors Challenging Stressors Challenging MinoritiesMinorities

• RacismRacism

• Cultural conflictsCultural conflicts

• Acculturation stressorsAcculturation stressors

• Other acculturation stressors, Other acculturation stressors, including hate crimesincluding hate crimes

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Health Status DifferencesHealth Status Differencesof Minoritiesof Minorities

• Health care disparitiesHealth care disparities

• Recent national health objectives Recent national health objectives focus on minorities (Healthy People focus on minorities (Healthy People 2010)2010)– Gender, race and ethnicity, disability, Gender, race and ethnicity, disability,

sexual orientationsexual orientation

• Infant mortalityInfant mortality

• Life expectancyLife expectancy© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

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Health Status DifferencesHealth Status Differencesof Minorities (cont.)of Minorities (cont.)

• Years of potential life lostYears of potential life lost• High blood pressureHigh blood pressure• HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS• CancerCancer• Mental healthMental health

– SuicideSuicide– HomicideHomicide

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Poverty and Educational Poverty and Educational LevelLevel• These factors are associated with These factors are associated with

poorer healthpoorer health

• The lower the socioeconomic level, the The lower the socioeconomic level, the poorer the health statuspoorer the health status

• Women in general earn less than men Women in general earn less than men and have fewer opportunitiesand have fewer opportunities

• Age and disability status are other Age and disability status are other factorsfactors

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Persons and Families Below Persons and Families Below the Poverty Level, 2006the Poverty Level, 2006 (Table (Table 14.2)14.2)

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Family LifeFamily Life

• Two important factors of family life that Two important factors of family life that are related to stress developmentare related to stress development

– HomelessnessHomelessness• 3.5 million are homeless at some time during the 3.5 million are homeless at some time during the

yearyear

• The number of homeless, especially families with The number of homeless, especially families with children, is increasingchildren, is increasing

– Type of family structureType of family structure• Stress can lead to one-parent or no-parent Stress can lead to one-parent or no-parent

familiesfamilies

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Age and Physical ChallengesAge and Physical Challenges

• The elderly are not as revered in the The elderly are not as revered in the United States as they are in some United States as they are in some countries, a source of stresscountries, a source of stress

• People with physical and mental People with physical and mental challenges suffer from the challenge challenges suffer from the challenge of their condition and from of their condition and from discriminatory attitudesdiscriminatory attitudes

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Sexual OrientationSexual Orientation

• Includes gays, lesbians, and Includes gays, lesbians, and transgenderstransgenders

• FBI reports hate crimes based on FBI reports hate crimes based on sexual orientationsexual orientation

• Described as widespread in schoolsDescribed as widespread in schools• Harassment has physical and Harassment has physical and

emotional consequencesemotional consequences• Schools are increasingly facing this Schools are increasingly facing this

challengechallenge© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

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Diversity and StressDiversity and Stress

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Chapter 14 Chapter 14