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Phrase or Clause?Phrase or Clause?
through the through the ominous woodsominous woods
Quick check…Quick check…
Answer: phraseAnswer: phrase
Phrase or Clause?Phrase or Clause?
When I said When I said yesyes
Answer: clauseAnswer: clause
Phrase or Clause?Phrase or Clause?
Since I was not Since I was not alonealone
Answer: clauseAnswer: clause
Phrase or Clause?Phrase or Clause?
Reading the Reading the hidden messages in hidden messages in
the cool nigh airthe cool nigh air
Answer: phraseAnswer: phrase
““You hear You hear and use them and use them all the time; all the time;
now let’s now let’s recognize recognize
them!”them!”
The Phrase… The Phrase…
We’ll Start with We’ll Start with
3 Overall Kinds:3 Overall Kinds:
Verbal Verbal (3) (3)
AppositiAppositive ve
Prepositional Prepositional (2)(2)
Definition of a PhraseDefinition of a Phrase:
A group of words that does NOT have a subject and a verb, and acts as 1 part of speech.
In other words…. In other words…. NOT a complete NOT a complete sentence,
sentence, butbut part of part of a sentence!
a sentence!
The The Prepositional Prepositional Phrase!Phrase!
You know this one already!
You know your prepositions so this should be
easy!!!
““Anywhere a mouse Anywhere a mouse can go!”can go!”
Remember your song!Remember your song!
Don’t forget the Preposition Don’t forget the Preposition Box!Box!
The Prepositional Phrase The Prepositional Phrase Consists of These ThingsConsists of These Things: :
1.1. A PrepositionA Preposition
2.2. An object (N or Prn)An object (N or Prn)
3.3. Any modifiers of that objectAny modifiers of that object
There are 2 There are 2 kinds of kinds of these!these!
Petey the Petey the Preposition Preposition
Mouse!Mouse!
For Example…
1. He wasHe was riding (riding (onon his skateboard). his skateboard).
2. I am a huge fan (2. I am a huge fan (ofof Twilight).Twilight).
3. My dad enjoys hunting (3. My dad enjoys hunting (inin the woods). the woods).
****HintHint… find the … find the preposition and go preposition and go until you see the until you see the first noun and first noun and
stop….that’s your stop….that’s your Prepositional Phrase!Prepositional Phrase!
1.1. We were eating chicken wings at BW3’s.We were eating chicken wings at BW3’s.
2.2. I watched ESPN on television last night.I watched ESPN on television last night.
3.3. He rode his dirt bike through the mud.He rode his dirt bike through the mud.
Find the Prep. Phrase in the following sentences.
Find the Prep. Phrases in the Find the Prep. Phrases in the following sentences along with the following sentences along with the object of the preposition.object of the preposition.
So…the definition of an Adj. Phrase So…the definition of an Adj. Phrase isis: a prep. phrase that describes a N : a prep. phrase that describes a N
or Prn.or Prn.
““You know what an You know what an adjective is right?”adjective is right?”
““Yes, it describes a noun or Yes, it describes a noun or pronoun!pronoun!
““There Are 2 Types of There Are 2 Types of
Prepositional Prepositional Phrases.”Phrases.”
Let’s start with the Let’s start with the Adjective PhraseAdjective Phrase…what …what
is it?is it?
ExampleExample: Sarah is : Sarah is the one (the one (with the with the
pink dress)pink dress)..
The phrase is The phrase is describing which one, describing which one,
(a Noun)(a Noun)
Adjective Adjective
Phrase Phrase
& &
Adverb Phrase
Adverb Phrase
Now…the Adverb Phrase Now…the Adverb Phrase (Another Prepositional (Another Prepositional
Phrase)Phrase)““Don’t hide! It’s just as easy since Don’t hide! It’s just as easy since you know what an you know what an adverbadverb is right?” is right?”
An Adverb describes: V, Adj., Adv.An Adverb describes: V, Adj., Adv.
So…the definition of an So…the definition of an
AdverbAdverb Phrase is Phrase is: A : A
Prepositional Phrase Prepositional Phrase
that describes a Verb, that describes a Verb,
Adjective, or Adverb!Adjective, or Adverb!
ExampleExample: We must : We must finish our project
finish our project ((before the before the holidays)holidays)..
““before the holidays” is describing when to before the holidays” is describing when to finishfinish (a verb) so it has to be an adverb phrase. And… (a verb) so it has to be an adverb phrase. And…
“before” is a preposition & this is a type of prep. “before” is a preposition & this is a type of prep. phrase!phrase!
