(live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host)
1907Élie Metchnikoff
1965 DM Lilly RH Stillwe (probiotics)
Parker 1974
Élie Metchnikoff1
1930 (Shirota) (Lactobacillus casei strain
Shirota) 1935 (Yakult)33
30
(Gut Microflora)2
( biosystem)
5
(ecosystem)
(trillions) 1014
(archaea) 1-2 (1.3 ) 10
104
50 400-500 99.9%(obligate anaerobes)
(Bacteroidetes) (Firmicutes)
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(anaerobic bioreactor)
B10%
3
(conjugation reaction)
()
4
5
(inflammatory cytokine)(proinflammatory cascades)
pH
(Paneth cells)
(defensins)
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(peptides) -opioid
(cannabinoid receptors)
6
(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, LGG)(Lactobacillus casei)
(clostridium)
(bifidobacteria)pH
(bacteriocins) La-14(Lactobacillus acidophilus
La-14) (Listeria monocytogenes)
(mycobacterium)1
50%(small intestinal bacteria
overgrow, SIBO)(hypochlorhydria) IgA
( b a c t e r i a l translocation)
(Escherichia coli) (Klebsiella spp) (Enterococci) (Streptococci species)
40%80%
DNADNA
(endotoxemia)
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(nitric oxide)
/
5
7
8
(symbiosis)
9
5
10
(bactericidal antimicrobial peptides, AMPs) IgA(secretory IgA, SIgA) AMPs SIgA
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11,12
40-50
(ulcerative colitis) (Crohn's disease)
5,6
() (
)( )
(antibiotic-associated
diarrhea)(inflammatory bowel disease)
(irritable bowel syndrome)(relapsing Clostridium
Difficile colitis)(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease)
(intracolonic instillation of probiotics)
( 1,2)
(acid tolerant lactobacilli)
13
(dysbiosis)
- (gut-liver axis)
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- 15
14
(risk-infants)
(vaginal candidiasis)(Helicobacter pylori)
(inflammatory bowel disease)
16
20-30
(genomic analyses)
https://youtu.be/X3jDOs6hAcg ( Intracolonic instillation of probiotics )
( 1) ( 2)
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(prebiotics)
(Bifidobacteria)(Enterobacteriaceae)
BK
( >60 )
17,18
(colony-forming unit, , CFUs)
p H0.8-2
( pH 4-7 ) (along with
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foods)
pH 1.5-3.0pH 1.0
1.5% 19
20-40%
20
([interleukin], IL-10) TGF-
TNF T(helper T cell)
(threshold gain)
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