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A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a verb.

It is different from a phrase in that a phrase does not include a subject and a verb relationship.

There are many different kinds of clauses. It would be helpful to review some of the grammar vocabulary we

use to talk about clauses.

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Clauses: TypesClauses go by many names. Here are some definitions:

1. Independent: A clause that can stand by itself and still make sense. An independent clause could be its own sentence, but is often part of a larger structure, combined with other independent clauses and with dependent clauses. Independent clauses are sometimes called essential or restrictive clauses.

2. Dependent: Clause Ae pote muKt hotu n4I. te hmexa> potana ko[k A4R ma3e ko[k ANy ]pr Aa2airt hoy 0e.A clause that cannot stand by itself. It depends on something else, an independent clause, for its meaning. Ap`e 3 p/kar na> Clause pr ivcar krI xkIAe.

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TypesDependent clauses vaKyma> temna rol Anusar 3 p/kar na> hoy 0e. They can be identified and classified according to their role in the sentence.

Noun clauses

Adjective Clause

Adverb Clause

• Nehru has written a fine book about how India got freedom.

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ADJECTIVE CLAUSESADJECTIVE CLAUSES modify nouns or pronouns in the rest of the sentence.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES vaKyma> ko[ p` S4ane Aavta nam ke svRnamna ivxe v2u maihit AapIne tene modify kre e0e.e

juAo, Aa vakyoma> ktaR (Subject)ene tena ik/yapd(verb)4I Adjective Clause dvara Alg paDeel 0e. Aa Adejective Clause Ae tenI Aag5na nam(noun) ivxe v2u maihtI Aape 0e.

• The mobile phone, which started out as a means for communication, has become a mobile T.V..

•The man who thinks only of himself is selfish.

• The work that interests you most is your hobby.

•The money which you save is the money you earn.

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( s>yojk)• whatxu> / je• who koe`/ ko`e /je/je`e• that ke• which Kyu> je• where Kya> jya>• when kyare jyare• how kevI rIte/ Ae rIte• whose kon>u / jen>u• whom kone / jene• why kem / ma3e

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• Noun + Relative Pronoun + Adjective Clause

The man who lives hereThe film that we sawThe school which is near my houseThe boy whose father is a policemanThe teacher whom I knowThe boy whose pen this is

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s>yojk Ae j Clauseno ktaR

ke3lI var an adjective clausene s>yojk pote j ktaR hoy 0e je Clausene rjU kre 0e. Sometimes an adjective clause has no subject other than the relative pronoun that introduces the clauses.

The book which is there on the table is very interesting.The boy who is sitting there is my brother.The mobile phone that is in your hand is mine.

Such clauses — all beginning with “which,” “that,” or a form of “who” — are also known as RELATIVE CLAUSES. The relative pronoun serves as the subject of the dependent clause and relates to some word or idea in the independent clause.

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© C

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Defining Relative Clauses

WHO = people

WHICH = animals and things, …

“THAT” = can be used instead of ‘WHO’ and ‘WHICH’

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THAT• Did you know the student

(WHO) THAT came to the lesson yesterday?

• The book (WHICH) THAT I’m reading is very interesting.

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Other Relative Pronouns

• WHOSE = possession• WHEN = days, months, years....• WHERE = for places

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Adjective ClausesAdjective Clauses•The main relative pronouns are:

•Who: used for humans in subject position: Sonia, who is a teacher, works in Mehsana.

• Whom: used for humans in object position: Sarangi, whom Sachin knows well, is an excellent teacher.

•Which: used for things and animals in subject or object position: Roshni has a dog which follows her everywhere.

M.A. Vianey Martín Núñez

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Example

•I liked ‘Spiderman, which I’ve seen recently. (not “that”, no Omission)

•I’ve found my keys, which I had been looking for. (not “that”, no Omission)

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Example• 1) My sister, who lives in

Pakistan, is a doctor.

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Prepositions• on ]pr• in ma>• over na ]pr• under nIce• behind pa05• for ma3e• to ne• at na trf• About na ivxe• with nI sa4e• against na ivru@2• after nI pa05• before na phela>

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• Noun + Preposition + Relative Pronoun + Adjective Clause

• The boy with whom you study• The teacher in whose class you sit• The shopkeeper from whom you

buy• The class in which I study

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The chair on which the old man is sitting is made of plastic.

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The boy to whom Sunil is beating is his brother.

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I like the film ‘Don’ in which Amitabh Bachchan was the don.

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The reason for which Anna was on fast is very serious for our country.

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The man with whom Gandhiji is walking is Sardar Patel.

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The pen with which Shalini is writing was gifted by her dady.

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I don’t know the person with whom Mrs. Sharma is talking on he mobile phone.

I don’t know the person with whom Mrs. Sharma is talking on he mobile phone.

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The gentleman with whom Miss Shalini is shaking hand is the manager of the company.

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The picture in which you are watching the spiderman has been taken from Internet.

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Sardar Patel was the leader under whose leadership Bardoli Satyagraha became successful.

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This is the house in which I live.

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The man from whom I bought this bunglow has gone to U.S.A..

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• 2) Flat screen televisions, which are very expensive, have a better picture quality.

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•4) The teachers at this school who arrive late for class will be dismissed. 5) The students, who had tickets, went into the museum

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• The book ____ I bought yesterday cost over £10 pounds

• The house ____ I live in now is smaller than the old one.

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Summary• Defining Relative• No commas• Omit the relative

pronoun except when SUBJECT

Non-Defining Relative

Between commas No omission

Relative Pronouns

WHO: refers to peopleWHICH: refers to thingsWHOSE: for possessionWHEN: for timeWHERE : for places.

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Blocks for Sentences

Understanding CLAUSES and how they are connected within the larger structure of your sentence will help you avoid

Sentence Fragments Run-on Sentences

and make it possible for you to punctuate your sentences properly and write confidently with a variety of sentence structures.

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ADJECTIVE CLAUSESADJECTIVE CLAUSES modify nouns or pronouns in the rest of the sentence.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES vaKyma> ko[ p` S4ane Aavta nam ke svRnamna ivxe v2u maihit AapIne tene modify kre e0e.e

• The Internet, which started out as a means for military and academic types to share documents, has become a household necessity.

• Tim Berners-Lee, who developed the World Wide Web, could never have foreseen the popularity of his invention.

•The graphical user interface (GUI) that we all take for granted nowadays is actually a late development in the World Wide Web.

Notice, now, how the subject is often separated from its verb by information represented by the dependent clause.

• The Internet, which started out as a means for military and academic types to share documents, has become a household necessity.

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WHOSEThat’s the woman whose son

ran over my cat

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WHEN, WHERETell me when you expect

to arrive

The hotel where we stayed was excellent

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WHICH• Refers to the whole of the sentence before

• Can be used to make a comment about the whole situation described in a main clause

The teacher arrived on time, which amazed everybody

They had everything ready for us, which was nice

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• I read the letter

• Which letter?

• We need more detail.

• The one that arrived this morning.

Example http://www.englishcorner.vacau.com/grammar/interactive/rcos3.ht

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