VERBAL PHRASESVERBAL PHRASES……There are 3 kindsThere are 3 kinds
1.1. Gerund PhraseGerund Phrase
2.2. Infinitive PhraseInfinitive Phrase
3.3. Participial Participial PhrasePhrase
““Ok, but Ok, but what does
what does VerbalVerbal mean?”
mean?”****VerbalVerbal: a word that is : a word that is formed from a formed from a VerbVerb, ,
but is used as a N, Adj., but is used as a N, Adj., or Adv.**or Adv.**Example: Example:
SmilingSmiling child childSmiling is formed Smiling is formed
from the verb smile, from the verb smile, but is acting as an but is acting as an
Adj. describing child.Adj. describing child.
It’s like a verb It’s like a verb in disguise!in disguise!
““I’m not I’m not a verb!”a verb!” So…A verbal PhraseSo…A verbal Phrase: :
has a form of a verb has a form of a verb that acts as another that acts as another
POSPOS
GERUND PHRASEGERUND PHRASE…“Wait…what’s a
gerundgerund?”A gerundgerund is a verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun!
For exampleFor example: (SkiingSkiing down that slope) was fun.
So, a Gerund PhraseGerund Phrase has has:: - a gerund -a modifier -& the entire phrase is used as a noun
ExampleExample: (Listening to Scream-O musicListening to Scream-O music at high volume)at high volume) may cause you to lose your hearing later in life!
*As you can see, “Listening
to Scream-O music at high
volume” is the gerund
phrase. Listening being the
gerund.
Listening to Scream-
Listening to Scream-O music at high O music at high volumevolume (the gerund phrase) is acting as the Noun in this sentence…
Ask yourself…What may
cause you to lose your
hearing later in life? The
answer is the Noun, which
is the gerund phrase!
What do you What do you
think?think? NO is NO is
correct!!!correct!!!
A A gerund phrasegerund phrase can can come at the beginning come at the beginning
oror the end of a the end of a sentence. Look!sentence. Look!EXAMPLEEXAMPLE::
Texting at school Texting at school can get you in can get you in
trouble.trouble.
QQ: What is : What is the gerund the gerund
phrase?phrase?
AA: : Texting at school…(at the Texting at school…(at the beginning of the sentence.)beginning of the sentence.)
==
Ok, do gerund
Ok, do gerund phrases always
phrases always have to come at
have to come at the beginning of
the beginning of the sentence?
the sentence?
Examples Continued…Examples Continued…
Q: What is the gerund phrase?Q: What is the gerund phrase?
A: Playing video games on Xbox…(at A: Playing video games on Xbox…(at the end of the sentence.)the end of the sentence.)
Playing video Playing video games on Xbox games on Xbox is acting as 1 is acting as 1
NounNoun
Our favorite thing to do this Our favorite thing to do this weekend will be playing video games weekend will be playing video games
on Xbox.on Xbox.
INFINITIVE PHRASEINFINITIVE PHRASE…A verb form that can be used as a Noun, an Adj., A verb form that can be used as a Noun, an Adj., or an Adv. *Most infinitives begin with “to”.or an Adv. *Most infinitives begin with “to”.
ExampleExample: The crowd grew : The crowd grew quiet quiet to hear the movie to hear the movie
StepbrothersStepbrothers
What word is the infinitive phrase describing? grew…
Making the infinitive phrase Making the infinitive phrase act as what part of speech?act as what part of speech? An Adverb!An Adverb!
Let’s Try Some…
1. Hearing Beyonce’s new song is one way to change your mood.
Tell me the infinitive phrase in each sentence. Tell me if it is used as an N, Adj, or Adv.Inf. Phrase: to change
your moodPOS: Adjective, describing way2. We used the new DVD player to watch Stepbrothers.
Inf. Phrase: to watch Stepbrothers
POS: Adverb, describing used
3. I learned to laugh and make jokes from Will Ferrell.
Inf. Phrase: to laugh and make jokes
POS: Noun, because “to laugh and make jokes” is the DO of the verb learned, making that object a Noun.**Remember…Infinitive **Remember…Infinitive
starts with “to”!!!starts with “to”!!!
To!To!
The Participial PhraseWhat the heck does What the heck does participialparticipial
mean?mean?Participial is derived from participle and a participle is a verb form that
can be used as an adjective.
Here are some examplesHere are some examples:
Present participles end in –ing: The smiling child waved.
SmilingSmiling, a form of the verb , a form of the verb smilesmile, is , is describing the noun child, making it describing the noun child, making it
(smiling) an adjective.(smiling) an adjective.
““Isn’t that some kind of a Isn’t that some kind of a mammal?”mammal?”
““No! That’s a No! That’s a
marsupialmarsupial!!! !!!
Examples Continued on next Examples Continued on next pagepage
DefDef: Verb acting as an : Verb acting as an Adj.Adj.
*Most past participles *Most past participles end in –d or –ed. end in –d or –ed.
Some are Some are irregularly formed.irregularly formed.
Participle Examples ContinuedParticiple Examples Continued……
ExamExamplesples::1. The police officers searched the 1. The police officers searched the abandonedabandoned warehouse. warehouse.
****AbandonedAbandoned is a form of the verb is a form of the verb abandonabandon and and modifies/describes warehouse so it is an modifies/describes warehouse so it is an adjective.adjective.
2. This plate, 2. This plate, boughtbought at a flea market, is a valuable antique. at a flea market, is a valuable antique.
****BoughtBought, a form of the verb , a form of the verb buybuy, , describes the noun plate, so describes the noun plate, so boughtbought is an is an adjective here.adjective here.
Ok, so those are Ok, so those are participlesparticiples, but , but what is a what is a participial phraseparticipial phrase??
““Well, a phrase is a group of Well, a phrase is a group of words, so a Participial Phrase words, so a Participial Phrase
must consist of a participle and must consist of a participle and anything describing it!”anything describing it!”
1. Noted for its convenience, FaceBook is used by millions of 1. Noted for its convenience, FaceBook is used by millions of people.people.
Let’s PracticeLet’s Practice… Tell the participial phrase and the word/s it Tell the participial phrase and the word/s it
modifiesmodifies.
Part. PhrasePart. Phrase: Noted for its convenience Word it ModifiesWord it Modifies:
2. IPhones are wonderful inventions used by IPhones are wonderful inventions used by people everywherepeople everywhere.
Part. PhrasePart. Phrase: used by people everywhere
Word it ModifiesWord it Modifies: IPhones
Q:What is a Q:What is a gerund gerund phrasephrase??A: Group of words that has a verb form A: Group of words that has a verb form
ending in ending in ––inging in it w/ other in it w/ other
modifiers & acts as a modifiers & acts as a nounnoun..
Q: What is an Q: What is an infinitive phraseinfinitive phrase??A. Group of words that has a verb form A. Group of words that has a verb form that can act as another part of speech; that can act as another part of speech;
****usually starts with “to”usually starts with “to”..
Q: What is an Q: What is an participial participial phrasephrase??
A: A group of words that has a A: A group of words that has a participle and any other participle and any other
modifiers; modifiers; ****the whole the whole phrase acts as an phrase acts as an
adjectiveadjective..
Last Practice Before You’re a Pro!!!Identify the phrase in each sentence and then tell what
type it is.
1. Some people like listening to hip hop music.1. Some people like listening to hip hop music.Phrase:Listening to hip hop
musicType: Gerun
d
2. American Idol, playing on the TV, looked like a 2. American Idol, playing on the TV, looked like a good episode. good episode.
Phrase: playing on the TVplaying on the TVType:ParticipiaParticipiall
Why?Because ‘playing on the Because ‘playing on the TV’ describes American TV’ describes American Idol, making the verb Idol, making the verb form playing an form playing an adjective.adjective.
3. Some believe that Ferdinand Magellan was taken 3. Some believe that Ferdinand Magellan was taken away by zombiesaway by zombies..
Continued Continued PracticePractice……
Phrase: by zombiesby zombies Type: Prepositional Phrase: Prepositional Phrase: Adverb Phrase, Adverb Phrase, describing how he describing how he was takenwas taken
Last One!!!!!4. In the United States, citizens have the right to In the United States, citizens have the right to
speak their minds.speak their minds.
Phrase: to speak their to speak their mindsminds
Type: Infinitive PhraseInfinitive PhraseWhy? It starts with “to” and it describes “right”, making It starts with “to” and it describes “right”, making
the verb form “speak” an adjective.the verb form “speak” an adjective.
Phrase #2: In the United In the United StatesStatesType?: Prepositional Prepositional PhrasePhrase
The Appositive The Appositive PhrasePhrase Definition of Appositive
Definition of Appositive:A :A Noun or Pronoun placed Noun or Pronoun placed beside another Noun or beside another Noun or Pronoun to describe it.Pronoun to describe it.
Example: I chose 1 Example: I chose 1 person, person, the girl in the the girl in the pinkpink, to pass out the , to pass out the
papers. papers.
Definition of Definition of
Appositive Phrase
Appositive Phrase: :
Has an appositive
Has an appositive
and any modifiers. (A
and any modifiers. (A
group of words with
group of words with
an appositive)
an appositive)
ReasoningReasoning:“the girl in :“the girl in the pink” is describing the pink” is describing person and is placed person and is placed directly beside that directly beside that
Noun.Noun.
Noun
beside a
Noun!
WE WE
AREARE
DONE!DONE!
THE ENDTHE END
Now I know Now I know all phrases!all phrases!
““Don’t be a dead fish! Don’t be a dead fish! That was fun right?!?!?!” That was fun right?!?!?!”
Time for a quick check Time for a quick check with parts of speech!with parts of speech!
There’s a There’s a Test Test
Tomorrow!Tomorrow!
POSPOS: Pronoun: Pronoun
My pet rock
is named
Totoro.
Type of PronounType of Pronoun: Personal: Personal
My iPhone, which may be cracked, still works. POSPOS: Pronoun: Pronoun
Type of PronounType of Pronoun: Relative: Relative
I, myself, spend 90% of my time on Tumblr.
POSPOS: : PronounPronoun
Type of Type of PronounPronoun: : IntensiveIntensive
POSPOS: Pronoun: Pronoun
Type of PronounType of Pronoun: Indefinite: Indefinite
Does anyone have a bike?
I totally don’t care about I totally don’t care about thatthat at all! at all!
POSPOS: Pronoun: Pronoun
Type of PronounType of Pronoun: Demonstrative: Demonstrative
I have an orange!
POSPOS: Adjective: Adjective
Type of AdjectiveType of Adjective: Indefinite Article: Indefinite Article
I want the iguana and a matching hat.
POSPOS: Adjective: Adjective
Type of AdjectiveType of Adjective: Article: Article
A=Indefinite Article, The=Definite ArticleA=Indefinite Article, The=Definite Article
Friendship is magic.
POSPOS: Noun: Noun
Type of NounType of Noun: Common, Abstract, Compound: Common, Abstract, Compound
POSPOS: : ConjunctionConjunction
Type of ConjType of Conj: : Coordinating (FANBOY)Coordinating (FANBOY)
The football team did
great, for they
absolutely crushed
the opponents!
My parents think of themselves as my wardens.
POSPOS: Pronoun: Pronoun
Type of PronounType of Pronoun: : ReflexiveReflexive
When my parents try to be cool, they’re still not.
POSPOS: : ConjunctionConjunction
Type of ConjType of Conj: : SubordinatingSubordinating
It is fun to have friends that have the same interests as you.
POSPOS: Pronoun: Pronoun
Type of PronounType of Pronoun: : RelativeRelative
I am an American citizen.
POSPOS: Adjective: Adjective
Type of AdjectiveType of Adjective: Proper: Proper
Ok, let’s switch Ok, let’s switch to a review of to a review of
phrases!phrases!
http://
www.shmoop.com/
video/cahsee-ela-41-
writing-sentence-
structure
Q: Infinitive Phrase or
Prepositional
Phrase…
(To the dark
mausoleum) A: Prepositional
PhraseQ: Why?
A: Because it has a preposition and an
object, and no verbal
Q: Infinitive Phrase or
Prepositional Phrase…
(To infinity)
A: Prepositional
PhraseQ: Why?
A: Because it has a preposition and an
object, and no verbal
Q: Infinitive Phrase or Prepositional Phrase…
(To see the mysterious object)
A:
Infinitive
PhraseQ: Why?
A: Because it starts with
“to” and contains a
verbal “see”.
Q: Gerund Phrase or Participial Phrase…
(Seeing my shadow on the foggy path) made me weary to
proceed through the rusted gate.A: Gerund
Phrase
Q: Why?
A: Because the phrase is acting as the subject of the sentence, which makes it a noun, and it ends in “ing”
Q: Gerund Phrase or Participial
Phrase…
(Seeing my shadow on the foggy
path) I decided to turn around and
head for home.A: Participial Phrase
Q: Why?
A: Because the verbal “Seeing” is acting as an adjective describing “I”.
Q: What is the difference
between a verb and a
verbal?
A: A verb expresses action or a state of beingA verbal looks like a verb, but is
another part of speech: N, Adj, or Adv
Q: Is the underlined word a verb or verbal?
A: Acting like a fool in English class is not
appreciated by Willy Shakes.
Q: Why?
A: Because “acting”
is not expressing
action. It is
functioning as a noun Q: What specific kind of verbal is it and why?
A: Gerund because it ends in “ing” and is acting as a
noun